I kabusha lwemali ngo-1961 e-USSR: ezinhlangothini emihle nemibi

Ngo-1960, uhulumeni wamaSoviet awuzange yokutholwa isimemezelo lwemali kabusha. Kuze kube manje, wonke imibhalo ephathelene nokuqaliswa kwalo, ihlukaniswa. Khuluma mayelana nezizathu ezaholela ke, ungakwazi, futhi ezimweni eziningi bebizwa kanjalo namuhla abacwaningi zenzeka ngokoqobo, kodwa isithombe ukuphelela asikwazi. Uyini kabusha yemali ngo-1961 e-USSR? Izitha, ezomnotho ukuzikhethela NS Khrushchev noma isidingo? Phendula kule oyingqayizivele ngokushesha ngeke zisebenze.

Ingqikithi kabusha yemali

Kuze kabusha lwemali ngo-1961, iSoviet Union zase zisatshalaliswa imali yamaphepha angena kwegazi 1947. I kabusha waqala ngo-January 1, 1961, baqhubeka ngekota 1st, egqoka uhlobo ihlelo kanye ukwehla. Nakuba uhulumeni wenze yonke imizamo ukuze agcizelele ukuthi kwaba exchange okulula imali (ihlelo).

Ngokwabelana zonke imali yamaphepha wamukele ngaphandle kokuvinjelwa. Imali ubudala iphepha washintsha abasha, okuyinto abe usayizi ezincane kanye 10: 1 isilinganiso.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokuvumelana noMkhandlu Wongqongqoshe ngesinqumo Meyi 4, 1960 № 470, zokubala kabusha kuncike wholesale, okudayisa, ukuthenga kanye settlement izintengo zonke izinhlobo zezimpahla, usebenza kanye nezinsizakalo, kanye abanezeli ezinye izimali eziseceleni, amacala esengeziwe, izaphulelo, okuyinto base efakwe kanzima kufana. Futhi zonke izinhlobo imali owawuse- ukonga, amahhovisi, amabhange, zonke izinhlobo lweholo, kuhlanganisa amazinga wemirholo, amaholo, izimali, imiklomelo, amabhonasi, zonke izinhlobo amaholo nokunye.

ihlelo

Njengoba inguqulo olusemthethweni olwenziwa izinguquko ayisungula Ministry of Finance zase-USSR, izinguquko yemali kwakubangelwa lula ukuphatha imali futhi ebanikeza iwusizo okukhulu. Izimbangela lo mcimbi yeqiniso ayisekelwe limenyezelwe, eye wamvumela ochwepheshe ukwenza eziphethweni zayo, kodwa kubantu abaningi kakhulu ukwenana ngemali wahlala inkumbulo ihlelo elula.

ukwehla

Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, usakazwa ngamakhophi izimali zakwamanye amazwe kuleli zwe wawuvinjelwe, iningi labantu nakancane mayelana izinga lokushintshisana, futhi inani legolide, abantu abaningi kuleli zwe bezwe bahlulelwe intengo ubucwebe, ukuthi ahambe izinguquko waphawuleka of the ruble liqhathaniswa ne-dollar futhi igolide isofthiwe.

Ngamanye amazwi, lo bezimali phikisana ukwehla of the ruble kwamaSoviet, okuholele ekutheni ngokucijile encishisiwe nokuqukethwe kwalo igolide futhi washintsha liqhathaniswa ne-dollar. Uma phambi 1961, i-dollar wanika ruble 4, ngemva kabusha ukubaluleka kwaso engashintshwa njengoba konke okunye, izikhathi 10, kodwa izikhathi 4,44 kuphela. Manje dollar kuwufanele 0.90 amasenti. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi okuningi negolide kwakhula e intengo. Uma ngaphambi izinguquko eyodwa ruble iqukethe 0,222 g, ngemva guqula lokhu babengamaphesenti 0,987g.

