I phansi olwandle emhlabeni kucwaningwe ngubani? Abacwaningi izilwandle zomhlaba

Abacwaningi abavela emazweni ehlukene luye lwabonisa ukuthi izinto eziphilayo abahlala lonke mass amanzi ezilwandle (i-MO). Ososayensi esefinyelela kulesi siphetho ngisho kwekhulu leminyaka elidlule, futhi imishini ekujuleni kolwandle yesimanje kufakazela ukuba khona inhlanzi, izinkalankala, isikhuphashe, izimpethu ekujuleni afika ku 11,000 m. Ake sibone ukuthi kanjani phansi izilwandle wafunda usosayensi French Zhak Pikar, umnikelo senziwa English oceanographers Russian.

Amanzi Emhlabeni - into ukunakwa njalo isintu

iminyaka 400-500 edlule, abahambi abaningi abazange yini ongayilindela ubukhulu kweqiniso nokujula kwezilwandle. Vula izingqondo ezinganekwaneni eziningi Atlantis, ulahleke ekujuleni kolwandle, izinganekwane mayelana izwe elimangalisayo El Dorado, lapho imithombo yamanzi enikiwe intsha okuphakade. BaseYurophu ngomkhumbi ukuze osogwini olusenyakatho ekude, lapho obuningi kukhona igolide, amagugu kanye nezinongo bekusolo esiyingozi ngenxa yokubakhona zamakhorali ezinamadwala Shoals elikhulu endleleni le mikhumbi. Kodwa lokho akuzange kuwumise ukwenza okutholakele omkhulu womhlaba, kumephu iningi kwezilwandle nasemathekwini, ukuthola ndima ophakathi kwezwe laseGrisi nenhlonhlo futhi lesi siqhingi.

Ubani uhlole izwe ocean phansi endulo futhi NgeNkathi Ephakathi? Amatilosi wafunda kwamanzi sendawo izindlela etholakalayo kubo, amabalazwe kanye Globes. Ososayensi balinganisela ukuthi kwamanzi eplanethini yethu kathathu endaweni umhlaba (361 kanye 149 kwezigidi ezingu km ^2, ngokulandelana). Oceans e nawo wonke umlando babebe nethonya ukuthuthukiswa ukuhweba, ukudoba wokujikeleza. Iqhaza Wezokuvikela kwetinhlavu kwesimo sezulu nezenzakalo ezweni, ukuhlinzeka labantu nge ukudla.

Limbo Oceanology (Oceanography)

Phansi izilwandle uhlole uFerdinand Magellan phakathi nohambo lwakhe emhlabeni wonke; Thina alalelwa ulinganise nokujula Hristofor Kolumb futhi Amérigo Vespucci. Kodwa kwakungafanele ososayensi, futhi abathengisi amatilosi. Ngo XIX-XX eminyaka baye banda indima yesayensi ekuhloleni olwandle. Ngenxa ipumelelo abacwaningi baye babeka nemifula ephephile wadala imisinga amabalazwe usawoti kanye lokushisa, ngaphansi kwamanzi nangaphansi-ice sendawo.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo ekuthuthukiseni lokuthumela uye waba nomthelela obalulekile inhlangano kanye nokusebenza mikhankaso ngokwesayensi. Lokhu yilokho okwenzeka yamabhola antantayo imikhumbi Russian ezazihamba round uhambo emhlabeni, wafika ogwini Antarctica. Ucwaningo ihlelwe ugu kanye wezilwandle enyakatho futhi Far Eastern ukujula.

Ubani uhlole phansi izilwandle

ukuhamba ngomkhumbi nomthelela impumelelo ekuqongeleleni ulwazi mayelana eMnyango Wezokuvikela. Kancane kancane kwaba khona abe omunye sciences womhlaba - Oceanography. Phakathi abasunguli balo - Boris Varenius Dutch futhi Russian Yuri Shokalsky. A neqhaza kule nqubo esenziwa amatilosi Russian nezempi. Phansi izilwandle uhlole ngomunye wabokuqala Italian L. Marsilio.

Ekuqaleni ososayensi Russian XIX leminyaka E. Lenz no E. Parrot yasungulwa ukujula geji. Esikhathini Maphakathi nekhulu efanayo American JM. Brook uye wadala eningi ehlukanisa cargo ukuqoqa amasampula enhlabathi. Lezi impumelelo sebelithathile ngempumelelo ngokunenzuzo abahlanganyeli uhambo oceanographic emkhunjini British "Challenger". Ukusebenza ngaphansi kohlelo olubizwa ngokuthi yi-British Royal Society, ososayensi kule minyaka 1872-1876 iqoqo ocebile nezitshalo zasolwandle nezilwane, baye olinganise Atlantic, Indian nasePacific Ocean, Oceans ukujula. Phakathi izazi ezivelele isikhathi idingekile ukuze yesazi solwandle Russian S. O. Makarova, ababefunda Black seMediterranean kwezilwandle.

Izilinganiso olwandle kwamsiza kwakha ekuqa- le XX leminyaka ibalazwe sesizogcwala ukujula. Mayelana 100 edlule ukuze esikhundleni eziningi intambo kwafika amaza omsindo amadivayisi - Sounders. Idivayisi likhipha isiginali umsindo, njengoba kubonakala kusuka phansi futhi kuqoqwe. Ukwazi isikhathi kanye nesivinini umsindo emanzini is etholwe ukubala ibanga okufanele ahlukaniswe ngesigamu. Lokhu kuyoba we ukulinganiswa kwendawo ukujula.

