Karl Martell: Biography emfushane, izinguquko kanye nemisebenzi. kabusha Military noKarla Martella

Esikhathini cc VII-VIII. ku amanxiwa wangaphambili eMbusweni waseRoma oseNtshonalanga kwakukhona ezifundazweni eziningana German. Maphakathi ngamunye wabo kudlalwa umfelandawonye zamaKhosi. Ngokwesibonelo, kwaba Frank, ekugcineni owaba French. Njengoba sekunama-isimo lapho sebeqale ukubusa amakhosi Merovingian lwamakhosi. Nokho, lesi sihloko ayikwazanga eside sibambelele oshayelayo. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, umthelela idluliselwe imeya esigodlweni. Okokuqala kwaba osaziwayo abaphezulu lwesigodlo Merovingian control. Nge buthakathaka emandleni obukhosi, iposi sekuyinkinga enkulu esimweni, nakuba amakhosi ayethathwa futhi yayikhona parallel ababusi abasha zamaJalimane.

umsuka

Pepin ka Herstal we lwamakhosi Carolingian kwaba imeya esigodlweni nge 680 714 ngonyaka. Waba namadodana angamashumi amathathu, uthunjana babo kwaba Karl Martell. Amabili indodana abaphezulu Pepin wafa phambi kukayise, nokunye eyathinteka udaba dynastic kuleli zwe. Kusukela eyizibulo umbusi oneminyaka engu-wayenobuhlobo umzukulu okuthiwa Teodoaldom. Lokho wanquma ukudlulisela sobukhosi Pepin, sithembele umbono unkosikazi akhe okufuna ukuvelela Plectrude. Kwahlelwa uSomandla ngokucijile ngokumelene Charles ngenxa yokuthi wazalwa yomunye wesifazane.

Lapho uyise eshona, Charles ngisejele, futhi nelungelo lokuqala Plectrude, okuyinto ebekwa ibamba isikhathi indodana encane. Karl Martell eside ngadonsa kanzima ejele. Wakwazi ukuphunyuka ngemva eyaba mibi wezwe.

Izibhelu ezweni

Awujabuli Franks wayengafuni ukubona Plectrude ezicindezelayo esihlalweni sobukhosi nakulo iqale impi ngo-wakhe. Emizamweni yabo yokuqala yaqedwa behluliwe edolobhaneni eliseduze idolobha lesimanje lase-Compiègne e Picardy. Omunye wabaholi we Abashokobezi okuthiwa Teodoald dazula them emiswa isitha. Khona-ke, ekamu zamaJalimane has a umholi omusha - Ragenfred. Yena waqokwa waba yimeya lwesigodlo Neustria. I Umkhuzi isinqumo sokuthi wedwa akakwazi uwine, futhi wenza umfelandawonye inkosi Frisian Radborom. ibutho Joint evimbezela Cologne, owawungumnyaka yokuhlala Plectrude. Yena wasinda kuphela yokuthi kwabasiza ngezithukuthuku nengcebo enkulu zanqwabelana phakathi nesikhathi nomyeni wakhe Pepin.

Race for amandla

Kwakuphakathi nalesi sikhathi, wabaleka ngalolo suku ejele Karl Martell. Wakwazi ukuqoqa inqwaba abasekeli ongathandanga ukubona sobukhosi, ayikho nabanye ababezobhapathizwa. Okokuqala Karl azama ngayo ukunqoba Radbora, kodwa impi kuhlulekile. Ngokushesha wabutha ibutho elisha, induna abasha usunificile omunye esincintisana - Ragenfreda. Wayekhona banamuhla Belgium. I iziqubu senzeke edolobheni samanje Malmedy. Lokhu kwalandelwa umbusi wayo yonke Austrasia Chilperic, owawubumba umfelandawonye Ragenfredom. Ukunqoba avunyelwe Charles ukuze lizuze ithonya namandla. Athonya Plectrude umhlalaphansi amandla nimnike yengcebo kayise. Ngokushesha wangempela nosingamama, ngenxa lapho umbango waqala buthule wafa. Ngo 718, uKarl Martell ekugcineni wazimisa e Paris, kodwa kwakusekuningi ukuze nginqobe lonke Frankish izinduna.

