Lisho ukuthini yangaphandle cell ulwelwesi? Isakhiwo yangaphandle cell ulwelwesi

cwaningo isakhi amaseli prokaryotic eziphilayo, kanye izitshalo nezilwane ehilelekile ukwakheka komuntu kwesigaba, ngokuthi Cytology. Ososayensi bathole ukuthi okuqukethwe cell, okungukuthi, eyakhelwe nzima impela phakathi kwawo. Lizungezwe okuthiwa ebusweni iyunithi eyayakhiwa yangaphandle cell ulwelwesi, nadmembrannye isakhiwo kuhlanganisa: glycocalyx futhi udonga cell, kanye microfilaments, microtubules futhi Amafilimu ukwakha submembrane yayo eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Kulesi sihloko, sihlola isakhiwo kanye nemisebenzi yangaphandle cell ulwelwesi, ingxenye apharathasi ebusweni izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezindwangu ezingaba amaseli.

Lisho ukuthini yangaphandle cell ulwelwesi

Njengoba kuchazwe ngaphambili, uma kubanda ulwelwesi olungaphandle siyingxenye ye ebusweni iyunithi ngayinye cell, okuyinto ngempumelelo ehlukanisa elikuqukethe yangaphakathi futhi ivikela organelles yeselula kusuka kwezimo zendawo ezimbi. Omunye umsebenzi - yilungiselelo umzimba phakathi okuqukethwe kuseli nezicubu uketshezi, ngakho yangaphandle cell ulwelwesi inikeza ezokuthutha lwama-molecule ion bengena cytoplasm, futhi kusiza ukususa ubuthi ubuthi okweqile kusukela cell.

Isakhiwo ulwelwesi cell

Ulwelwesi noma plasmalemma ezahlukene amaseli zihluke kakhulu phakathi kwabo. Ikakhulu, isakhiwo zamakhemikhali, okuqukethwe eyisihlobo lipids, glycoproteins, amaprotheni, futhi ngenxa yalokho, ubunjalo receptor okukukho. I yangaphandle cell ulwelwesi lokuphatselene nesakhiwo nemsebenti zazo kunqunywa ngokuyinhloko indlela yokwakheka glycoproteins ngabanye, uthatha iqhaza ukuqashelwa ezishukumisa imvelo bangaphandle iseli ukusabela izenzo zabo. Njengoba amaprotheni glycolipids cell ulwelwesi kungenzeka basebenzisane ezinye amagciwane, ukuze zingene ngaphakathi esitokisini. I-Herpes amagciwane umkhuhlane angasebenzisa plasmalemma yeseli aphethe ukwakha igobolondo zokuzivikela.

A amagciwane namagciwane, okuthiwa bacteriophages, amaseli enamathiselwe ulwelwesi kanye siphela oxhumana naye ngokusebenzisa i-enzyme akhethekile. Khona-ke, emgodini ubabonisa viral DNA.

Izici isakhiwo plasma ulwelwesi of eukaryotic

Khumbula ukuthi yangaphandle cell ulwelwesi uba ezokuthutha, okusho ezokuthutha izinto zibe cytoplasm yengqamuzana futhi kusukela imvelo bangaphandle. Ukuze afeze inqubo enjalo idinga isakhiwo ekhethekile. Ngempela, plasmalemma owenziwa njalo, jikelele zonke eukaryotic cell surface uhlelo kulandzelana nekuhlunga tinsita. Lokhu mncane (2-10 NM), kodwa ngokwanele aminyene multilayer ifilimu ukuthi ihlanganisa wonke cell. isakhiwo sayo wahlolwa ngo-1972 owenziwa izazi ezingama-ezifana D. Singer futhi G. Nicolson, nabo nesifanekiso ketshezi-KaMose ulwelwesi cell.

