I Baghdad yebhethri: incazelo, inhloso, isicelo futhi ezithakazelisayo amaqiniso

Uma yedolobha lanamuhla ukuvala okungenani ihora kwamandla ke nakanjani kuphakama lapho isimo, ukuze ukhombise okuyigama elithi mildest - nciphisa. Futhi akunakugwemeka, ngokwezinga ugesi sangena ekuphileni kwansuku zonke. Yezimo abhekene nawu umbuzo - ukuthi obaba Sekuyizinkulungwane zeminyaka ukwenza ngaphandle lolu hlobo amandla? Ingabe baye bancishwa ngokuphelele ukuthi ingasetshenziswa? Yileso abacwaningi umbuzo ube impendulo ecacile.

Okutholakele emaphethelweni Baghdad

Kukholakala ukuthi isintu safike bajwayelane kagesi engxenyeni kwekhulu XVIII yesibili, futhi kwenzeka sibonga amaNtaliyane ezimbili esisuka abaye bachitha isikhathi sabo esiningi esifundweni imihlola ngokomzimba - Luigi Galvani eyamlandela u-Alexander Volta. Kuyinto ngiyabonga kulaba bantu namuhla ukusebenzisa ku imizila kagesi, ukukhanya ivuliwe emakhaya ethu, omakhelwane ebusuku iqala ukuba okuyizigidi Punch.

Nokho, lokhu akungabazeki iqiniso iye onyakaziswa ukutholakala, wenza ngo-1936 yi-umvubukuli Austrian Wilhelm Keuning eBaghdad nasezindaweni ezizungezile eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Baghdad ibhethri. Umlando aliyinikezi ukuthi umcwaningi yena wemba emhlabathini, noma umane wathenga mshini kusukela "archeologists abamnyama" zendawo. Lesi sakamuva kubonakala maningi amathuba, ngisho, njengoba ebesingasetshenziselwa Kutholwe ngisho ezinye izinto ezithakazelisayo, kodwa wonke babelazi yokutholakala esiyingqayizivele eyodwa kuphela.

Kuyini ibhethri Baghdad?

Ngenxa uWilliam Keuning esintwini zakhishwa mshini emangalisayo sifana lasendulo Ceramic isitsha isihlabathi umbala, okuphakama kwawo ingeqi amasentimitha ayishumi nanhlanu, futhi engu, ngokusobala, zazilingana zeminyaka emibili. Okwatholwa entanyeni kokuvalelwa resin ngesivalo, lapho kungabonwa athé izinsalela induku yakhe zensimbi isikhathi eside, cishe phansi ngokuphelele by ukugqwala.

Ukususa resin cap nokubheka ngaphakathi, abacwaningi bathola khona mncane zethusi ishidi, baphela tube. ubude balo amasentimitha eziyisishiyagalolunye, futhi ubukhulu kwaba amamilimitha angu amabili nanhlanu. Kwakuthinta idlule induku yensimbi, sezikhundleni ezile ngezansi awufiki phansi, futhi lapho uphuma khona engenhla ngaphandle. Kodwa into eyinqaba kwaba iqiniso lokuthi wonke isakhiwo wagcinwa emoyeni, resin ngci ngokuphepha esehlanganise phansi esitsheni uphawu entanyeni.

Kanjani le nto enze?

Manje umbuzo bonke ababekhona ngokwethembeka izifundo zesayensi yemvelo: lokho injani nje? Vilgelm Koning bayitholile impendulo ngoba wayengekho phakathi absentees - a cell kukagesi ugesi, noma, ngamanye amazwi, Baghdad ibhethri!

Kanjani uhlanya kubonakale kungase kube umqondo, kodwa kwakunzima inselelo. Enough ubambe olula. Kuyadingeka ukuba ugcwalise umkhumbi electrolyte, okuyiwona Kungenzeka kufike yamagilebhisi noma kalamula uviniga, a owaziwa ezikhathini zasendulo.

