Ifomula ka-benzene: iyiphi inketho isipelingi lesifanele?

hydrocarbon elimnandi akheke eyindilinga. Omele sokuqala salolu chungechunge - benzene (C ₆ H _6). Ifomula ibonisa ukuthi isakhiwo ndaba, kuqala ezihlongozwayo usokhemisi Kekule ngo-1865. Ngokusho izindaba usosayensi, kwase kuyisikhathi eside wazindla imfihlakalo benzene. Ngolunye usuku yahlatshwa waba inyoka eluma umsila wayo siqu. Ekuseni ngo- formula isakhi benzene isivele ngomumo. Kwaba aletha 6 carbon ama-athomu. Ezintathu kuzo kwakungasehlane laseBeti isibopho double.

Isakhiwo-benzene

Carbon e hydrocarbon elimnandi yakha iheksagoni njalo. Ngezinye izikhathi lapho ebhala umbhalo ogcinwayo ukusabela zibalo zibonisa side yayo ohlangothini mpo. Leli qembu ngama-athomu unegama ekhethekile - le-benzene indandatho. Ukuqinisekiswa isakhiwo eyindilinga ka-benzene kuyinto irisidi yayo zishintshe ezintathu acetylene - hydrocarbon unsaturated kokuba nobuhlobo kathathu. hydrocarbon elimnandi nazo unsaturated futhi babonakalise izici isici alkenes. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, esikhathini benzene indandatho by odwi ezintathu, sehle parallel ubuso, uqaphele khona isibopho double. benzene ifomula okunjalo akubonisi ngokugcwele isimo sama-athomu carbon ku-molecule.

Benzene: Ifomula ibonisa ukuthi isakhiwo uqobo

Empeleni, ukuhlobana kwemikhosi carbon esiyingini kukhona okulingana nomunye. Phakathi kwabo, kwakungenakwenzeka ukwaba olulodwa futhi double. isici okunjalo alichaza isakhiwo electron ka-benzene, lapho i-nucleus ye-carbon ungaphakathi sp ² isimo -gibridizovannom exhunywe kwi omakhelwane yayo icici ezivamile hydrogen izibopho abathathu abangashadile. Kulokhu a iheksagoni, okuyizinto okufanayo indiza 6 carbon kwama-athomu nezinhlayiyana 6 - hydrogen. Kuphela amafu electron Kwesine p-electron azisetshenziswa ku hybridization, ngokufanako. Isimo sabo sifana dumbbell, isikhungo uwela phezu indiza indandatho. A izingxenye uqweqwe ziphezulu futhi phansi. Kulokhu, ku-nucleus ye-benzene nangaphansi zikhona nokuminyanisa ezimbili electron nazo p angalingani electron amafu. Kukhona jikelele chemical isibopho a carbon esiyingini.

Izakhiwo esiyingini-benzene

Ngenxa Imininingwane electron kwabantu, lokho kunciphisa ibanga phakathi carbon esiyingini. Bayalingana kuya 0.14 NM. Uma kuyi-nucleus ye-benzene yayikhona izibopho olulodwa futhi double, kuyoba izilinganiso ezimbili: 0,134 futhi 0,154 NM. Isakhiwo benzene ifomula kweqiniso akumele kuqukethe izibopho olulodwa futhi double. Ngakho-ke, hydrocarbon elimnandi ubizwa compounds unsaturated organic ngokusemthethweni kuphela. Ngu Ukwakheka ziyafana alkenes, kodwa kungenzeka uhlanganyele yokusabela esikhundleni, okuyinto sici of hydrocarbon ayegcwele. Elimnandi benzene nucleus possesses ukuzinza ngokuthi oxidants. Zonke lezi zici ukuba sizibuze iringi ngohlobo olukhethekile zokuxhumana - hhayi double kanye olulodwa.

Indlela ziveza ifomula benzene?

Ifomula kungumgogodla benzene izibopho ezintathu double njengasezulwini Kekule, kodwa ngesimo a iheksagoni nge umbuthano ngaphakathi. Limele kutati 6 ama-electron.

It kuqinisekiswa isakhiwo yesimethri property ketshezi. iringi benzene uqinile, onezici eziphawulekayo amandla elihlangana. Izakhiwo omele lokuqala hydrocarbon elimnandi zenzeka homologues yayo. Ngamunye wabo kungenziwa umelwe esuselwe lapho hydrogen esikhundleni phezu ezahlukene hydrocarbon ezizivelelayo.