The main chemical compounds akha it - kuyinto lungiselelo eliphumelelayo nelihlelekile lingobunye yezinhlayiya amaprotheni phospholipids ezithile obutholakala kule lipid imvelo lwamanzi bese eyama KaMose. Ngakho, ulwelwesi cell yakhiwa ezimbili zamatshe lipid, non-polar "imisila" hydrophobic okuyizinto ngaphakathi ulwelwesi, kanye polar amakhanda hydrophilic zibheke cytoplasm cell kanye uketshezi intercellular.

Lipid ungqimba ebuswa amaprotheni molecule esikhulu akha ezimbotsheni hydrophilic. It is zithutha therethrough, izixazululo aqueous glucose nokumbiwa nosawoti. Amanye ama-molecule amaprotheni atholakala kwi yangaphandle futhi phezu kobuso kwangaphakathi plasma ulwelwesi. Ngakho, kwi yangaphandle cell ulwelwesi lamaseli bonke eziphilayo kokuba core carbohydrate molecule axhunyiwe ngu covalent Abathandana glycolipids futhi glycoproteins. okuqukethwe carbohydrate we ulwelwesi cell zokhahlamba kusuka 2 kuya ku-10%.

Isakhiwo plasma ulwelwesi eziphilayo prokaryotic

I yangaphandle cell ulwelwesi e prokaryotes njengamanje owenza umsebenzi ofanayo iseli plasmalemma eziphilayo zenuzi, okungukuthi ukuqonda futhi ukudluliswa kolwazi kusuka imvelo bangaphandle, ezokuthutha ion nezisombululo esitokisini futhi aphume, ukuvikelwa cytoplasm angaphandle ngaphandle reagents. Kungase yakha mesosoma - izakhiwo okuvela phakathi nesikhathi invagination plasma ulwelwesi esitokisini. Kungenzeka enzyme ehilelekile umzimba ukusabela prokaryotes, isibonelo, i-DNA ukufanisana, amaprotheni zamagama.

Mesosoma aqukethe enzyme redox, kuyilapho photosynthesis kukhona bacteriochlorophyll (amagciwane) kanye phycobilins (cyanobacteria).

Indima uma kubanda ulwelwesi olungaphandle e oxhumana cell-cell

Ukuqhubeka ukuze uphendule lo mbuzo, Yini elingaphandle cell ulwelwesi, sizogxila yendima yayo ekuqhubeleni cell-cell oxhumana. Ngo isitshalo amaseli ezindongeni zangaphandle cell ulwelwesi ikhule ezimbotsheni akhiwa labona ungqimba uginindela. Ngabo kungazuzisa iseli cytoplasm nibonakala iziteshi ezifana mncane ngokuthi plasmodesmata.

Siyabonga kubo, ukuxhumana phakathi plant cells angomakhelwane enamandla kakhulu. Ngo amangqamuzana omuntu futhi contact isilwane sites eduze cell ulwelwesi abizwa ngokuthi desmosomes. Ziyakwazi nobuntu endothelial namaseli EPITHELIAL, futhi atholakala cardiomyocytes.

kumiswa Asizayo plasma ulwelwesi

Ukuze uqonde umehluko phakathi plant cells ezilwaneni kuyabasiza ukufunda izici isakhi plasmalemma, okuyinto kuxhomeke kulokho imisebenzi eyenziwa yi-yangaphandle cell ulwelwesi. Ngenhla ke kuseli isilwane wembozwe glycocalyx. Siqukethe polysaccharides molecule elihlobene ne amaprotheni lipids cell yangaphandle ulwelwesi. glycocalyx Ngenxa adhesion (ababambelela) kwenzeka phakathi amaseli, okuholela ekwakhekeni kwezicubu, ngakho-ke kuthatha iqhaza umsebenzi mkhosi plasma ulwelwesi - yangaphandle ukuqashelwa imvelo ezishukumisa.