Njengoba ikhambi ngeke ngokuphelele ungambozi ixhumana nomunye, induku yensimbi kanye nethusi tube, kunamathuba umehluko kanye kagesi nakanjani bavele phakathi kwazo. Zonke doubters ubheke yephuzu physics ebangeni lesithupha.

Yamanje uya ngempela, kodwa Yini elandelayo?

Ngemva kwalokhu ngogesi wasendulo kuphela ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ibhethri Baghdad kwaba olunezintambo nanoma yimuphi ofanele amandla umthengi - ngokwesibonelo, isibani phansi, wenza amahlamvu nge-papyrus. Nokho, kungaba ukukhanya emgwaqweni elula.

Silindele ukuphikisa abagxeki mayelana lokuthi ukukhanya ngamunye iyunithi idinga okungenani oyedwa isibani, sethula emaphuzwini abasekeli lokhu, Uma unganakile, imibono kumnandi, futhi ukuthola ukuthi, okusemandleni abantu aphila kudala ngaphambi kwenkathi yethu, ukudala Isibani esikhipha, ngaphandle lapho lasendulo Baghdad ibhethri ilahlekelwa zonke incazelo?

Indlela bheka kungaba ukukhanya, ezenziwe eGibhithe lasendulo?

It kuvela ukuthi lokhu akunakwenzeka, okungenani nge ingilazi izinkinga akufanele kube, ngoba, ngokusho isayensi, wasungula iminyaka eyinkulungwane emihlanu edlule abahlaseli baseGibhithe lasendulo. Kuyaziwa ukuthi esikhathini eside ngaphambi kokuba ukubukeka imibhoshongo eduze Nile ngu Ukushisa okushisa aphakeme, nenye isihlabathi, soda umlotha, nomcako, steel ukuthola mass lwengilazi. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ekuqaleni obala yayo ayiyinhle, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, nokuthi BC yayo kwakwanele, inqubo ngcono, futhi ngenxa yalokho bamukela ingilazi eduze ukubukeka kwalo yesimanje.

Nzima kunjalo intambo, kodwa kukhona okuhle ungadikibali. I-agumenti main bakhombe sibalo ongaqondakali, wathola ezindongeni Emathuneni aseGibithe (izithombe kusuka sikhishwa athikili yethu). On ke umculi lasendulo ukuboniswa isihloko kuyafana isibani yesimanje, ngaphakathi okuyinto bubonakala ngokucacile ofana kulolu chungechunge kakhulu. esiphoqayo nakakhulu sibalo unika intambo isithombe wafingqa ukuze isibani.

Uma isibani akuyona, kuyobe sekwenzekani?

Ukuphikisa abagxeki, le lokuhle uthi, "Sivumelana, isithombe angavezwa kungaqali ukukhanya, futhi ezinye izithelo isikhule yi Michurinists lasendulo, kodwa ke indlela ukuchaza ukuthi kungani ophahleni, lapho inkosi zibe izindonga, akukho iminonjana umlotha ngamafutha izibani zokukhanyisa noma izimbaqa? Phela amafasitela imibhoshongo kwakungafanele, nokukhanya kwelanga akusho ukungena kubo, futhi akunakwenzeka ukuba isebenze "ebumnyameni.

Ngakho kwaba khona abathile asiyazi umthombo wokukhanya. Nokho, ngisho noma kwakungekho ama-globe kagesi yasendulo, akusho ukuthi Baghdad Ibhethri okuzokwenziwa ezichazwe ngenhla, asikwazanga esetshenziselwa enye inhloso ezinye.

Omunye umbono ezithakazelisayo

E-Iran lasendulo, ensimini ka esenziwa ukutholakala amadlingozi, wayevame ukusebenzisa izinto zethusi camera nge ungqimba ezondile isiliva noma igolide. Kule wafumana kusukela iphuzu yobuhle umbono futhi babe ngaphezulu imvelo, njengoba insimbi yizicukuthwane bavame ukubulala amagciwane. Kodwa ukubeka enamathela enjalo can kuphela indlela electrolytic. Kuphela ubapha umkhiqizo umbono esiphelele.

