Imibuso sidilizwa Tmutarakan: incazelo, umlando kanye indawo

imibuso sidilizwa Tmutarakan - lokhu ingenye zokwakheka Ayindida kakhulu futhi kancane-eyaziwa, engeli, okuyinto eyaba ekhaya Eastern lwamaSlav. It eyayikhona Taman nhlonhlo.

Uhlolojikelele

ubukhulu Tmutarakan owawukhona phakathi nekhulu X-XI. Laliqhele amakhilomitha ambalwa ukusuka indawo eyinhloko Kievan Rus. Lezi amazwe ahlukaniswa emaqeleni Black Sea, uhlalwe abantu abayimizulane.

ubukhulu dolobha kwaba Tmutarakan. Imininingwane eqondile mayelana nosuku ukubusa yayo isimo Kievan akukho. Mhlawumbe, le nqaba yanqotshwa Sviatoslav Igorevich phakathi nomkhankaso wakhe empumalanga ngokumelene Khazars. Khona-ke ebhubhisa dolobha isitha Sarkel loMfula i-Don, futhi cishe wavakashela Peninsula Taman.

Imbobo Commercial bakhangwa abathengisi abaningi abavela emazweni ahlukahlukene. Ngenxa yalokhu ubukhulu kwaba Tmutarakan sezizwe ezihlukahlukene kakhulu phakathi izifundazwe Russian. Lapha bebephila Khazars, amaGreki, amaJuda, kanye nabantu abaningi kusukela eCaucasus Ossetic omdabu, Alans, njll ...

Ukubusa Kiev

Ngenxa isikhundla salo ezindawo echwebeni isibe elihlanganisa eRussia kanye WaseByzantium. Grand Duke uVladimir Svyatoslavich ethunyelwe esifundeni indodana yakhe Mstislav le Abanesibindi, owabusa lapha iminyaka 990-1036. Mhlawumbe lena yiyona ndlela uMbhapathizi ka Rus Tmutarakan enamathiselwe esimweni sabo. Iqiniso liwukuthi phakathi nempi nge eByzantium, waya ebuthweni eCrimea, okuyinto wahlukana port strait encane. Ngaphambi ukuthi Tmutarakan kwakungekaNkulunkulu waseByzantium. Emperors waseConstantinople ngesikhathi sezinhlekelele ayikwazanga ukulawula emakhoneni akude kwamandla ayo elisenyakatho Black Sea coast. Lapho Russ wabhapathizwa, uVladimir ungase uthole Tmutarakan njengoba wasemuva baso engibukhulumile usongo asemaqeleni.

Mstislav

Indodana yakhe Mstislav njalo zalwa izimpi nomakhelwane balo. Ngakho, ngo-1022 esehlela umkhankaso wokulwa izimayini Alan. Empini Mstislav kwaba sizana WaseByzantium, okuyinto nayo eyalwiwa esifundeni ukumelana nombuso Georgian. Kule mpi yaziwa ngenxa yokuthi ukuthi temdzabu wahlala inkumbulo dueling umdlalo umkhuzi Russian futhi Rededi. Kwaba Prince Kasogs isizwe wendawo. Ngokwenkambiso wendawo, izingxabano phakathi kwezinhloko zamaviyo yayingaxazululeka emva Duel phakathi abaholi babo. Ngakho, owawina Duel phakathi Rededi futhi Mstislav ungase uthole konke anakho ophikisana naye. isikhulu Russian wakwazi ukunqoba Kasogs. Mstislav wachaza umphumela yokuthi Our Lady wamncengela kuye.

Ngemuva kokuwina Tmutarakan umbusi walanda umkakhe wamletha nezingane Rededi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, yena wanithwesa intela zonke Kasogs. Duel uvele zemihla eziningi zasendulo futhi kwakukhulunywa ngaye "Lay", futhi ngaleyo ndlela baziwa kakhulu. Umdwebi abadumile Nikolay Rerih ukuboniswa lokhu kuncike ku-canvas ngo-1943, ngesikhathi ngokuthi yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe, wasidlulisela ukucindezeleka okwedlulele ukulwa kanye ukubikezela uzowanqoba isitha uyazondwa.

