Imfundiso yokuziphendukela ukwakheka esiteji yezenzo engqondo kanye kumiswa ACU ku esikoleni samabanga aphansi. Indaba for the umbiko.

Omunye imiqondo eyisisekelo in Soviet Sikhungo Psychology kuyinto imfundiso yokuziphendukela ukwakheka kancane kancane izenzo engqondo (TPFUD). Umbhali wayo - usosayensi enkulu Potr Yakovlevich Galperin, owadala lo mbono njengoba omunye impumelelo eliphakeme kwengqondo kazwelonke phakathi nekhulu lama-20. imibono yakhe ziqinisekiswa ezinsukwini zethu, futhi inkolelo-mbono njengoba eqhubeka ekhonza njengomxhumanisi isisekelo sokuthethelelwa ukudalwa imiqondo yesimanje lemfundo.

izenzo kwengqondo (CA) - uhlobo olukhethekile umsebenzi ngemilingo yomuntu. Basuke ababulawa ngaphakathi ukwazi, abakwazi kugujwe ngqo. CA akudingi usizo ngaphandle - isibonelo, ngesimo phezulu bekhuluma.

Ezinye izinhlobo yezenzo zesintu - ezifana ngokomzimba - ayikwazi eyenziwa ngaphandle ukwesekwa zangaphandle.

Nge UD ukuxazulula izinkinga ezingokwengqondo ezihlukahlukene: engqondweni yethu - ekucabangeni kwabo nasenkambweni inkumbulo, ngokomzwelo - osendaweni izinzwa.

Into ebaluleke kakhulu ngokwengqondo futhi zemfundo ukubaluleka TPFUD kungenzeka endow wadala izakhiwo LE kusengaphambili futhi ukulawula inqubo ukudalwa kwako. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngisho izenzo eyinkimbinkimbi kunazo - ezifana izibalo bomlomo noma ukuhlaziywa osheshayo ukuziphatha uzakwethu ngesikhathi bezoziphatha - ezakhiwe ngendlela okuqinisekisiwe.

Olimini yesayensi yanamuhla, Halperin theory ivumela inqubo izinhlelo yokudala UD.

. P. Ya Galperin wathola futhi Ucwaningo wafakazela ukuthi isenzo umfundi abakwazi athathe isimo sengqondo, uma lasungulwa aluphumeleli zilandelana ngokusebenzisa izigaba eziyisithupha:

• isingeniso kanye nogqozi yokufunda;
• ukwakhiwa kohlelo orienting ngesisekelo isenzo (DTE);
• ukwakha isinyathelo impahla;
• isinyathelo inkulumo (phezulu bekhuluma);
• isinyathelo inkulumo (mayelana uqobo);
• isinyathelo engqondo (inkulumo kwangaphakathi).

Isinyathelo 1: Isingeniso ukuqeqeshwa ugqozi

Ukuvusa umfundi isithakazelo isenzo esizayo, uthisha usebenzisa uhla amasu nezindlela.

Kunconywa ukusebenzisa isisusa zokuziphatha - ukubeka umfundi isibonelo ontanga udumo, vumela. Thishela kumele, ogcina ingane, phawula lokho izinhlobo ukushukuma akuphendule, ukuzisebenzisa.

Kubalulekile ukuthi ukukhuthazwa isetshenziswa kuphela ku kuphumelele ngempela. Kungenjalo, umfundi engaliqondi ufunde indlela efanele ukuphendula zingqinamba, bayoba emcasulile kakhulu.

umoya wokuncintisana lapho nixoxa ngezinkinga esikhundleni kwandisa ugqozi.

Ngokuphumelelayo ukusebenzisa imidlalo cebo-Ekwenza Umlingiswa nezinhlobo ezahlukene zokufunda iqembu. Nokho, lo msebenzi kubalulekile ngokwanele ukusabalalisa izindima izingane musa kuphakama umona, ukucasuka, umhawu neminye imizwelo engafanele.

I lukwazi ukushukumisa ngendlela esebenza kahle kakhulu ebalulekile imisebenzi yokufunda eziyinkinga, lapho izingane zingaba ukuveza ngobuhlakani babo futhi yokusesha. ukuthi eyabo inselele iwukuba ibe ngesilinganiso okusezingeni eliphezulu, kodwa ngokuyisisekelo kufanele zixazululwe. Kufanele ukhethe amazinga ehlukene obulukhuni imisebenzi inkinga amaqembu ahlukene abafundi, ngisho ngamunye - ezinganeni musa angena eqenjini.

Ekugcineni, injabulo enqubeni yokufunda - the ashukumisa isici esibaluleke kunazo zonke.

Isinyathelo 2. Ukwakhiwa kohlelo Ltd.

Akukona ukwenza isenzo, futhi isilungiselela ke. Umfundi kufanele afunde nokuqalisa uhlobo olukhethekile imfundo ukubulawa DM ezazizosiza ke ukusebenza ngendlela efanele futhi ukuqinisekisa umphumela.

