Kuyini ebhange yokulondoloza? Wafika ngamuphi unyaka khona waba ngowokuqala ebhange yokulondoloza

Namuhla, le "ebhange yokulondoloza" ibinzana aphume ezikhiqizelwa, futhi singazi ngisho cabanga yokuthi yasebhange yindawo ehamba phambili - Sberbank - liye landa ngoba zalesi simo. Lapho benza lokhu mkhuba zezimali futhi kusebenza kanjani? Kulesi sihloko sizoxoxa unyaka kwakukhona ebhange imali, owaqala necebo lamasu nokuthi ukuziphendukela amabhange lokonga agcinwe kule yesimanje sesikweletu.

Umqondo ukonga

Uma umuntu uvele ingcebo isivuno sisiningi kakhulu khona, waqala ukucabanga mayelana balondolozwe ukuze zisetshenziswe esikhathini esizayo. Lena yindlela umbono imali. Okokuqala, le nqubo osebenza ku umkhiqizo - abantu bekulokhu kuyisici yokwenza nokudla uma indlala njalo. Kuyinto umsebenzi ngokuphelele okungokwemvelo, ngakho umzimba wethu ubeka kilojoule ngokweqile in emphethweni fat, futhi indoda, sengathi izingwejeje, isibonelo, kwenza esitokisini esizayo.

Kodwa umqondo yokusindisa ehlangene ukulondolozwa kwemali. Ngokokuqala ngqá abantu beze engqondweni ukugcina imali ukusetshenziswa amashumi amaningana ikusasa emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka edlule. Ngokwesibonelo, e-China kwakukhona isiko ukuhlehlisa zemali kwi "usuku black" izimbiza ubumba uphawu. Khiphela imali lapho, kwase kulula kuphela ngokuphula isitsha. Sekungamakhulu amaningi eminyaka, abantu nje silahle izindlela, abazange abalethanga engenayo, bese kuphela lapho kuba umqondo wokuthi ungakwazi abeke labo ukonga ku ebhange, kwakukhona ibhange imali.

Umqondo ebhange yokulondoloza

Kancane kancane bakha ekhethekile indlela zezimali, esangenza ukudalwa wayenemfuyo futhi kanjalo ukuze uthole imali. Savings yasebhange - inhlangano esizoheha kubo kusukela labantu futhi ukhokhe inzalo depositor. Kungenzeka ukwandisa inhlokodolobha bunikezwa Ukukhishwa ukonga isikhathi usebenzisa labo (credit) ngoba ukuthi yena, akhokhe cashier.

Namuhla, amabhange imali kanye namabhange ziyingxenye ebalulekile yomnotho zanoma yiliphi izwe. Kukhona ngisho nemigomo yokusebenza ukonga yasendlini, okuyinto ukuqinisekisa ukuzinza isimiso sezomnotho. Futhi, ivolumu capital ukulondoloza kuyinto umbandela kuhle nokuhlolwa isimo jikelele in the State. Njengoba abantu baqala ukubeka imali kuphela uma kukhona ngokwanele babo.

Izimiso ze-operation nebhange ukonga

Sekuvele kukhona ngendlela yendabuko buthelela imali ukusetshenziswa esizayo womuntu - ibhange imali. Iminikelo abantu ukuletha imali yabo, okuyinto esemqoka ashukumisa isici kule yokusingatha isikhungo sezezimali ukudala inqolobane yabo izimali, kunokuba alo zemali embizeni ingilazi ekhaya closet. Kodwa lapho enza lokhu inzuzo?

Ukuze ukhokhele abantu isithakazelo, izindlela ezimbili ingasetshenziswa. Esokuqala njengoba kumasikhuphulane eyaziwa: Abatshalizimali ukuthola inzalo ngezithukuthuku amakhasimende esanda bakhangwa owakhuphula imali yabo. Kulesi uhlelo kunobungozi eliphezulu ukwehluleka, kusukela nanoma yikuphi ukukhishwa kwezimali mass imali kwaholela ekuweni, futhi ezinye amakhasimende ngeke uthole hhayi inzalo kuphela, kodwa futhi wenza imali.

A indlela yesibili iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunalokho. Libonisa ukuthi imali, ukuze alethe imali, kungenzeka ukuboleka ngentshisekelo noma ukutshala kunoma iyiphi enye izindlela ngezimali. Savings amabhange ikakhulu isebenze it in "umnikelo-loan-isithakazelo" ngaphandle utshalomali.