Izizathu ukwehla

Lwemali kabusha ngo-1961, iSoviet Union kwaba isihloko ucwaningo oluningana. Ziyakwazi eziphikisa kakhulu. Ikakhulukazi, esinye sezizathu sokuguquka ibizwa ngokuthi ukwanda umkhiqizo kawoyela kanye nokuthengiswa yiSoviet Union. Indlela kulingane kuyinto yalesi sizathu, kunzima ukusho, kodwa ngempela umkhiqizo kawoyela lalanda unyaka nonyaka.

Futhi kubizwa ngenxa yezizathu eziningana: nobunzima kwezomnotho ehambisana nokulingana izinguquko eziqhubekayo ekuphathweni kanye nezolimo; izingalo uhlanga - kungcono nakho kuyisici esibangela yangempela ezingase zibulale umnotho wase-USSR eqinisekisa ukunciphisa yempi; nika usizo emazweni "friendly".

Kanjani kabusha

Ukulandela ukushicilelwa kunombolo ukuphrinta isixazululo 470 ukuthenga ngokuphindaphindiwe anda emphahleni, kukhuphuke yokuthengisa ubucwebe noboya ezitolo, imali evela emphakathini rose in ukonga amabhange, njengoba izosetshenziswa nge-othomathikhi benana futhi zokubala kabusha.

Ngo-October 1960, waqala ngo-Central Idiphozithi amabhange. On the tags intengo babe amanani amabili ezitolo: entsha kanye esidala. Lokhu kwakwenziwa ukuze uvumele abantu ukuba uthole esezisetshenzisiwe amanani entsha. Ngo-January 1, 1961 waqala exchange imali yamaphepha ubudala futhi zemali emisha. kwabebhange acaciselwe uhlelo adaliwe, lapho ungakwazi ukushintshanisa yisiphi isibalo imali ubudala.

Imali entsha

On ubukhulu yemali kabusha izikweletu ngo-1961 zazihluke kakhulu nalawo iyasebenza. Kwakumelwe ingxenyana amanothi ubudala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, base multi anemibala - obomvu, oluhlaza, Lilac. Ngomqondo onabile, ngesimo imali elula ngaphezulu izibalo.

Izikweletu eyakhishwa ngo namahlelo 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 25,, ama-ruble angu-50 100. Ezazenziwa zemali futhi entsha 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 20, 15 amasenti, 1 Rouble. Zonke izinhlamvu zemali zabashintshi isampula ubudala wona ahoxiswa kusuka emzimbeni. Ukukhethwa kwaba izinhlamvu zemali zethusi 1, 2, 3 amapeni. Kusukela ngo-1958, zabuya futhi yaqala ukunyathelisa zemali entsha in inqwaba. Ngokwesibonelo, 15 amasenti uhlamvu lwemali wakhishwa inqwaba waqhubeka nokujaha nge isitembu nje engu-30, okuyinto wabenza adedele omkhulu ngempela.

"Endala" nemali "entsha" ezahlukene engqondweni, njengoba yokugcina zazincane futhi kulula ukusingatha. Kule ndaba, abantu beza ngegama elisha banknotes emva izinguquko 1961 - wrappers. Nciphisa izindleko iphepha lapho ukuyiprinta imali yamaphepha - lena ngenye yezinto ezinhle. Design lemali, isimiso, ugciniwe. Kuphela esikhundleni isithombe Lenin phezu imali yamaphepha uvele iphrofayela yakhe.

Imiphumela izinguquko

Ngakolunye uhlangothi kwekuhlela kabusha zibandakanya ukunciphisa izindleko zokukhiqiza futhi ukuzinza lemali eziyisisekelo amanani okudla (isinkwa, usawoti, ushukela, ubisi) nokufana.

imithelela emibi ngenhla zonke ukulahlekelwa nakwentiwa sabantu, ukwanda ukudla lezimpahla amanani. Ngo imikhiqizo ongaphakeme kokuqala ebiziwe ukwanda 10%. Ngokwesibonelo, uma izindleko 1 kg of utamatisi emakethe kwaba 15 amasenti ushintshwe, futhi ngemva kabusha zibiza 'omusha' kopecks 15.

State izinga legolide of the ruble, njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, lancipha, okwaholela ukwehla yayo. Ngishintshe Ruble ngokumelene dollar. Uma ngaphambili imali Soviet has ukungabuswa kuye, ngemuva izinguquko eyashintsha, okwaphumela intengo ephakeme sokungena.