Ngenxa yalesi umfundi eyakha orienting ngesisekelo isenzo (CCCs). Kuyinto isiqondiso ehlelekile kanye nemiyalelo, ulwazi ukudalula zonke izingxenye isinyathelo. Uhlola idatha imisebenzi, ukwakheka kanye oda ngokubulawa kwabo, umkhiqizo, abezindaba kanye isihloko isenzo.

Imfundiso yokuziphendukela ukwakheka esiteji yezenzo engqondo yaveza izinhlobo ezintathu izinhlobo yokufunda, ngamunye okuyinto ephelele ezingaphezu kuka owedlule. Ukwahlukaniswa kusekelwe ngesisekelo onobuhle ezintathu ezahlukene DTE.

1. Izimpawu zokubekisa zase aziphelele. avelele zabo ukufunda isihloko (umfundi) bebodwa, ngokwenza amaphutha. Ltd Lokhu ayikuvumeli ukuba kuvame isenzo ezingeni isinyathelo ekilasini, luhlala kuyinto engavamile.
2. Izimpawu zokubekisa zase ziphelele. Incazelo zonke izimo ngaphansi lapho kubulawa isenzo kungaba. Kodwa kuncike akazibandakanyi ukudalwa imithetho, kodwa zifa kuphela ubalalele. ngobuntu baKhe azisetshenziswa ekwenzeni imisebenzi, ngakho ke (ukusebenza) wayedabuka uncreative. Experience okubangelwa isenzo esinjalo, namanje akwaziwa ukuthi "umuntu-off" futhi usiza isihloko kuphela isikhathi esifushane. Ngaphandle kwalokho, Ltd. namanje uhlala isibonelo yodwa endaweni engenabantu kulesi senzo, ngaphandle ngokuvamile. Ngeke isetshenziswa nezinye izenzo ekilasini efanayo.
3. Izimpawu zokubekisa zase okhandlayo ephelele. Basuke generalized for ezihlukahlukene, futhi umkhawulo - kuwo wonke amakilasi yesenzo. Ltd. kungaphansi ngokwayo, esekelwe batshele abanye izinto ezishiwo uthisha isisekelo methodological.

Kulula ukubona ukuthi kungenzeka ukwakheka kancane kancane izenzo engqondo kwenziwe kuphela ngesisekelo uhlobo lwesithathu ukuqeqeshwa. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, impumelelo okuqinisekisiwe kuphela kwelinye icala (futhi kuba zisendaweni ephakathi TPFUD). Isenzo kufanele ekugcineni lokho kwaletha impumelelo egcwele ngamunye izigaba eziyisithupha zokudala yayo. Noma yimuphi yi ukulahlekelwa Lesisemkhatsini ukubhubhisa umkhiqizo wokugcina.

Isinyathelo 3. Kumiswa impahla noma imizimba isenzo

Isenzo ngesimo impahla wenziwa plan zangaphandle sisasebenza. Izinto futhi izisekelo ezibonakalayo netintfo mbamba.

Action in the zembethe imizimba wenziwa ngezinto eziphathekako ukuthi sezivele ukuguqulwa: imidwebo, amashadi, amagrafu, nemidwebo. izinto Yenyama ziboniswa isiqondiso amakhadi ezikhethekile.

ukusebenza ngamunye kancane. Lokhu kunikeza umfundi ithuba ukulawula yonke imisebenzi kanye isenzo iyonke.

Kulesi sigaba, ukusebenza ngamunye olukhulunywa ngokuzwakalayo. Lokhu kuvumela uhlelo kuncike ukuhlukanisa phakathi isenzo langempela (sichazwe inkulumo) kanye netintfo (zingabantu impahla eguquliwe).

Lapho umsebenzi uqala ukuze ujike ngokushesha, ngaphandle amaphutha kanye izitobhi, amakhadi nezenzo abezindaba ahlanzekile. It uhlala incazelo ngamazwi kuphela.

Isinyathelo 4. Inkulumo senzo. phezulu bekhuluma

Isenzo ifakwe ezisekelweni impahla Akasekho umfundi etholakalayo. Manje ingahlaziya material usebenzisa inkulumo elikhulu echaza uhlobo ziqondiswe enye inhlangano, isb. E. ingevu. Kukhona umdlalo inkulumo isinyathelo nemibiko ngaye.

Le mfuneko sokuthatha isinyathelo inkulumo - enwetshiwe enemininingwane kuposi - ukucaciseleka for interlocutor, olawula izifundo.

Lesi sigaba iqukethe eqa ezinkulu qualitative kwetinhlavu CA: isenzo zangaphandle lithuthela umbono walo. Kuye generalized, kodwa namanje hhayi ziyancipha futhi hhayi ngokuzenzakalelayo.

Isinyathelo 5. Inkulumo senzo. inkulumo kwangaphandle mayelana uqobo

Ifomu isenzo - kuyafana isinyathelo 4, kodwa yokubiza nakuhlebeza akuvumelekile. Thishela ilawula ukulandelana imisebenzi noma umphumela uma engase ahlinzwe. Ukugcwaliswa esiteji - lapho operation ngamunye, kanye zonke isenzo wenziwa ngokushesha nangokunembile.