Ukuvulwa ezansi i-MO

Sounders Echo Uvule abacwaningi amathuba izilwandle. Namashumi okugcina eminyaka yawo ngekhulu XIX iminyaka ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II zaziphawuleka ngokungabi isithakazelo esandayo biology Wezokuvikela. Ososayensi baye baqoqa ubufakazi bokuphila hhayi kuphela ungqimba ebusweni amanzi, kodwa futhi ngaso ukujula. Engxenyeni ekhulwini XX yesibili umhlaba wonke wandizela phezu izithombe lapho abantu babone phansi izilwandle. Photo deepwater eziphilayo wabanjwa umcabango zabantu abavamile. Ngemva izidalwa eziphilayo ngaphakathi phelele cime ezingeni lokushisa 2-3 ° C, futhi ube elikhazimulayo izitho kagesi.

Ososayensi baye esikuyi le enwetshiwe maphakathi no-ocean emikhulu, ayimigodi, abanye ezintabeni. Yingaleso elula ukuhlola eshalofini yezwekazi kanye emthambekeni, kodwa amaphayona kweqiniso bayengelwa ukujula. Emuva ngasekupheleni XIX leminyaka, lo mkhankaso "Challenger" atholakala futhi womkhathi weNingizimu endaweni ejulile e eMnyango Wezokuvikela endaweni le Mariana Islands esenyakatho-ntshonalanga iPacific. Lezi Chutes okuye kwabangelwa ushayisile zamapulatifomu enamandla yezwekazi ne mncane amapuleti wasolwandle. On the amazwekazi ayimigodi ekujuleni kolwandle ukuhlangabezana abasha izintaba.

Into yokutadisha - phansi izilwandle

Wafunda Mariana Trench Swiss yesazi solwandle Zhak Pikar, kanye isakhamuzi US Don Walsh. Ukuze ukucwiliswa abacwaningi esetshenziswa ekujuleni kolwandle imoto "Trieste". Kwenzeka isehlakalo esibaluleke 23 Januwari 1960. Ngaphambi kwalokho, diving zokuhlola kwaba umqondisi odumile French kanye semvelo Jacques Iv Kusto, abangena kamuva wathwebula tinhlelo ngokuphila ekujuleni kolwandle.

Zhak Pikar noDon Walsh, ndawonye "Trieste," shí "kwalasha Challenger" eningizimu-ntshonalanga ye Mariana Trench. Ukujula lapha 10 911-11 030 m ngezansi ezingeni i-MO. Ubude besikhathi bathyscaphe Uzalo kwaba amahora mayelana 5, abacwaningi we wokuxovela ejulile emhlabeni baye bahlala ezansi imizuzu engu-20, kwagcizelela amandla ushokoledi futhi waqala ukugibela, eyathatha ezingaphezu kwezingu-3 amahora.

Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi ukuhlukahluka izilwane ekujuleni kolwandle kuphazanyiswa ukujula the nezilwane ezihlukahlukene tropical coral. Marine eziphilayo benthic ingashintshwa ukuze imvelo yabo, kuyilapho ezansi izigodi bumnyama futhi buyabanda.

Izikhombisi eyinhloko nophenyo yesimanje i-MO

Ingxenye ekhulwini XX yesibili kwaphawula ukuqala esigabeni ngamazwe ekuhloleni ulwandle. izitsha ukubhukuda ihlelwe ucwaningo, ekujuleni kolwandle imishini ukuqoqa amasampula enhlabathi. Ekupheleni kwekhulu leminyaka elidlule, ososayensi baye banaka kakhudlwana nokuxhumana i-MO nge ezwekazini, umthelela sezulu.

Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, njengoba phansi izilwandle uhlole Zhak Pikar, kwathatha isikhathi eside. ucwaningo Oceanographic uyaqhubeka, zingezwa e-MO nge-mlilo ezingaba olulodwa, iphutha esishintshashintshayo nomsebenzi zokuzamazama komhlaba. Ngenxa yalokho yale ngozi izingqimba wasolwandle kanye nasemazweni, ukuqhuma kwezintaba-mlilo kwenzeka inhlekelele yemvelo abulala khona amakhulu ezinkulungwane zabantu bacwiliswa ekujuleni kwamanzi lingasempumalanga yalesi siqhingi, kukhona amagagasi amakhulu - tsunami. Ifa amandla okubhubhisa izivunguvungu esuka phezu izilwandle futhi bayasilela ogwini. Labantu cwaningo kanye sixwayiso esasifike ngesikhathi salezi izingozi - omunye izinkinga Oceanography yesimanje.

izinqolobane Umxhwele kwemithombo yemvelo MO nge uvumele umusa bathembele khona ngokunganaki has amakhulu eminyaka. Amanzi olwandle Sekuyisikhathi eside furrowing ukudoba nje kuphela, impahla, umgibeli nezitsha lempi. Ukuhlola nocwaningo imikhumbi, izakhi lokukhiqiza ezisekelweni steel, ngaphandle okuyinto kunzima ukucabanga kwezilwandle olungenamkhawulo.