Indaba le amabhange lokonga emhlabeni

Ngokokuqala ngqá isimiso lokonga imali mshini washayelwa umbhali D. Defoe, ababecabanga mayelana nendlela ukuthuthukisa ikhono lokubona izinto kusengaphambili sabantu. Esebenzisa imibono yakhe e 1778 e Hamburg, usomabhizinisi wendawo uvule ihhovisi ukuthola imali ezifakwa at 3%, angathathwa ibuyisele phezu funa we depositor. Kodwa-ke umqondo kuphela ukuqaliswa wendawo.

Boom ukonga amabhange iqala eNgilandi ekuqa- XVIII-XIX eminyaka. Kwabe sekulandela kuqala ukonga ibhange yibhange nenzuzo yokutjala kanye kokuthola isithakazelo. umthetho waseBrithani yisikhungo sezinhlangano eziphambili zezezimali okuqala wamukelwa ngonyaka 1817. Eyaliwe ukubeka imali waboleka kuphela izimali ephephile futhi izibopho kahulumeni. Yaqala kanjalo-ke le ukubambisana phakathi amabhange imali kanye emnothweni wesifundazwe. Wazamukela imali eyengeziwe futhi bakhuthaze abantu ukudala ukonga.

Ekuqaleni, amabhange imali eye yakhelwe amaqembu engenayo ephansi kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, kwathiwa Ukusetha usayizi esiphezulu umnikelo 150 amakhilogremu. Lokhu kwenza ukuba abampofu ukwakha wezimali "isiguqo ukuphepha" eziphuthumayo ukuthi kwaba kuyasizuzisa isimo futhi enkulu capitalists, ngoba kususa kuzo isidingo unakekele abampofu, abagulayo noma balahlekelwa yimisebenzi. Nge Ekuqaleni kwekhulu XIX, ukonga amabhange kwaqala ukubonakala emazweni amaningi aseYurophu futhi e-United States.

Eyokuqala ukonga amabhange eRussia

Angizange uyidlule le boom kanye Russian Empire. Eyokuqala ukonga ibhange kuleli zwe ivela 1839 ngesinqumo somthetho yoMbusi. Lawa kwakungamadodana ukonga kanye namahhovisi ezihambisana bezolimo - kusukela isimo waqala ukulungiselela ayo ngoba ukuqedwa serfdom.

Ngo-1841, futhi ngomyalo wabaholi ukonga kamasipala lokuqala amabhange yenkosi eMoscow Petersburg avuleka. Okokuqala, inani umnikelo obuncane amasenti 50, futhi esiphezulu - ruble 300, futhi kamuva lezi zibalo zaba khona anda. Eyokuqala yalezi izikhungo zadalwa ngesikhathi amabhizinisi kanye nezinsiza zomphakathi, futhi ngaqala ukuvula Amahhovisi emahhovisi ngo-1880 we Bank State, emahhovisi okuthunyelwe naseziteshini zezitimela.

Ngaphezu kwalokho ukuthi zifune imali, lapha sithatha ezifakwa "yezimo ezithile", okusho ku ethile, ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, kanye iminikelo izibambiso. Abasebenzi amabhange, ngaleyo ndlela, wenza izinto njengenhlangano phakathi kwezakhamizi kanye isimo. Kamuva kwaba nomunye amasevisi yomshwalense sabantu. Futhi, imali ekupheleni kwekhulu XIX babe nesandla ukuqaliswa izibopho kahulumeni, kanye ngokuwina sokubolekwayo. Kancane kancane yaba Amatebhe imali loan abolekise isikhungo.

Savings loMfula nenkathi yamaSoviet

Ngemva Icebo lika ngo-1917, uhulumeni omusha yamemezela imali yokuqala yeningi sacrosanct kanye loans yenkosi - kukhanselwe. Izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali zenza ukuba kancane kancane a de empeleni waba ukwehla imali. Ngemva Okokuqala Umhlaba futhi kulwiwa, kwamenyezelwa-New Yemfihlo Economic, futhi ithuluzi omusha wezimali - Savings Bank wase-USSR.

Lezi zikhungo kwakuyizindlela uguquko kwezezimali, umsebenzi wabo oyinhloko yayiwukuvikela amaholo abo abasebenzi esikhathini emali. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, babeka labantu umsebenzi umshwalense. Ngo-1925, uHulumeni usuqinisiwe ukonga isimo amabhange wase-USSR. Aye enikeziwe ahlukahlukene izinhlobo imali, ngemva kokuba kwenziwe ukubolekisa uhulumeni kanye ukudayiswa izibopho ngokuwina.

Ngo-1933, izwe kwakuba khona abantu abangaphezu kuka-50 eziyinkulungwane ukonga amabhange. Ngesikhathi kweMpi Yezwe II, uhulumeni eba yiqhwa imali sabantu, futhi imali isibe ebalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ikhono ukuvikela isimo sika. Emva kabusha impi lwemali kanye sesimanje lamabhange ukonga kwenziwa. Kamuva, isimo ngenkuthalo ukusebenzisa lezi izindawo kwemali yasekhaya esidlangalaleni.

