Astrolabe - ithuluzi yezinkanyezi lasendulo

Abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi impucuko yethu - umthombo intuthuko njalo, futhi zonke ethakazelisayo kakhulu futhi izenzakalo ezizayo. Nokho, imisebenzi zefilosofi ezijulile, abanye yobuciko izakhiwo kanye ngisho waqala eside phambi kwethu amathuluzi ukugqamisa ngokucacile incompleteness umqondo. yezazi zasendulo nokunye wayaziwa, baqamba izakhiwo nezinto, isimiso zokusebenzela kanye umsebenzi okuyinto ibingakaziwa kuze kube sekupheleni. Ukuhambisana kwemicabango njengemisho ka ukusebenza kumadivayisi ahlukahlukene nge imithetho physics futhi obungenakuphikiswa wathola ngemininigwane usizo ngokuvamile zimbozwe-legends. Inani lamadivayisi enjalo ihlanganisa ibanga eliphakathi kwezinto ezisemkhathini, ithuluzi yezinkanyezi lasendulo.

aphoyintimenti

Njengoba leli gama lisikisela ( "Aster" kusho YesiGreki "Inkanyezi"), iyunithi elihlobene ne ekutadisheni izindikimba zasezulwini. Ngempela, ibanga eliphakathi kwezinto ezisemkhathini - ithuluzi ukubala isihlobo engamamitha ebusweni iplanethi yethu izinkanyezi, ilanga, futhi ngesisekelo idatha ukucacisa indawo into eliwumhlaba. Ngo ukuhamba amabanga amade by ezweni nasolwandle ibanga eliphakathi kwezinto ezisemkhathini wasiza ukucacisa izixhumanisi kanye nesikhathi, zivame ukuba lokuma kuphela.

isakhiwo

ithuluzi Astronomical siqukethe disc, okuyinto kwelivi stereographic kwesibhakabhaka esigcwele izinkanyezi, kanye umbuthano usebe okusezingeni eliphezulu, okuyinto linamathele disk. I base unit (isici ibhodi) has abahlala engxenyeni ephakathi ye-imbobo encane, futhi iringi ukulengiswa zidingeke ukwenza kube lula orientation isakhiwo sonke ngenhlonipho emkhathizwe. Phakathi ingxenye yakhiwa emibuthanweni eziningana camera nalezi imigqa amachashazi ukuthi ukucacisa nobude. Lezi akwazi ukugcina kukhona okuthiwa amathamborini. Goniometrical ithuluzi yezinkanyezi inezici ezintathu ezinjalo, ngamunye kuhambisana latitude ethile. I-oda lapho etshaliwe namasimbali, engaphansi kwisayithi: disc engenhla kufanele ibe esibhakabhakeni kwelivi elihambisana ingxenye inikezwe Zomhlaba.

Eminyakeni tympanum has grille ekhethekile ( "Spider"), ifakwe eziningi imicibisholo ezikhomba izinkanyezi ezikhanya eziboniswe lelivakalako. Ngokusebenzisa emigodini maphakathi tympanum, grills futhi izisekelo labetibambile oluvala amasondo yasibamba izingxenye. Ukuze kwathiwa enamathiselwe alidade - ibanga esikhethekile kwekhompyutha.

Ukunemba ibanga eliphakathi kwezinto ezisemkhathini kuyinto engavamile: kwamanye amadivayisi, isibonelo, bekwazi ukubonisa hhayi kuphela ukuhamba kwelanga, kodwa lokuchezuka, okuqhubekayo kuwo. Ngokuthakazelisayo, insimbi yezinkanyezi lasendulo yadalwa ngesikhathi lapho geocentric umbono ezweni elibuswa. Nokho, umbono wokuthi zonke izindikimba zasezulwini lizungeza umhlaba, akazange akuvimbele ukukhandwa ososayensi lasendulo ukudala insimbi ukunemba.