Umthelela kabusha kwenziwa, futhi yathatha iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-30, kodwa, ngokuvumelana Abanye abacwaningi bathi, la imiphumela emibi ziye zathinta lezi kweminyaka futhi waletha kanye Gorbachev sika yokwakha kabusha ukuze wokugoqa wase-USSR. Survive kungekho nemiphumela sobala, ngaphandle esasikhuluma ngokuwohloka kokuphila sabantu, kule nkathi yesikhathi wakwazi Ngenxa yokuntuleka etimakethe kanye zonke izici elikulesi sihloko: ezishibhile zabasebenzi imithombo, okusezingeni eliphezulu ukuthekelisa nenzuzo. Lezi zici baye bavumela isimo ukuthuthukisa kahle ngokuya kwezomnotho.

Yini eyabangela ukuba ngokuphamazela ngakho kabusha yemali?

izimfanelo

Ngamafuphi, izinguquko yemali ngo-1961 akuzange kwenziwe ngokwalo. Wayengumngane, ngokusho kwabanye ososayensi, izinguquko eziyinkimbinkimbi kuhlelwe futhi eyenziwa N. S. Hruschovym. Kukhona omunye umbono ngaphezulu ukuthi izinguquko lwemali kwakubangelwa hlelwa kabusha, njengoba iningi labo likwazi kubhekwe ukuhluleka futhi wahola izwe ukuba ukuntengantenga kwezomnotho.

Thanda izinguquko eziningi N. S. Hruschova, eU.SSR lwemali kabusha ngo-1961 kwaba yemvelo ukuqubuka okungazelelwe okungahambisani acabangele imiphumela bona esasingase simholele. Iningi lazo sezihlonziwe okwamanje ngaphansi Stalin, izibalo Kwakuseshwa, ukuba sibikezele imiphumela. Kodwa ngenxa yezizathu ezihlukahlukene eyisebenzisa kwakungenakwenzeka.

Wasebenzisa N. S. Hruschov, kokunquma ukuqeda zonke izinkinga kwelinye Shintshela ngokuwa, kamuva eyaba nomthelela omubi emnothweni wezwe futhi yaqanjwa ukuzikhethela kwezomnotho.

kabusha zokulawula

Ukuze omunye izizathu ukushintshana ukuphathwa imali ubalwe njengenye ukwehluleka ekutjhugululweni umkhankaso ngo-1957, N. S. Hruschovym. Phakathi yakhe yonke endaweni ye-USSR lahlukaniswa laba izifunda zokuphatha. Zadalelwa ukuphatha Imikhandlu kwezomnotho. Bona, esikhundleni zezinkonzo, umphathi wendawo we umnotho kwenziwe.

Iningi Union futhi zezinkonzo republic ekubhekaneni umkhakha nokwakhiwa, siqediwe. amabhizinisi Ongaphansi zidluliselwe emikhandlwini komnotho wendawo. Inhloso kabusha kwaba indlela embonini noma ukuphathwa ukwakhiwa amazinga aphansi kanye nokwehla izisebenzi zokuphatha nokuphatha.

Imikhandlu Economic - a emizimbeni collegial, ekuqaleni lalinabashumayeli abantu eziningana, kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukubhekana nezindaba okudingekayo izingxenye ezintsha neminyango waqala ukudaleka. Uma eminyakeni yokuqala ka wokwehla apharathasi zokuphatha lalibalulekile waletha yi oyifunayo, bese ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ke lidlule wonke amathemba ukwanda kwezindawo.

kabusha Agricultural

Khrushchev experiment yabekwa ezolimo. Ekupheleni kuka-50s kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, ukukhiqizwa yezimboni kude wasondela ekulimeni. Ivikela abakhileyo nasemizaneni nakweminye emincanyana endaweni ethile lokuhlala, okubangelwa isidingo sokugwema indlala, ke wethulwa the 30s futhi wahlala ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II kuze ukubuyiselwa ingxenye eyinhloko yezwe, owayevakashela matasa kuwo. Emizini, emizaneni mizi lizoba imvithi. Izimboni kwabhidlika noma bashiye phakathi nezwe. Reform ngalesi sikhathi eyayiyoholela nemiphumela ezingalindelekile, ngakho udaba lahlehliswa ngesikhathi.

