Hydrocarbon Halogenated: ukuthola, nezakhi ezithile zamakhemikhali, ukusetshenziswa

Hydrocarbon - isigaba esikhulu kakhulu compounds ezihlobene organic. Bahlanganisa amaqembu amaningana ezinkulu izinto, phakathi lapho cishe wonke umuntu uthola isicelo ebanzi e umkhakha, ukuphila, nemvelo. Okubaluleke kakhulu yiwona hydrocarbon halogenated, okuzoxoxwa ngayo kulesi sihloko. Abenzi kuphela zinenani eliphezulu commercial, kodwa futhi impahla ebalulekile zokusetshenziswa for eziningi zamakhemikhali syntheses, ukulungiswa ukuthaka imithi nezinye izingxube zamakhemikhali ezibalulekile. Sinaka ekhethekile isakhiwo sabo yamangqamuzana, izakhiwo, kanye nezinye izici.

hydrocarbon Halogenated: izici jikelele

Ngokombono amakhemikhali nokusebenzelana kwawo, ukuze lesi sigaba compounds zihlanganisa zonke lezo hydrocarbon lapho eyodwa noma ngaphezulu ama-athomu ye-hydrogen esikhundleni esisodwa noma kwenye Halogen. Lolu uhlobo ezibanzi kakhulu izinto, ngoba kukhona ezibaluleke kakhulu ezimbonini. Phakathi nenkathi kwetfulwe esifushane zabantu ziye zafunda synthesize cishe zonke hydrocarbon halogenated, ukusetshenziswa olunesidingo imithi, amakhemikhali umkhakha, umkhakha ukudla nokuphila kwansuku zonke.

Indlela eyisisekelo ekulungiseleleni lezi zakhi - umzila zokwenziwa endaweni yokucwaninga futhi umkhakha kanye nemvelo cishe akekho kubo ingekho. Ngenxa Halogen zingabantu esisheshayo ukuxubana. It kakhulu inquma isicelo yabo zamakhemikhali zamagama njengenhlangano umkhiqizo Lesisemkhatsini.

Njengoba abameleli hydrocarbon halogenated Ziningi, ukuze uhlukanise kubo ngokuvumelana nezimfuno ezahlukene. Ngesisekelo amanga kokubili isakhiwo kanye kaningi wesifunda ukuyivula futhi umehluko athomu Halogen nendawo indawo yabo.

hydrocarbon Halogenated: ngezigaba

A samuntu sokuqala ngokuhlukana kusekelwe ezimisweni olwamukelwa ezisebenza kuzo zonke organic compounds. Ukwahlukaniswa kusekelwe umehluko uhlobo iketango carbon, cyclicality yayo. Kulesi sisekelo ihlaba umkhosi:

• nokukhawulela hydrocarbon halogenated;
• unsaturated;
• elimnandi;
• aliphatic;
• acyclic.

ngokuhlukana Landelayo kusekelwe athomu Halogen nokuqukethwe belinani engqamuzaneni. Ngakho, ukukhululwa:

• monoderivatives;
• diproizvodnye;
• tri-;
• Tetra;
• pentaproizvodnye nokunye.

Uma sikhuluma Halogen ke igama iqembu sub-linamagama ezimbili. Ngokwesibonelo, monohlorproizvodnoe, triyodproizvodnoe, tetrabromgalogenalken nokunye.

Futhi, kukhona enye samuntu ngezigaba, ahlukaniswa okungcono halogenated hydrocarbon ayegcwele. Lena yinombolo carbon athomu lapho Halogen unamathele. Ngakho, ukukhululwa:

• nemikhiqizo eyinhloko;
• yesibili;
• ephakeme, nokunye.

Ngamunye ummeleli ngamunye kungenziwa zibalwa ngokwendlela zonke izinkomba kanye ukucacisa indawo egcwele ohlelweni organic compounds. Ngokwesibonelo, ekhuthaza nge laqanjwa CH ₃ - CH ₂ -CH = CH-CCL ₃ kungenziwa labizwa ngokuthi. Leli akulona umkhawulo aliphatic trihlorproizvodnoe pentene.

ukwakheka kwama-molecule

Ukuba khona ama-athomu Halogen abakwazi kodwa kuthinta kokubili izakhiwo ngokomzimba futhi amakhemikhali, futhi isakhiwo jikelele kwe-molecule. Ifomula jikelele salokhu ikilasi compounds ine uhlobo R-Hal, lapho R - hydrocarbon olukhulu khulula isiphi isakhiwo, futhi Hal - athomu Halogen, eyodwa noma ngaphezulu. Ukuxhumana phakathi kwe-carbon futhi Halogen kakhulu lihlukaniswe, lapho i-molecule ye sisonke ivame ukuba nemiphumela ezimbili:

• inductance omubi;
• mesomeric omuhle.