Umlando omncane

ithuluzi Astronomical unegama lesiGreki, kodwa bathole ezinye zezici zalo angamagama umsuka Arab. Isizathu salokhu ukuguquguquka obonakalayo indlela eside abawela insimbi esingashintshi kuze kufinyelelwe esikhathini lasungulwa.

Umlando yentuthuko yezinkanyezi, kanye neminye imikhakha yesayensi abaningi, is kuhlangene eGrisi yasendulo. Lapha cishe emakhulwini amabili eminyaka ngaphambi kwenkathi yobuKristu kwakukhona prototype ye ibanga eliphakathi kwezinto ezisemkhathini. Hipparchus wayengu- mdali ke. Kakade ngekhulu lesibili ngemva Kristu incazelo afana goniometer ibanga eliphakathi kwezinto ezisemkhathini wenza Klavdiy Ptolemey. Wabuye wakha ithuluzi kungacacisa ukuthi isikhundla zezulu.

Lezi amadivayisi ekuseni ayehlukile kuzo ibanga eliphakathi kwezinto ezisemkhathini, lokho bacabanga iyindoda yesimanje futhi okuyinto embukisweni iminyuziyamu eminingi emhlabeni wonke. Ithuluzi lokuqala kubhekwa evamile isakhiwo Theon okusungulile Alexandria (IV c. N. E.)

zo-Eastern

Umlando yentuthuko yezinkanyezi e ekuqaleni kweNkathi Ephakathi ezaqala ukwenzeka endaweni uthi Islamic. Kwakuhlangene ukushushiswa ososayensi esontweni, sehlo amathuluzi, efana ibanga eliphakathi kwezinto ezisemkhathini, umsuka kaSathane.

Arabhu phelelisa ithuluzi waqala ukuyisebenzisa hhayi kuphela ukucacisa indawo kanye nesimo sobudlelwane izinkanyezi emkhakheni, kodwa futhi njengoba isilinganiso kwesikhathi, ithuluzi kwabanye izibalo, umthombo nezibikezelo zesayensi yokufundwa kwezinkanyezi. Wisdom of the East and West benziwe eyodwa, umphumela wawuba kudivayisi ibanga eliphakathi kwezinto ezisemkhathini ehlanganisa ifa European ne Arab ngomcabango.

Pope ithuluzi diabolical

Omunye baseYurophu ababefuna ngivuselele ibanga eliphakathi kwezinto ezisemkhathini kwaba Herbert Orilyaksky (Sylvester II), aphethwe kafushane okuthunyelwe ka uPapa. Watadisha ipumelelo nososayensi Arab baye bafunda ukusebenzisa amathuluzi amaningi, ukhohlwe kusukela endulo noma bavinjelwe yisonto. amathalente akhe zaqashelwa, kodwa ubuhlobo alien ulwazi Islamic nomthelela ukuvela eziningi zinganekwane ngaye. Herbert kusolakala mayelana nesigameko Succubus, ngisho uSathane. Ngaqale wabanika ulwazi kuye, kanti eyesibili basizwa ukuba anesikhundla ophakeme e sabaphathi Church. Ngingcolile kuchasiselwe kuyanda yakhe. Naphezu kwazo zonke lezo amahemuhemu, uHerbert kwaba able kuze dlweza eziningi zomculo ezibalulekile, kuhlanganise ibanga eliphakathi kwezinto ezisemkhathini.

ukubuya

Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, ekhulwini XII, I-Europe futhi kwaba ukusebenzisa le divayisi. Okokuqala, run kwaba ibanga eliphakathi kwezinto ezisemkhathini Arabhu kuphela. Kwakungenxa amathuluzi amaningi amasha futhi kuphela kwezinye - esilitshelwe futhi olwesimanje ifa wawoyise. Kancane kancane waqala ukuvela okulingana okukhiqizwe endaweni, nemisebenzi eside wesazi ezihlobene isicelo kanye ibanga eliphakathi kwezinto ezisemkhathini kudivayisi.