Inwebisa emingceleni

Sekuyisikhathi ukuthumela izingalo kuya eningizimu. Umbusi Neustria Ragenfred Wajoyina Ed Elikhulu, abusa Aquitaine. Kugcine awela ngisho Loire impi Basque, ukuze sisize ally. Ngo 719, kwaba khona impi phakathi kwabo noCarl, ngubani wakwazi ukunqoba. Ragenfred wabalekela Angers wabusa kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwakhe eminyakeni embalwa.

Ed wancenga ngaphansi kwesizwe kukaCharlemagne. Bobabili bavumelana ukubeka esihlalweni sobukhosi sombuso we Chilperic ababuthakathaka. Yena washona ngemva nje, futhi endaweni yayo wema Theodoric IV. Walalela bonke phezu imeya isigodlo abese akazange ukumela usongo franc nabafuna izikhundla. Naphezu ukunqoba Neustria, emaphethelweni isimo ayaqhubeka ekhona ngokuzimela kuhulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, e-Burgundy (eseningizimu-mpumalanga) wabusa ababhishobhi zendawo, musa ulalele imiyalo eParis. I singenye yezimbangela zokukhathazeka babe emazweni angaphezu isiJalimane, lapho Alemannia, Thuringia futhi eBavaria, banesimo sengqondo esingaqondile kumeya lwesigodlo.

kabusha

Ukuhlanganisa amandla akhe, imeya esigodlweni yanquma ukushintsha ngokulandelana isimo. Esokuqala kwaba noKarla Martella benefitsialnaya kabusha kwenziwe 30s. Kwakudingekile ukuba uqinise ibutho. Ekuqaleni, kwamiswa amabutho Frankish kusukela izidlamlilo noma amaqembu ezisemadolobheni. Inkinga yayiwukuthi wokugcinwa bayibutho elikhulu e amandla awulona imali eyanele.

Izizathu kabusha noKarla Martella yiso kanye lesi ukushoda Ochwepheshe lempi uma ingxabano nomakhelwane balo. Manje amadoda ahambe amatende kanye imeya esigodlweni, wathola i-service ezweni lakhe isabelo. Ukugcina kwakhe, kwakudingeka njalo aphendule izingcingo kusuka suzerain.

Benefitsialnaya kabusha noKarla Martella kwaholela yokuthi isimo Frankish besisikhulu ibutho ukulwa elungele amasosha uwuhlomele kahle. uhlelo ezinjalo babengenalo omakhelwane, ukuze babe sengozini kakhulu imeya uhulumeni lwesigodlo.

Okwakushiwo kabusha noKarla Martella e ngabanikazi bomhlaba singafaneleki impahla yesonto. Inkolo iye yandisa isabelo kwamandla wokuziphilisa. Kuyinto la mazwe, abakwasidlodlo babaphuca lidlule kulabo waba yisosha. Ibandla wathatha babutha, isibonelo, ezweni zezindela ukuhlala kude ukuhanjiswa.

kabusha Military noKarla Martella iye yandisa inani labantu abagibele amahhashi empini. Ahlubukayo izinduna nge neziqinti ayisaxhunyanisiwe eyasongela sobukhosi ngoba bezimi elikulo. Konke yabo kahle kokuba kwakuxhomeke ukwethembeka emagunyeni. Ngakho kwaba khona isigaba esisha futhi ebalulekile, okuyinto eyaba tsentralnoobrazuyuschim kamuva Ephakathi.