Njengoba isimo somnotho e-USSR, esikhathini esiyiminyaka engu 60-70 washo ngokuqondile: sabantu kwadingeka imali, kodwa uchitha ngokuvamile wawungewona ezwa lokho, uhulumeni zikhuthaza abantu ukuba utshale imali yayo kumasheya ezindawo zikahulumeni futhi kumiswa akhawunti yokonga. It ke kwavela njengendlela sithi: "Gcina imali yakho ebhange yokulondoloza!". Nge ushintsho inqubomgomo kwezomnotho ngo-90s kwaba okokuqandisa langempela kanye ukwesulwa kohlangothi imali. Isimo namanje okhokhela isinxephezelo ngalelo nani eliwubala kwabanye tinhlaka temphakatsi. Kuze kube sekupheleni kwalesi inqubo akubonakali.

Savings amabhange namuhla

Namuhla, emazweni amaningi uyaqhubeka ukuba ngumkhuba zezimali njengoba ebhange yokulondoloza isimo. Lezi zikhungo ahloselwe edonsa ezifakwa naphakathi kusukela umphakathi. Noma kunjalo, imali - lena ingxenye encane kakhulu emalini yesimanje umnotho athuthukile. Ngokwesibonelo, e-Italy, isibonelo, usebenza yonke imali amabhange 87 e-US-akhawunti kuphela amaphesenti ezimbalwa inzuzo kwezezimali jikelele zezwe. ukuncipha okukhulu kangaka kulezi izikhungo kwakusuke kuwumphumela ohlelweni Banking global.

Savings amabhange kanye ngokucacile zabo

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ngo-United eziningi, amabhange imali eye ibe ukonga amabhange. Lokhu kusho ukuthini umsebenzisi elula? Lezi zikhungo ukuhlinzeka ngezinsizakalo eziningi. Awukwazi ukuthola kuphela izinhlobo ezahlukene imali, kodwa futhi ukuba bazishaye isifuba ngokuthi iyiphi izidingo, ukuxazulula Izinjongo utshalomali, ukuziphatha imisebenzi ngemali kanye nezinye izimpahla ezibalulekile.

Amabhange zokuhlala kanye imali imisebenzi, inikeza izinhlelo umshwalense. Namuhla, umqondo 'Savings Bank "uya ukuthuthela eduze welithi" ebhange commercial ". Umehluko, ngokuyisisekelo, kuphela abasunguli - ngokuvamile e ukonga amabhange omunye wabasunguli ehamba phambili isimo.

Sberbank eRussia

Ngesinye isikhathi e-USSR, Chief isiqubulo lwezezimali, njengoba sekushiwo, kwaba le nkulumo kanje: "Gcina imali yakho ebhange imali." Lokhu isiqubulo kusebenza okwamanje Sberbank eRussia, futhi kube kufanele. Ngo-1988, i-amabhange lokonga isimo ziye kabusha futhi uguqulwe ube Savings Bank (Sberbank). Futhi kuze kube manje, abantu sinomuzwa onamandla ukuthi ibhange isimo, nakuba eminyakeni engu-90 ubudala, waba inkampani isitokwe ezikanye dolobha yangasese. Kodwa isimo azigcina esigxotsheni yayo Sberbank futhi ngenkuthalo elisekela, ukwakha ukuma njengoba yasebhange main wezwe.

Izinhlobo imisebenzi ebhange yokulondoloza

Ekuqaleni, iyiphi emaphakathi ukonga yasebhange yamukela ezifakwa kusukela umphakathi ngaphansi ngokufunwa, khona-ke kwakufanele isikhathi imali kanye ukudayiswa izibopho. Namuhla, amabhange ukonga futhi anikele imali isiphetho amasevisi, exchange, amasevisi idiphozi, kanye nokuboleka kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Savings Bank inikeza amasevisi iqoqo, ukusebenza kanye izibambiso kanye nezinye izimpahla, umshwalense idiphozi, empilweni kanye nezakhiwo.

Imisebenzi ye ebhange yokulondoloza

Umsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu, okuyinto wenza ukonga ibhange, kuyinto ukukhulisa sabantu. Ngalo mqondo, amabhange lokonga uqhubeke leli siko - abayikho ithuluzi eliyinhloko for yekwatisa yokonga nifaka wabayisa zomnotho.

Lezi yisikhungo sezinhlangano eziphambili zezezimali zinendima ebalulekile emnothweni, njengoba kunikeza ukunyakaza dolobha, kanye sikhuthaze labantu ukudala ukonga, okuyinto nakho kufeza indima ebalulekile ohlelweni wezimali ka isimo.