Inani Eliphakeme lisebenze udumo kwavela ngenkathi okutholakele okukhulu. Ngokuhamba a ibanga eliphakathi kwezinto ezisemkhathini zasolwandle, osiza ekuboneni ukuthi ungubani lapho umkhumbi. Nokho, kwadingeka isici negates ukunemba idatha. Columbus, like abaningi ayephila nabo, ukuba bahambe ngezindiza amanzi, wakhononda ngokuthi le divayisi ayikwazi lisetshenziswe roll, kuyaphumelela kuphela uma ngaphansi kwezinyawo umhlaba esinqunyiwe noma phezu kolwandle ezolile ngokuphelele.

Ezinye ukubaluleka ematilosini ithuluzi namanje emelelwa. Kungenjalo bengingeke ogama lakhe behlonipha yakhe, omunye nemikhumbi, waqhubeka uhambo bomkhankaso odumile wamazwe Jean-Fransua Laperuza. Lo mkhumbi "Astrolabe" - Omunye walabo ababili abathintekayo owayekulelo qembu ayehamba nalo, baphela emehlweni ngasekupheleni kwekhulu nesishiyagalombili.

umhlobiso

Njengoba sekunama-"ushwele" the Renaissance esisitholile hhayi kuphela ngamathuluzi ahlukahlukene lapho kutadishwa izwe elizungezile, kodwa futhi izinjongo umhlobiso, abanothando lokuqoqa. Astrolabe - idivayisi, phakathi kwezinye izinto, avame ukusetshenziswa ukubikezela isiphetho nokuhamba izinkanyezi, kodwa ngoba wayethethelela ehlotshiswe izimpawu ezihlukahlukene kanye izimpawu. BaseYurophu sebemukele umkhuba-Arabhu ukudala olunembile ngokuya Ubukhulu kanye zalapho nenhle. Astrolabe kwaqala ukubonakala amaqoqo enkantolo. Ulwazi yezinkanyezi kubhekwa isisekelo semfundo, ifa ithuluzi kugcizelelwe ukufunda kanye ukunambitheka umnikazi.

umqhele iqoqo

amathuluzi amahle yayihlotshiswe ngamatshe ayigugu. Izimpawu ukuma amaqabunga isiqu esincane sesihlahla. Ukuze ithuluzi sigqoka esetshenziswa zegolide nezesiliva.

Ezinye amakhosi enikelwe cishe ngokuphelele ngokwabo zobuciko ibanga eliphakathi kwezinto ezisemkhathini. Ekhulwini XVI, edume kakhulu ukubakhulekela kwakubhekwa njengokuvukela Fleming Gualterus Arsenius. Ukuze abaqoqi imikhiqizo yakhe baye baba lizinga ubuhle nomusa. Ngo-1568 watshelwa ngomunye ibanga eliphakathi kwezinto ezisemkhathini. Kudivayisi sokulinganisa isikhundla izinkanyezi kwakusho Austrian ibutho sombutho Albrecht von Wallenstein. Namuhla, le khophi igcinwe Museum kubo. MV Lomonosov.

ambozwe e imfihlakalo

Astrolabe, ngandlela-thile, ilele ezinganekwaneni eziningi kanye nemicimbi ezingaqondakali of esidlule. Ngakho, esigabeni Arab zonke emlandweni wayo, wanika izwe le nkolelo-ze ekhohlisayo Sultan namakhono zezemfundo enkantolo ngezinkanyezi Biruni. UMbusi ku kufihlwe amakhulu eminyaka ngenxa ganged up on inkomba wakhe yanquma usebenzisa namacebo bamsuse. I ngezinkanyezi kwadingeka ukuba ucacise kahle indlela ekhishwa ihholo uyosebenzisa inkosi yayo, noma sihlupheka isijeziso esilungile. Ngo ukubalisisa kwabo Biruni wasebenzisa ibanga eliphakathi kwezinto ezisemkhathini, nokuqopha imiphumela ephepheni, wasibeka ngaphansi kwetafula. Sly Sultan ngaphambilini izinceku zakhe agawule pass ogangeni sadabula kulo. Lapho ebuya ekhaya, livula iphepha uzwe umlayezo ukuqagela, sikulindele izenzo zakhe. Biruni utholwe futhi kukhishwa.