Lisho ukuthini igama elithi yezinguquko lempi noKarla Martella? Wayefuna hhayi kuphela ukwandisa isibalo engaphansi izinduna, kodwa futhi ukuze ususe kusukela ibutho ayikwazanga abalimi. Esikhundleni ibutho manje ubanjwe isakhiwo bamazwe: .. Earls, ezo, njll Ngakho, waqala ababagqilazayo abalimi ababenobungqabavu ingxenye enkulu khulula. Bafika isimo esisha disenfranchised emva indlela walahlekelwa ukubaluleka kwayo kule franc ibutho. Kamuva izinduna (futsi elincane lelikhulu) izoba bukhoma kusuka ukuxhashazwa ophoqelelwe of abalimi.

Okwakushiwo kabusha noKarla Martella - kuyinto kwathatha classical Ephakathi, lapho wonke umuntu emphakathini - abampofu umbusi - ezikhona ngaphakathi yokwehlayo ecacile. Isigodi ngasinye kwaba isixhumanisi uchungechunge ubudlelwano. Lutho neze Franks ngesikhathi besola ukuthi ukudala oda, okuyinto izothatha amakhulu eminyaka, kodwa nokho yilokho okwenzekile. Izithelo le nqubomgomo kubonakale ngokushesha kakhulu, lapho umntwana Martel - Karl Veliky - azibiza umbusi.

Nokho, ngaphambi kokuba lokho kwaba namanje kude. Ngokokuqala ngqá noKarla Martella Izinguquko ezithile ziye zaba waqinisa kuhulumeni e-Paris. Kodwa anokuhlangenwe kuyacaca ukuthi uhlelo ezinjalo enhle kakhulu zizalela emhlabathini ngoba ekuqaleni nokuwohloka franc isimo. Lapho igunya central Martell futhi feudalists middling ukulungele nekuzuza - nokwandisa imingcele kanye zabasebenzi ngaphansi kobugqila abalimi. Amandla kwaba khona izivikelo.

Ukuze sphere ukuphila ngamunye ithuthukiswe kabusha entsha noKarla Martella. Ithebula libonisa ngokucacile ukuthi ushintsho isimo Franks ngaphansi kokubusa kwakhe.

inqubomgomo German

Phakathi nokubusa Charles Nganquma ukuthatha idivayisi ngaphandle kwamandla alo-German. Wayelethwa wahlanganyela ukuthi wokwakha imigwaqo, ngumuzi onezivikelo eziqinile kubuyiselwe ukuthula kuyo yonke indawo. Lokhu kwakudingekile ukuba ukuvuselelwa ukuhweba kanye nokubuyiselwa izixhumanisi kwamasiko phakathi ezahlukene inyunyana lesizwana eNtshonalanga Yurophu. Phakathi nale minyaka engu amaFrank ngenkuthalo ikoloni esigodini River Main, lapho ahlezi khona ikakhulukazi Saxons futhi amanye amaJalimane. Ukuvela labantu abaqotho esifundeni uye waqinisa ukulawula hhayi kuphela e Franconia, kodwa futhi phezu Thuringia futhi Hessen.

ngezinye izikhathi ezo engaqinile German wazama ukuqinisa ngokwabo njengababusi ezimele, kodwa noKarla Martella kabusha lempi useshintshe ukulingana kwamandla. Izinduna ka Alemannia futhi Bavaria anqotshwa Franks futhi bamukeleka ngokwabo ukuba akhonze ngaphansi kwabo. izizwe eziningi ziye zahlanganisa nje isimo wahlala namaqaba. Ngakho-ke ama-franc abapristi ngenkuthalo ikhokhwe infidels ebuKristwini, kangangokuba abazali kwelinye nezwe Katolika.

ayehlasela Muslim

Phakathi naleso sikhathi, ingozi esiyinhloko imeya esigodlweni futhi esimweni saso wayengekho omakhelwane isiJalimane, nama-Arabhu. Lesi sizwe abangophakimpi has a kwekhulu ukuba liyobamba lonke izwe elisha emthunzini nkolo entsha - Islam. esewile kakade eMpumalanga Ephakathi, eNyakatho Afrika ne-Spain. YamaVisigoth, owayehlala yeNhlonhlo Yase-Iberia, bahlulwa ukunqotshwa emva, futhi ekugcineni selibalekele nomngcele amaFrank.