Lapha, eyokuqala kakhulu namandla, ngakho-athomu Hal njalo liveza property substituent electron-ukuhoxa.

Kuzo zonke ezinye izici kwesakhiwo yezinhlayiya Awekho azisafani hydrocarbon ezivamile. Izakhiwo wachaza isakhiwo kanye chain yayo amagatsha, kuma-athomu e-carbon, elimnandi amandla izici.

ngokukhethekile kufanele ngesilwane esifuywayo of hydrocarbon halogenated. Kanjani ukubizwa ngokuthi idatha exhunyiwe? Ukuze wenze lokhu, kudingeka silandele imithetho embalwa.

1. uchungechunge sezinombolo iqala ngosiko lapho eduze kuyinto athomu Halogen. Uma kukhona noma iyiphi isibopho amaningi, Countdown iqala naye esikhundleni nge substituents electron-ukuhoxa.
2. Igama Hal kukhonjisiwe Isiqalo, kumele akhombise kuma-athomu e-carbon okuyindawo isuka.
3. Isinyathelo sokugcina unikezwa igama main ama-athomu uchungechunge (noma tetifundvo).

Isibonelo amagama anjalo: CH ₂ = CH-CHCL ₂ - 3-dichloropropene-1.

Igama kungenziwa enikeziwe ngesilwane esifuywayo okunengqondo. Kulokhu, lo olukhulu ukuphimisela igama, bese - ne Isijobelelo Halogen -id. Isibonelo: CH ₃ -CH ₂ -CH ₂ Br - propyl bromide.

Njengezinye amakilasi of organic compounds, hydrocarbon halogenated kukhona isakhiwo esithile. Lokhu kuvumela amalungu amaningi uqoke amagama zomlando. Ngokwesibonelo, Halothane CF ₃ CBrClH. Ukutholakala halogens amathathu engqamuzaneni inikeza anezakhi ezikhethekile efana. It is lisetshenziswe imithi, ngakho-ke kungenzeka ukusebenzisa amagama zomlando.

zokwenziwa izindlela

Izindlela wokulungiselela hydrocarbon halogenated abasakwazi ezihlukahlukene. Kukhona izindlela ezinhlanu eziyisisekelo synthesis lezi zakhi endaweni yokucwaninga kanye nezimboni.

1. Halogenation isakhiwo evamile hydrocarbon ezivamile. Jikelele ukuphendula uhlelo: RH + Hal ₂ → R-Hal + HHal. Izici yenqubo zimi kanje: ne-chlorine ne uxhumano lokudlulisa uqinisekile emisebeni ye-UV, ukuphendula iodine cishe engenakwenzeka noma kancane kakhulu. Kusukela sasekhaya ukuxhumana kakhulu, ngakho sebenzisa Halogen asebenzayo injalo emsulwa bengayi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, e-halogenation ka amagama ahlobene elimnandi udinga ukusebenzisa yelikhono ekhethekile inqubo - the Lewis acid. Ngokwesibonelo, yensimbi chloride noma aluminium.
2. Ulungiselela hydrocarbon halogenated nazo eyenziwa gidrogalogenirovaniya. Nokho, lokhu kwakwakhe kokuqala kufanele libe hydrocarbon unsaturated. Isibonelo: R = RR + HHal → RR-RHal. Ngo iningi efanayo kwalokho electrophilic isetshenziswa ukuthola chloroethene noma vinyl chloride, njengoba le kwakwakhe kuyinto impahla ebalulekile zokusetshenziswa for syntheses ezimbonini.
3. Imiphumela gidrogalogenov alcohols. Ifomu jikelele ukusabela: R-OH + HHal → R -Hal + H ₂ O. Ngo isici khona oyisibopho kulethe. Izibonelo inqubo accelerators engasetjenziswa: phosphorus chloride, i-sulphur, zinc noma insimbi sulfuric acid, isixazululo zinc chloride e hydrochloric acid - Lucas reagent.
4. Decarboxylation nosawoti acid ejenti oxidizing. Enye igama indlela - yokusabela Borodin-Hunsdikkera. Ingqikithi liqukethe cleavage ka-molecule ye-carbon dioxide kusukela nemikhiqizo esiliva of acid carboxylic lapho zihlatshwa umenzeli oxidizing - Halogen. Ngenxa yalokho, hydrocarbon halogenated akhiwa. Ukusabela ngokuvamile zimi kanje: R-COOAg + Hal → R -Hal + CO ₂ + AgHal.
5. Synthesis galoformov. Ngamanye amazwi, a-methane reception trigalogenproizvodnyh. Indlela elula nokuwakhiqiza - ukuchayeka acetone ane-alikhali isixazululo halogens. Ngenxa yalokho, kukhona ama-molecule kumiswa galoformnyh. Kwemiqondo ngendlela efanayo e umkhakha halogenated hydrocarbon elimnandi.