Le nhlangano yenkolo yokulwela inexorable kwenchubekelembili

Namuhla ibanga eliphakathi kwezinto ezisemkhathini - ingxenye astronomy esidlule. Umumo phansi ngosizo yayo wayengaselona nokwenzeka kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu XVIII, lapho kwakukhona sextant. Ngezikhathi, kudivayisi isasetshenziswa, kodwa ngisho nangemva yekhulu leminyaka noma ibanga eliphakathi kwezinto ezisemkhathini bafudukela ngokuphelele emashalofini wabantu abaqoqa nenithanda zakudala.

yesimanjemanje

ukuqonda lesilinganisiwe ukusebenza idivayisi iphinde idivayisi unika ayeyinzalo yesimanje ye yakhe - planisphere. Lena ibalazwe esiseceleni lapho izinkanyezi namaplanethi. izingxenye zalo, izingxenye umile futhi ezithathekayo, sifana isisekelo bese beshayela. Ukuze sithole isikhundla efanele ukukhanya ingxenye ethile kwesibhakabhaka kudinga ezinyakazayo element eliphezulu elihambisana nemingcele oyifunayo latitude. Ngokufanayo ngamakhasimende kanye ibanga eliphakathi kwezinto ezisemkhathini. Izandla zakhe engenza ngisho nesimo planisphere. Le modeli uyonika umqondo wokuthi amathuba esasisandulele lasendulo.

Le nganekwane ophilayo

ibanga eliphakathi kwezinto ezisemkhathini Ready angathengwa at izitolo ezidayisa izinto eziyizikhumbuzo, ngezinye izikhathi buvela amaqoqo imikhiqizo zokuhlobisa, ukuthatha njengesisekelo isitayela sim-punk. amadivaysi Ukusebenza thola, ngeshwa, kunzima. Planisphere futhi ezingavamile ezitolo zethu. izingcezu abathandwayo zingatholakala kumasayithi angaphandle, kodwa izindleko ezifana ezihambayo ibalazwe kuyoba njengoba okufanayo sensimbi ibhuloho. umklamo Independent onobuhle kungenzeka ukwenza, ezidinga isikhathi esiningi, kodwa umphumela kuwufanele futhi nje izingane.

Ogcwele Izinkanyezi esibhakabhakeni, ngakho icubungulisise ukuze kungene izingqondo zabantu basendulo, is abatelekile yobuhle balo nokuhlala imfihlakalo futhi indoda yesimanje. Lezi amadivayisi, ezifana ibanga eliphakathi kwezinto ezisemkhathini, kwenze kuthe ukusondela kakhudlwana kithi kuyaqondakala kancane xaxa. Indawo egcina amagugu esizwe isikhumbuzo noma okufana zedivayisi futhi kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuba babone ubuhlakani bokhokho bethu eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezimbili edlule ukudala amathuluzi ukubonakalisa sasivumela ngokunembile umhlaba futhi ukuthola indawo yethu kuwo.

Namuhla ibanga eliphakathi kwezinto ezisemkhathini - isikhumbuzo stylish, ezithakazelisayo ngomlando waso nezindlela engavamile design esidonsa amehlo. Uma kwaba intuthuko enkulu kuyisayensi yezinkanyezi evumela ukuthi correlate isikhundla nezinto zasemkhathini ne sezwe, cishe kuphela ithuba ukuqonda lapho ulwandlekazi noma ehlane elahlekile isihambi. Futhi ake idivayisi ulahlekelwa kakhulu ngokuya ukusebenza nge nozakwabo ayo esimanje, liyohlala kuyingxenye ebalulekile yomlando, isihloko zimbozwe iveli romantic ekusithekeni, futhi ngenxa yalokho akulula ukuba walahleka emakhulwini eminyaka.