Arabhu siqala Aquitaine e 717, lapho namanje obuswa Ed Veliky. Khona-ke kwaba kuphangwa oqabukelayo kanye nezobunhloli. Kodwa ngonyaka 725 baphuthunyiswe emadolobheni ezifana Carcassonne futhi Nimes.

Sonke leso sikhathi, le Aquitaine kuyinto sesikhashana obakhiwa Martel kanye Arabhu. kungaholela Ukuwa kwawo ngendlela franc ngokuphelele obala njengoba abanqobi kwakunzima ukuba kudlule izintaba zasePyrenees ezintabeni, futhi lapha emagqumeni, bazizwa beqiniseka okuningi.

nomholi wezempi (wali) amaSulumane ka Abd al-Rahman unyaka 731 isinqumo ukuphakamisa ibutho ezihlukahlukene, sompristi subordinated eminyakeni yamuva. Umgomo wakhe kwakuwukuba emzini Bordeaux-Atlantic ugu lweNyakatho Aquitaine, owayedumile ngengcebo yayo enkulu. Ibutho lalinabashumayeli AmaSulumane kusukela namaqaba ezahlukene iSpanishi, Arabhu isigqila, ukusekelwa waseGibhithe nezingxenye ezinkulu ze-Muslim. Nakuba ngaleso sikhathi Imithombo kuhluke kulinganiswa isibalo amasosha Muslim, kungaba bazitshela ukuthi lesi sibalo izokhuphuka ezingeni amadoda ayizinkulungwane 40 ahlomile.

Eduze Bordeaux Ed ibutho wanika impi yesitha. Waphetha ngokudabukisayo ngokuba amaKristu, kakhulu wanqoba futhi edolobheni waxoshwa. ESpain agelezé mahele Moor ne ngempango. Nokho, amaSulumane ngeke ayeke futhi emva phefu iDemo waya ngasenyakatho. Bafika yasePoitiers, kodwa izakhamuzi zendawo kwadingeka izindonga ezinhle ukuzivikela. Ama-Arabhu akazange alinge kuhlasela olunegazi futhi lihambe liye Tour, okuyinto wathatha ukulahlekelwa sincane kakhulu.

Ngalesi sikhathi ngizofika sephulwe Ed wabalekela Paris ukucela usizo ekulweni abahlaseli. Manje sekuyisikhathi sokuba uhlole lokho okushiwo izinguquko lempi noKarla Martella. Ngaphansi banner akhe asuka amasosha amaningi, zeqiniso esenana umhlaba Holdings. Ngokuyinhloko waqoqa Franks, kodwa nazo eqoqwe ezihlukahlukene zakwa-German, luncike imeya esigodlweni. Lawa kwakungamadodana Bavarians, Frisians, Saxons, Alemanni nokunye. D. izizathu noKarla Martella kwekuhlela kabusha yayimane nje kokuba yisifiso sokuba ukubutha amabutho enkulu sikhathi esibucayi kakhulu. Lo msebenzi waphothulwa lemfisha okunokwenzeka.

Abd ar-Rahman ngalesi sikhathi untshontshe omningi Trophies ngenxa yalokho nemasotja akhe wempahla, okuyinto kakhulu ukubambezela yonke intuthuko yempi. Ngemva kokuzwa ngenhloso ukungena franc e Aquitaine, Wali ngaphambilini ukuthuthela yasePoitiers. Kwakubonakala kuye ukuthi uyoba nesikhathi sokulungiselela impi ewujuqu.

Battle yasePoitiers

Lapha, amabutho amabili ahlangana khona. Ngiphakathi Karl noma Abd ar-Rahman akazange alinge ukuhlasela lokuqala, futhi isimo sasilokhu simanzonzo ngeviki. Sonke lesi sikhathi, baqhubeka aqondisa encane - abaphikisi baye bazama ukuthola isikhundla kangcono. Ekugcineni, ama-Arabhu zanquma ukuhlasela ngowokuqala Okthoba iminyaka 732 10. Ehola ala mabutho anamakhanda wayengumuntu 'Abd al-Rahman.

