Ipensela ongenakucimeka wokulingwa nezinye izibaya: Ububanzi yabo

Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, njengoba yasungulwa ipensela ngoba kubhala kanye nekudvweba tintfo, imibono yakhe njalo Ushintshe futhi yasungulwa amasha. Kukhona nje azikho amapensela manje umbala evamile, lokho udonsa abafundi ekilasini; wax nomthofu, elisetshenziswa Umdwebo okhokhelwayo; "Simple" - I-imidwebo ezakhiwe weJiyomethri (ebahola siqukethe graphite futhi, kuye ngokuthi nobulukhuni, ubhala in a ezahlukene imibala kusuka grey ukukhanya abamnyama); chemical - asetshenziswa emahhovisi ipulani umsebenzi ngobuningi kwakha luhlaka; amapensela yezimonyo ... Bonke ngezindlela ezingafani zisetshenziswa yithi amazinga kahulumeni ahlukahlukene ekuphileni.

"Nahimichili"

ipensela ongenakucimeka wokulingwa - indlela yakhe kwaba ukutholakala yangempela umdwebo, kufunwe, icala umakhalekhukhwini. Babekwazi ukubhala, ukudweba, upende surface iphepha, okwenza emamaki ongenakucimeka wokulingwa nokuningi. Ngaphansi lokhuni "bo dlozinga" ngalesi zokubhala kuyinto graphite ipensela ekhethekile. Ngesimo ezomile, kukushiya ephepheni engasindi, izimpawu avulekile futhi mshini. Kodwa kuwufanele ichopho wepeni oswakanyiswe amanzi, noma ngisho ngolimi - izinguquko umbala walo, waqala ukubhala ngokugqamile, elikhanyayo, futhi asuse ephepheni akunakwenzeka. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ipensela chemical kuhlanganisa udayi ukuthi chaza lapho zihlatshwa umswakama. Umphumela kwakuyokwenzeka okufanayo uma ebusweni ukubambelela oswakanyiswe iphepha ishidi azikhohlwe ngokuphelele izono zethu efanayo ezomile. Odayi kunezelwa induku - rhodamine (wenza amanothi pink elikhanyayo ukuze, amathoni ezijulile ocebile nangebala), eosin (okukhulu kakhulu color pink, kuphenduke abomvu), auramine (olujulile ophuzi). Lezi izithasiselo amaminerali wenze ipensela ongenakucimeka wokulingwa akuyona kuphela eziqinile, kodwa futhi ngokuhlanganisa imibala ehlukene eziyisisekelo futhi ezengeziwe, ukwandisa ukuhlukahluka imibala yayo.

Ekupheleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, ukuthandwa amapensela chemical kwadamba - bona ukukhuthalele esikhundleni ibhola lokuqala, bese gel izibaya. Nokho, manje they nzonzobala atholakala ezindaweni ezahlukene ukukhiqiza. Basuke isetshenziswa amalebuli noma wabuka imidwebo ku ingilazi, usimende, ngobumba, yensimbi amakhabethe nokunye ngomuthi. Nobulukhuni ipensela wokugubha polymer kuyakhethwa kuye ngohlobo surface ngalo ukusebenza. Igama lokuqala chemical udumo okusungulile fanele ipensela Edson Clark, ngubani enelungelo lobunikazi wakhe wokusungula e ezikude ngonyaka 1866. Ngo-1928, it sesingconywana - ngokwalo i ipensela ongenakucimeka wokulingwa isananyathiselwe ikani elincane amanzi, futhi lapho-ke kwakudingekile ukuba moisten induku, ngokubhala ukusebenzisa ingcindezi. Ngokusho umswakama abakhwabanisi kuziwa bar, kanti udayi ihlangana emanzini kanye iphepha isilungile!

Ipensela izimonyo

I ukugcoba ukwakheka izinjongo usebenzisa ubuciko-ipensela. ukuthungwa yayo ngokuvamile obukhulu, kodwa ibuthaka, ngoba lena akuyona kuphela upende ipensela ku amashiya, kodwa futhi amehlo kanti nesikhumba Isivalo ilimele kalula futhi kudinga handling olubucayi. Isakhiwo amapensela phambili, ngaphandle ezihlukahlukene umbala zombala zihlanganisa izinto zemvelo: glyceride esekelwe amafutha esundu, uwoyela ocolisekileyo ayegcwele umswakama - benza umsebenzi wokunakekela; izinyosi, izithelo nezinye izinhlobo waxes kokuba refractoriness sithuthukiswe futhi ekwazi ukumelana enze-up futhi ihlala isikhathi eside isikhathi eside; izidakamizwa, aqede kungenzeka komzimba nezinto.

amathuluzi umdwebi Professional

Futhi ekugcineni, namalahle ipensela. Njengoba kubonakala kahle igama, induku yenziwa carbon ne ukwengeza ingxenye ethile lamafutha linseed. Lokhu kwalokho okwengeziwe amalahle ukuminyana nombala saturation, adhesion ephakeme kumafayibha leliphepha. Okulandelayo, azishiye ezithambile namalahle-black wezwakalisa resin.

Ngenxa ngezithako zawo namalahle ipensela Kuyathokozisa ezinhle kokubili umsebenzi dweba, futhi ukwenza e umdwebo sokugcina. Ukusebenzisa ke, umculi kungaba ziveza futhi kumnyama, futhi esobala ukukhanya shades. Ikakhulukazi elula ipensela ukuthi kalula asuswe iphepha, kusale trace kancane.