Ngokukhethekile kufanele kukhokhelwe zamagama abamele unsaturated alesi sigaba. Indlela eyisisekelo - umthelela ku alkynes mercury nosawoti nethusi ebukhoneni halogens, eliphumela umkhiqizo ngesibopho esithile kabili iketanga.

Halogenated hydrocarbon elimnandi etholwe halogenation ukusabela lamaNazaretha noma alkylarene ohlangothini chain. Lezi imikhiqizo ebalulekile ezimbonini, ngoba ezisetshenziswa njengeziwusizo zinambuzane kwezolimo.

izakhiwo

Izakhiwo hydrocarbon halogenated encike ngqo kwi isakhiwo engqamuzaneni. Ngesikhathi lokushisa abilayo futhi isimo ukuncibilika wokuhlanganisa nomthelela kuma-athomu e-carbon esikuziphathimandla kanye amagatsha kungenzeka engxenyeni ohlangothini. Lapho-ke lezi zibalo ephakeme. Ngokuvamile singakwazi njani nemingcele ngokomzimba ezindaweni eziningana.

1. Ukubukeka: abameleli wokuqala aphansi - amagesi okulandelayo C ₁₂ - ketshezi ngenhla - umzimba okuqinile.
2. Yiba ezingemnandi iphunga othize abukhali, cishe bonke abamele.
3. amanzi kabi kakhulu encibilikayo, kodwa wena - kumakhemikhali awuketshezi esihle. I organic compounds kuthiwa yahlakazeka kahle.
4. Abilayo futhi encibilika lokushisa ngesivalo okwandisa kuma-athomu e-carbon esikuziphathimandla main.
5. Konke ukuxhumeka, ngaphandle nemikhiqizo sasekhaya, kusinda kunakho amanzi.
6. Amagatsha ngaphezulu iketango main, the ephansi abilayo ketshezi.

Kunzima ukubona izici eziningi ezifanayo ezivamile, ngoba abameleli kuyahlukahluka ukubunjwa nesakhiwo. Ngakho-ke, okugcono yi amagugu ngayinye kwakwakhe ikakhulukazi zalolu chungechunge hydrocarbon.

chemical izakhiwo

Omunye nemingcele ebaluleke kakhulu okufanele acabangele chemical umkhakha futhi zamagama ukusabela izakhiwo amakhemikhali hydrocarbon halogenated. Ababona kuwo wonke amalungu okufanayo, njengoba kukhona eziningi izizathu umehluko.

1. Isakhiwo carbon chain. Indlela elula of esikhundleni yokusabela (uhlobo nucleophilic) zivela nemayunivesithi alkyl halides.
2. Halogen uhlobo nalo libalulekile. Ukuxhumana phakathi kwe-carbon futhi Hal kakhulu lihlukaniswe, nokuthi kunikeza ukudabuka lula ukudedela radicals khulula. Nokho, indlela elula ukuxhumana idabukile phakathi iodine ne-carbon ngenxa ushintsho yemvelo (ukunciphisa) e ngibopha amandla ochungechungeni: F-Cl-Br-mina.
3. Ukuba khona izibopho elimnandi olukhulu noma amaningi.
4. Sakhiwo amagatsha we olukhulu.

Ngokuvamile, kungcono kakhulu ukunquma ukuthi alkyl halides basabela esikhundleni ncamashi nucleophilic. Ngemva kwe-carbon-athomu ngemva ukudabuka ngenxa Halogen bagxila icala kancane omuhle. Lokhu kuvumela uhlelo olukhulu sisonke babe acceptor eletronootritsatelnyh izinhlayiya. Ngokwesibonelo:

• OH ^-;
• SO ₄ ^2-;
• CHA ₂ ^-;
• CN ^- nabanye.

Lokhu kuchaza yokuthi kusuka hydrocarbon halogenated angaya cishe noma isiphi isigaba of organic compounds badinga kuphela ukukhetha reagent ezifanele ezizohlinzeka ukusebenza oyifunayo.

Ngokuvamile kungashiwo ukuthi izakhiwo amakhemikhali hydrocarbon halogenated ku ikhono ukuhlanganyela ekuxhumaneni elandelayo.