zikahulumeni kaStalin ephethwe ukubuyisela izimboni, ukusungula ukuphila emaphandleni, kodwa Ngezimali ungazange isetshenzisiwe abalimi zabasebenzi collective. Emadolobheni amaningi, abantu baphile kangcono. Hola kakhudlwana futhi, Yebo, ukuchitha. ukungafani okunjalo phakathi kwezakhamuzi zasemaphandleni nezasemadolobheni Yiqiniso, yabangela ukugxekwa fair.

Izinguquko zale mibuzo, yebo, kwadingeka ukuba ixazululwe. Kodwa kanye nabo ayabanjwa, uma sikubeka kahle, izinqumo ayilungile. Ikakhulukazi, kumayelana kuvalwe MTS, eye eyabangela ukuncipha okukhulu imishini kanye nogandaganda, umshini-Ochwepheshe. Lesi sinyathelo inflicted umonakalo ongalungiseki ezolimo, ephoqa uhulumeni bayothenga okusanhlamvu phesheya. izinhlelo ongenangqondo ku kulungiselelwa inyama kwaholela ukwehla okukhulu izinombolo wezinkomo.

Kwakudingeka isidingo sokuguquka ngokuphuthuma, kodwa Uhulumeni N. S. Hruschova wayenze amaphutha.

ukunciphisa yebutho

It kwenziwa ngaphansi Khrushchev ukunciphisa yempi, okwakukhona abantu esingaphansi 1.3 million futhi ngokusho kwezinye izincwadi, abacwaningi, okwabangela eSoviet amabutho ahlomile umonakalo eside. Iqiniso lokuthi ukuncishiswa ibutho yalungiswa ngisho ngaphansi Stalin. Lokhu kwakungeke nje kube ehlelekile. Yonke into kahle ukubala isikhathi ekutjhugululweni kwaba ukudala ngonyaka 3-a, ngaphezu, acabangele izidingo eziphuthumayo kuzo zonke umhlala (ezezindlu, impesheni).

Sibambe izinguquko Khrushchev sebutho kwezinye sengqondo ezingalindelekile futhi alulazayo maqondana Veterans, abantu abaye banikela Army iminyaka yobusha zokuphila kwakhe, empini yokugcina kusukela ngowokuqala ngomzuzu wokugcina. Ngaphandle impesheni empi ishiywa kuphela labo babekhuthaze ngesikhathi esifanele 1-2 iminyaka, kodwa izinyanga 1-2.

Lokhu kwehliswa Yiqiniso, konga imali esimweni ngesimo impesheni nenachislennyh, ukunciphisa izindleko yesondlo abantu abangaphezu kwesigidi. Kodwa buhlungu enamandla wakhululwa impi. Zaziphonswa izigidi servicemen nemindeni yabo, abasala ngaphandle imisebenzi, indawo yokuhlala kanye nezimpilo.

isiphetho

Umbuzo wezinguquko N. S. Hruschovym, kuhlanganise kabusha yemali, kwaba kanye isalokhu ezithakazelisayo futhi kancane eyaziwa. Ngeke ukwazi ukuwuphendula ngokungananazi. Ubona lapha nethonya esinonya amazwe aseNtshonalanga akuwona ngempela ezifanele, kodwa ngaphandle kwakhe, cishe akunakwenzeka ukuthi kwenziwe.

Ukuhlola umkhathi, kwezomnotho USSR Jerk - kuwumphumela lempi eside (ukugcinwa ukudluliselwa iningi amabhizinisi ukuba zize kuleli zwe) kanye post-yimpi lezomnotho ababonayo kanye nesizwe sisonke, kunokuba imisebenzi Khrushchev njengoba wezinguquko "omkhulu". Kodwa ukunqabela impumelelo yayo omuhle Akufanele uzizwe zinkulu.