Isinyathelo 6. Action enkulumweni kwangaphakathi - senzo engqondo. umcabango okumsulwa

Kusukela umfundi ukuzixazulula umyalezo inkinga uthunyelwa kuphela imphendvulo yekugcina. Isenzo Properties - iDemo, svornutost, automatism. Naphezu nzima isici ukuze abekelwe emaceleni umfundi isivinini kokubulawa, ukusebenza ayinamaphutsa. Uma iphutha sisekhona - udinga ukuhambisa isikhundla izigaba odlule.

Kulesi sigaba, ukwakheka isinyathelo engqondo, ezimele noma yimaphi zici asizayo zangaphakathi nezangaphandle. isenzo okunjalo kwezinkolo kubizwa ngokuthi ukucabanga okumsulwa.

Kuphela uma kufundvwa uhlobo lwesithathu (nge ukwakhiwa ngokugcwele DTE) kuba nokwenzeka ukuba phaka isigaba-ukwakha algorithm umnyuziki LE. Lolu uhlobo kuphela ukuqeqeshwa, lapho bonke abafundi ekilasini (iqembu) okunengqondo beqiniseka impumelelo ngempumelelo imiphumela yocwaningo ngesisekelo enekhono egcwele.

Imfundiso yokuziphendukela ukwakheka esiteji yezenzo engqondo - inkomba uthisha zendlela yokwakha inqubo yemfundo ekwakhekeni ulwazi nezenzo usebenzisa main ithuluzi didactics - DTE - iphumelela.

imisebenzi yokufunda Universal (ACU)

Enye yezinkinga lemfundo yesimanje - ukushintsha izwe ngesivinini esenyuka njalo. Lwati lolutfolakele esikoleni, liphelelwe yisikhathi ngaphambi kwesikhathi umfundi ukuba liphele.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, e izinqubo wokuqeqesha nokufundisa umfundi incike uthisha, njengoba akakwazi ukuthuthukisa ngokuzimela.

Ngaphezu kwalokho indiva la maqiniso kuzoholela (futhi uhola kakade) kuya nokungasebenzi Imininingwane wehlelo lefundo zombelele.

Indlela eyodwa kuzo isimo inkinga - ushintsho isiqondiso kuleli eziza kuqala imfundo zokwamukelwa kuncike ulwazi namakhono siqu futhi meta-subject (i-nadpredmetnym) izenzo zemfundo jikelele (ACU).

eyandulela Didactic ukuba lezi zenzo okwenzile ngokudlule izenzo ngesisekelo amakhono yokufunda jikelele.

Igama elithi "ECU" kusho ukuthi:

• kuncike (umfundi) uyakwazi self-ukuthuthukiswa kanye self-ngcono, ngenkuthalo futhi uyaqaphela ukwabela yinto entsha kwezenhlalo;
• isihloko uyakwazi ngokuzimela bathole ulwazi olusha namakhono, kuhlanganise nekhono ukuhlela uqobo kanye nolwazi ukukhiqizwa inqubo nokwenziwa;
• isihloko emfundvweni yabo ukuba ungubani kwamasiko, zamakhono kwezenhlalo, ukubekezela.

Okwamanje, isikole esikhulu e-Russia (kusuka 5th ukuba grade 9) lithuthela indinganiso entsha isimo sikahulumeni zemfundo. Sisho - ukudalwa ACU izingane walonyaka.

ACU kumiswa esikoleni eyisisekelo

Le nqubo yakhiwe singene logic "kusuka kokwenzayo kuya ukucabanga." Ngakho, ke nsé okunengqondo nohlaka umqondo P. Ya. Galperina.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, imfundiso yokuziphendukela ukwakheka esiteji yezenzo engqondo abe, kanye methodological imfundiso yokuziphendukela umsebenzi futhi ukucabanga, ngesisekelo okuyisidingo ukudalwa ACU.

Eqinisweni, TPFUD injalo - lutho kodwa ubuchwepheshe Abstraction isenzo - kusukela impahla nokucabanga. ACU efanayo - aphakeme futhi umphumela wokugcina walesi Abstraction: izenzo kwengqondo ezweni self-ephethwe, ukucabanga self ezinezinjini.

Okuningi engu-25 edlule, i-bokusungula nekhono elinjalo njengendlela enjongweni efanele yemfundo is ngisho kuxoxwa. Namuhla, lihlangabezana nezidingo yesimanjemanje.

imfundo Russian ekugcineni kwadingeka obusekela lo mbono eziphambili kakhulu futhi indlela. Lokhu kungenzeka ngenxa ekuqongeleleni iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amahlanu nakho ukuthuthukiswa sistemodeyatelnostnyh Ezemfundo (Shchedrovitskii, OS anisimov et al.). Sinenkosi indlela ehlukile isizukulwane okuqhubekayo theory kanye ngesikhathi esifanayo kokusebenza yayo, ikhumbula njengoba updates okuqhubekayo.