Kanjani ezokuthutha yokwenziwa kwezinto ezithile nge ulwelwesi cell

Njengoba esake ebulula, yangaphandle cell ulwelwesi ehilelekile ukuthuthwa izinto phakathi kwengqamuzana futhi bathole ezinye imvelo bangaphandle. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zama-zokuthutha yonkana plasmalemma: yokwenziwa (difuzionny) kanye nezokuthutha asebenzayo. Eyokuqala uyalandisa okusheshayo, okusheshayo lula futhi Osmosis. Ukunyakaza kwabantu noma izithunzi izinto eduze umyela lokuhlushwa kuncike ngokuyinhloko isisindo kanye nosayizi zishintshe edabula ulwelwesi cell. Ngokwesibonelo, ama-molecule encane nonpolar zitholakala kalula encibilikayo ku lipid ungqimba isilinganiso plasmalemma ezihambayo therethrough futhi avele cytoplasm.

molecule elikhulu nezinto eziphilayo ukungena cytoplasm ngosizo yenethiwekhi amaprotheni ekhethekile. Sinenkosi zinhlobo ngokucacile futhi ngokuxhuma i-kuyizinhlayiyana noma ion amandla izindleko ngaphandle zibukele adluliselwe ngokusebenzisa ulwelwesi ngumuntu umyela okuhlushwa (ezokuthutha yokwenziwa). Le nqubo yakha isisekelo plasma ulwelwesi izakhiwo ezifana permeability zikhethe. Ngo inqubo yezokuthutha yokwenziwa akasebenzisi amandla ATP molecule iseli ilulondoloza nezinye ukusabela umzimba.

ezokuthutha Active amakhemikhali ngokusebenzisa plasmalemma

Kusukela yangaphandle cell ulwelwesi ivumela ukudluliswa ion kanye nama-molecule kusukela imvelo esitokisini futhi emuva, kuba nokwenzeka imikhiqizo okukhiphayo dissimilation kukhona ubuthi, ngaphandle nibonakala kubantu nilungile, isb oketshezini intercellular. ezokuthutha Active kwenzeka ngokumelene umyela okuhlushwa kudinga ukusetshenziswa energy uhlobo ATP molecule. Kuhilela amaprotheni Transporter ngokuthi ATP-eziyisisekelo, kuthiwa kanyekanye kanye enzyme.

Izibonelo izimoto sinjalo futha-sodium potassium (i-sodium ion zidluliselwa kusukela cytoplasm imvelo ngaphandle, kanye potassium ion kuthiwa akhishwa phakathi cytoplasm). Ukuze-ke uyakwazi amaseli emathunjini EPITHELIAL nezinso. Ukuhluka le ndlela kukhona inqubo ukudluliswa pinocytosis futhi phagocytosis. Ngakho, ukuhlolisisa lokho imisebenzi eyenziwa yi-yangaphandle cell ulwelwesi, kungashiwo sinqume ukuthi izinqubo ziyakwazi phagocytosis futhi pino- protists heterotrophic, kanye amaseli ngaphezulu isilwane eziphilayo, isib, leukocyte.

izinqubo Bioelectric e ulwelwesi cell

Sekutholakele ukuthi kunomehluko ezingaba phakathi ebusweni elingaphandle plasma ulwelwesi (it is kahle icala) kanye ungqimba parietal ka cytoplasm, omubi icala. Lalibizwa ngokuthi ezingaba ziphumule, futhi kuba esivela kuzo zonke izinhlayiya zamangqamuzana aphilayo. A izicubu ezinzwa akusho kuphela uhlezi ezingaba kodwa futhi uyakwazi oqhuba biopotentials ababuthakathaka, okuthiwa inqubo excitation. Uma kubanda ulwelwesi olungaphandle ezinzwa, izinzwa, ukuthatha ukucasuka ka-receptor sebeqala ukushintsha amacala sodium ion esitokisini bakamalalahlengezela fed futhi iba electronegative ebusweni plasmalemma. A wall ungqimba cytoplasm ngenxa cations ngokweqile ithola icala omuhle. Lokhu kuwachaza kahle isizathu esenza kukhona ashona yangaphandle cell ulwelwesi of namangqamuzana ezinzwa, elibangela conduction Izinzwa amaza ezilawula le nqubo excitation.