Impi nge Kiev

Mstislav izifiso abayeki ngesikhathi ubukhulu kude Tmutarakan. Wayefuna ukuthola Kiev. emva kokufa kukayise, kwaba Eminyakeni embalwa, uVladimir Mstislav Svyatoslavich impi imelane nomfowabo Yaroslav the Hlakaniphile. Wahluleka uthole Kiev, kodwa wathumba Chernigov, ngubani wayehlala kulo leli dolobha. Nokho, Mstislav yakhohlwa Tmutarakan. Wahlela nohambo kaningana oluya ezintabeni. Ngo 1029 elwa yasami. Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva ngoxhaxha Russian uvele yoLwandle iCaspian, lebutho Slavic ngisho nanabantu eCaucasus, esifundeni Arran lasendulo. Ngalesi sikhathi Tmutarakan asekelwe Alan. Idolobhana iyikhaya ezihlukahlukene izama Amasosha kusuka emhlabeni wonke.

Mstislav le Bold kwaba amaKristu eqotho. Ngemva kokunqoba izindawo Rededi wabeka itshe kuqala Tmutarakan ethempelini. Ngemva kuchithwa edolobheni, wavele wawa - Amanxiwa alo zatholwa abavubukuli yesimanje. Ngemva kokufa Mstislav ezizingela 1036 the ubukhulu Tmutarakan futhi, waya ogwini Kiev izikhulu.

elinamandla nezikhulu

Ukulandela Mstislav Vladimirovich onqenqemeni ekude ikhiphe isinqumo izikhulu elinamandla ezazithunywe lapha noma ngaphansi ubudala noma ngenxa yemvelo ezishaqisayo. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-1064 lapho obusa umzukulu Yaroslava Mudrogo - Gleb Svyatoslavich, owayebizwa owaketulwa umzala wakhe Rostislav Vladimirovich. Remoteness kusuka Kiev benza Tmutarakan enkundleni esilungele engapheli izimpi zombango. Izikhulu evunyiwe lapha kaningi ngenxa Amasosha kusukela phakathi abayimizulane Polovtsian. Akumangazi ukuthi ababusi ambalwa bavumelana ukubusa umphetho ezifana kude kokubili ubukhulu Tmutarakan. Mountaineers futhi asemaqeleni baye baba kosongo ngokuba bendawo.

Ngo 1069-1079 GG. e imithetho baht Gleb - Roman. Wabulawa Polovtsi ngesikhathi enye impi. Wabe esephendukela lapha lokugcina elingokomthetho Tmutarakan Prince Oleg Svyatoslavich. Wayengeke abe umbusi Chernigov, kodwa ngenxa ubudlelwane obonakele ne Kiev sobukhosi, kwadingeka abaleke ukuze asindise kuze kube semikhawulweni yomhlaba. Wayengumuntu eduze saseRoma phakathi nomkhankaso wakhe wokugcina akuphumelelanga. Uma Roman wabulala ke Oleg sathathwa isiboshwa lanikezwa baseByzantium isihlengo. Ngalesi sikhathi, i-emperor omkhulu waseConstantinople, kwaba sizana Prince Kiev - isitha Svyatoslav. Ngakho, iminyaka eminingana, Oleg kwaba edingiselwe esiqhingini saseRhodes. Ngalesi sikhathi e Tmutarakan wanqoba lokudlela kwesikhulu. Lapha igxilile kafushane kodwa uhlangulisa inzalo ka Yaroslava Mudrogo - izikhulu elinamandla uDavide I. no Volodar Rostislavich. Insimu ubukhulu Tmutarakan babesabisa amabutho Polovtsian. AmaGreki ayekholelwa ukuthi izwe lawo futhi lendawo Russian izikhulu ziphathwa njengabantu obambisene nabo yesikhathi esifushane neyezinto akhonze.

Oleg Svyatoslavich

Ngenxa aphanga Polovtsian umbusi omusha u-Aleksey Komnin e 1081 wanquma ukuba bahoxe ekungeneleni ihlazo Oleg. Ngalesi sikhathi, Chernigov ekudingisweni ungase bashade nentombazane isiGreki Ganiselanani imindeni abadumile ahlukile waseConstantinople. Ngo 1083, sibonga ukwesekwa kombusi wakwazi ukunqoba Tmutarakan ubukhulu ubudala Russian. Oleg got isihloko archon (ie umbusi bombusi). Lokhu eziyimbangela eyathatha iminyaka eyishumi, lapho isifundazwe sajabulela ukuthula ukuhweba inzuzo.