Inhlangano Amabutho ayengaphansi kokuqondisa Charles Martell kuhlanganisa nesiyalo ephawulekayo uma ingxenye ibutho ngalinye sengathi kwaba omunye. Le mpi phakathi kwalezi zinhlangothi zombili kwaba wegazi, ekuqaleni enganikanga izinzuzo akekho omunye noma abanye. Kusihlwa, iqembu lamabutho elincane Franks wafohla ngendlela ezungezayo ekamu lakwa-Arabhu. Kube wagcinwa omningi ukukhiqizwa: imali, amatshe ayigugu kanye nezinye izisetshenziswa ezibalulekile.

AmaMoor njengengxenye ibutho Muslim nomuzwa wokuthi kukhona okungahambi kahle futhi zayiswa misa, ezama knock out isitha kwaphuma ndawo. Esikhundleni uxhumano yabo nama-Arabhu igebe yavela. Ibutho main ngaphansi kobuholi amaFrank Martel ngesikhathi esifanele waphawula endaweni ababuthakathaka futhi ukuhlasela.

I iqhinga kwaba juqu. Ama-Arabhu zazihlukaniswe, futhi ezinye zazo yizo. Kubandakanya nomholi wezempi Abd al-Rahman. Yena bafa bezama aphule emuva ekamu yabo. Lapho ilanga lishona kwamaqembu amabili ahlukaniswe. Franks wanquma ukuthi ngosuku olulandelayo ekugcineni izoqeda amaSulumane. Nokho, waqaphela ukuthi umkhankaso wabo lalahleka futhi ebusuku buthule lihoxise tshu yoke indawo.Wahlukanisa ubumnyama izikhundla zabo. Nokho, bahamba kulandelana omkhulu wamaKristu empangweni.

Izizathu Ukunqoba franc

Battle yasePoitiers isinqumo ngomphumela impi. Ama-Arabhu baxoshwa Aquitaine noCharles, kunalokho, waqinisa usithonye lapha. isidlaliso sakhe, "Martell" ke wawukhipha for ukunqoba at yasePoitiers. Ehunyushiwe kusho "nebhere".

Ukunqoba Kwakubalulekile ukungasho kuphela izifiso zakhe siqu. Ukudlula kwesikhathi kuye kwabonisa ukuthi ngemva kokunqotshwa amaSulumane ayisekho wazama ukuthola incazelo ejulile yalawo okwengeziwe naseYurophu. Bayeka eSpain, lapho ayebusa ngokuphelele kwaze kwaba sekhulwini xv. I impumelelo lamaKristu - namanje abanye imithelela izinguquko noKarla Martella.

ibutho eqinile, okuyinto yayibuthe, ayikwazanga avele ngesisekelo oludala eyayikhona ngaphansi Merovingian. Ukwabiwa kwemihlaba noKarla Martella wanikeza leli lizwe amasosha amasha ekwaziyo. Impumelelo kwakuyinto eyimvelo.

Ukufa nokubaluleka

Izinguquko noKarla Martella waqhubeka lapho efa ngonyaka 741. Wembelwa e-Paris by endaweni yokuphumula eyodwa yesonto yesonto ka Saint-Denis. IMeya esigodlweni Ushiye amadodana eziningana namandla yimpumelelo. inqubomgomo yakhe lehlakaniphile nalekhombisa kutsi impi oyimpumelelo wavumela Franks bazizwe ephephile sizungezwe ezihlukahlukene omakhelwane. Ngemva kwamashumi eminyaka embalwa yezinguquko yayo ngeke yi ephawuleka kakhulu, lapho ozalweni lwakhe - Karl Veliky - yazibeka umbusi ngonyaka 800, ngokuhlanganisa bakha ingxenye enkulu yabamemezeli eNtshonalanga Yurophu. Kulesi wasizwa ngu ezintsha Martel, kuhlanganise ikilasi izinduna kakhulu, nentshisekelo nasekuqiniseni igunya central.