Lo mbono waqala ukufakazela usosayensi German Isazi sezinto ezindala zaseGibhithe Arne Eggebreht. Esemenzile ezitsheni eziyishumi nse Baghdad ibhethri, bese ayigcwalisa brine igolide, ekwazile ukumboza amahora ambalwa ungqimba umfaniswano metal yizicukuthwane enzelwe ukuzwa zethusi statuette of Osiris.

Emaphuzwini abagxeki

Nokho, uzokwenza kubalulekile ukulalela agumenti kanye yeqembu eliphikisayo - labo abacabanga kukagesi zezwe lasendulo i oqanjwe namaphupho lutho. Arsenal zabo kukhona ikakhulu ezintathu agumenti onohlonze.

Okokuqala, zingabantu isaziso sasivumela kunengqondo ukuthi uma Baghdad ibhethri kwaba cell kukagesi ngempela, lokho kusho ukuthi ngezikhathi kwadingeka ukwengeza i electrolyte, isakhiwo lapho entanyeni ligcwele resin, ayivunyelwe. Ngakho, ibhethri baba kudivayisi alahlwayo, zona ngokwazo akunakwenzeka.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, abagxeki aveze ukuthi uma Baghdad ibhethri - kuba kwedivayisi kwamanethiwekhi ugesi, phakathi Imivubukulo izenze zazisuke sihlangana nazo zonke izinhlobo izimfanelo ahlobene, ezifana izintambo, izintambo nokunye ngempela. Empeleni ayikho into efana nale ayikwazanga ukutholakala.

Futhi ekugcineni, i-agumenti esiqine kubhekwe njengento inkomba yokuthi kuze kube manje kule izikhumbuzo izincwadi zasendulo akakhulumanga ukusetshenziswa kwanoma iyiphi into yokwenza kagesi ukuthi kungaba ngenakugwemeka uma isicelo sabo mass. Nor are izithombe zabo. Okuwukuphela umdwebo baseGibhithe lasendulo, ezinemininingwane ngenhla, kodwa ayinayo incazelo ngalokuvakalako.

Ngakho kuyini?

Kakhulu lokho injongo Baghdad Ibhethri sidalwe? Inhloso yalesi othakazelisayo mshini abaphikisi theory kagesi uchaza prosaic kakhulu. Ngokusho kwabo, kufeza kuphela njengendawo ukugcina lasendulo-papyrus noma isikhumba miqulu.

Ngo ukwamukelwa yayo, zisekelwe iqiniso lokuthi endulo wawenziwa imiqulu ngempela Nokho elondolozwe ku ubumba noma izitsha Ceramic, efana le, hhayi uphawu entanyeni resin kanye kokugwingciza kubo ku izinduku zensimbi. Ukuqokwa ipayipi yethusi bese abakwazi ukuchaza. Libuye okungacacile, futhi isiphetho umqulu, kusolakala ukuthi agcinwe ngaphakathi. Wayengeke ukubola ukuze akazange ashiye ikhona iminonjana yenkolo.

Mshini, ongazange afune ukuvula imfihlo yabo

Maye, kodwa izimfihlo Baghdad amabhethri nanamuhla ezingaxazululeki. Ngenxa yalokho zokuhlolwa, kwatholakala ukuthi ithuluzi design efanayo ngempela akwazi voltage samanje volts eziyisithupha, kodwa lokhu akufakazeli ukuthi uthole Vilgelma Koninga ukusetshenziswa kwenkatho ngale ndlela. Abasekeli imfundiso yokuziphendukela ugesi lincane kakhulu, ngoba kuphambene idatha esemthethweni isayensi ubani bephazamisa kubo, ugijima ubungozi uphawu njengabantu abangenalwazi imbulu.