Nokho, ngo-1094, u-Oleg yanquma ukubuyela ekhaya. Wabahlanganisela ibutho Polovtsy waya anqobe Chernigov, okwakubekelwa yake yabusa uyise. Kusukela impi yaqala, Oleg futhi Vladimirom Monomahom. Ngenxa yokuthi Tmutarakan sokulahlwa alethwe Russia by izindimbane abantu abayimizulane kanye uqale impi abangenasihe, yena wathola isidlaliso Gorislavich. Ngo 1097 Oleg ekugcineni efika Novgorod-Seversky. Kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwakhe, akazange abuyele kude Tmutarakan.

Ukuphela Tmutarakani

Isikhathi sokugcina laba ubukhulu Tmutarakan ezishiwo zemihla isiRashiya kwakuwulimi e 1094. Ngemva kwalokho, emaphethelweni kokuba ivale zaphuma ezweni umama. kancane kancane labantu Russian ubunile. Ekhulwini XII amandla Taman nhlonhlo wayiswa waseByzantium. Kwake kwathi ngo-1204, Western Crusaders ethumba eConstantinople ngo amakoloni Black Sea wabusa nezinxushunxushu sokugcina futhi izinsalela lokugcina isimo ulishiyile izwe. Lapha waqala hegemony asemaqeleni. Kodwa ngisho kunjalo, ngasekupheleni kweNkathi Ephakathi osebeni uvele Taman ukuhweba ikoloni Genoa, elibathengisi balo enikeziwe eNtshonalanga Yurophu exotic izimpahla Oriental kusuka eCrimea Kuban.

Ngokufunda umlando we ubukhulu

Tmutarakan ubudala ubukhulu Russian kanye nezici zayo, futhi namuhla ikhanga Ochwepheshe abaningi: mlando, abavubukuli endaba. At the site amakoloni Russian kumbiwa namhlanje, ukuze ekususeni umgubuzelo ekusithekeni phezu ukuphila koMbuso. Izinhlamvu zemali Tmutarakan Duchy okunabileko. Njalo mbusi omusha waqala minting lwemali lalo. Systematization ulwazi mayelana imali medieval ekhishwe Tmutarakani, ikuvumela ukuba ufunde kabanzi mayelana ke uhulumeni nokuhleleka.

Kusukela yizinto zesikhathi esidlule, nathi kade emanxiweni obuKristu. Omunye uhambo Soviet Aphinde athola yamathuna. Ngaphezu kwalokho, eduze nedolobha kwaba sezindela yobuKristu.

zokuphila kwansuku zonke Tmutarakani

Tmutarakan kwaba inqaba enezindonga ukuzivikela. Fragments abanye babo futhi ngasinda. Idolobhana lavuselelwa kaningana. Esikhathini X leminyaka, wasungula uhlelo olusha, okuyinto kwakuhambelana nokuka ukhadinali. Tmutarakan ubukhulu Kuban ifa lezwe, enikeza inala yesivuno. Enhloko-dolobha, eduze nendlu ngasinye sasinothisha izinqolobane zabo noma zewayini ngenjongo efanayo.

Umlando Tmutarakan ubukhulu nayo lafundvwako izinto zasendlini ezitholakala phakathi uhambo bemivubukulo. Ngokungafani nezinye principalities ka Kievan Russia, lapha ngobuningi esetshenziswa glassware ukukhiqizwa WaseByzantium. Lokhu kufakazelwa i zobumba semali wathola (izimbiza, amphora futhi t. D.). Akumangazi ukuthi ezinye zobuciko ebhaliwe ezitholakala Tmutarakan, yalotshwa ngesiGreki. uyathola Slavic kule inqaba ngokuyinhloko ezihlobene nezinto izikhulu, onogada, izinceku nezindela Orthodox. Tmutarakan - liyinqolobane rarities okuyigugu ngebandla ukuhweba ngamandla, okuyinto kwenziwa ethekwini wendawo. itheku Kalula bakhangwa abathengisi abavela emazweni ehlukene.