1. Nge izinhlayiya nucleophilic yohlobo ezahlukene - ukusabela esikhundleni. Umphumela ungase ube: alcohols, ethers, esters, nitro compounds, ama, nitriles, acid carboxylic.
2. Ukuqedwa ukuphendula noma dehydrohalogenation. Ngenxa yalokho i isixazululo utshwala of alikhali halide-molecule kuhlukaniswa off. alkene kwakhiwa Ngakho, ongaphakeme isisindo yamangqamuzana by-imikhiqizo - namanzi usawoti. Isibonelo ukusabela: CH ₃ -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -CH ₂ Br + NaOH _(utshwala) → CH ₃ -CH ₂ -CH = CH ₂ + NaBr + H _{2 O.} Lezi zinqubo - eyodwa yezindlela esiyinhloko synthesis alkenes ezibalulekile. Inqubo ngaso sonke isikhathi sihambisana okushisa aphakeme.
3. Ukulungiselela alkanes isakhiwo evamile Wurtz zamagama indlela. Ingqikithi yalo ukuphendula liqukethe edalula hydrocarbon halo-ezofakwa endaweni (ama-molecule ezimbili) sodium metal. Kanjani ngokuqinile electropositive ion, sodium amukela ama-athomu Halogen kusukela kwakwakhe. Ngenxa yalokho, i-ezikhishwe hydrocarbon ezizivelelayo zivaliwe phakathi isibopho, alkane ukwakha isakhiwo esisha. Isibonelo: CH ₃ -CH ₂ Cl + CH ₃ -CH ₂ Cl + 2Na → CH ₃ -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -CH ₃ + 2NaCl.
   
4. Homologues of elimnandi hydrocarbon synthesis Friedel-yezandla ukuphendula. Ingqikithi inqubo - of bazithobisa le-benzene haloalkyl ebukhoneni aluminium chloride. Ngenxa endaweni ukusabela toluene kanye kumiswa hydrogen chloride. Kulokhu khona kulethe kuyadingeka. Ngaphandle-benzene ngale ndlela kungenziwa oxidized futhi homologs yayo.
5. Ukulungiselela Grenyara ketshezi. Lokhu reagent kuyinto hydrocarbon halo-ukufaka endaweni nge ion magnesium kwengoma. Ekuqaleni kwalo eyenziwa umthelela magnesium metal emoyeni phezu haloalkyl esuselwe. Imiphumela iba yinhlanganisela yokukhandleka kwakwakhe eziyinkimbinkimbi formula jikelele RMgHal, okukhulunywe Grenyara reagent.
6. ukunciphisa kuya alkane (alkene, arene). Okwenziwe ngaphansi isenzo hydrogen. Imiphumela iba yinhlanganisela yokukhandleka hydrocarbon futhi lubangelwa - hydrogen halide. Isibonelo ifomu elivamile: R-Hal + H ₂ → RH + HHal.

Lona nokuxhumana esiyisisekelo, ezingakwazi ukungena kalula hydrocarbon halogenated isakhiwo ezahlukene. Yiqiniso, kukhona ukusabela othize, lapho kufanele zicatshangelwe ummeleli ngamunye.

molecule isomer

Isomerism hydrocarbon halogenated - into yemvelo ngokuphelele. Kuyaziwa ukuthi kulapho ama-athomu carbon esikuziphathimandla, ayanda inombolo amafomu isomeric. Ngaphezu kwalokho, laba bameleli unsaturated babe izibopho amaningi, nakho iba imbangela isomers.

izinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko zalesi simo salokhu ikilasi compounds kungathiwa.

1. Isomerism ezinkulu futhi lwamathambo carbon iketango main. Lokhu singasho sithi isikhundla isibopho amaningi, uma ekhona engqamuzaneni. Njenganoma hydrocarbon elula, kusukela ifomula lwesithathu omele Ungarekhoda compounds kokuba ezifanayo yamangqamuzana kodwa ezahlukene kwesakhiwo Inkulumo formular. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inani izinhlobo isomeric umyalelo ezidlula ephakeme ukwedlula alkanes esihambisanayo (alkenes, alkynes, lamaNazaretha nokunye) ukuze Halogen hydrocarbon.
2. Isikhundla Halogen e-molecule. inombolo yayo isihlalo kuboniswe esihlokweni, ngisho noma ushintsho eyodwa kuphela, izakhiwo zalezi isomers kuzohluka ngempela.

isomerism Spatial lapha asikhulumi, njengoba ama-athomu Halogen wenze lokhu kungenzeki. Njengazo zonke ezinye organic compounds e haloalkyls isomers azigcini nje ngokuhluka isakhiwo kodwa futhi ubunjalo bomzimba futhi amakhemikhali.

Izisetshenziswa ezilethwayo ka hydrocarbon unsaturated

compounds okunjalo Yiqiniso, okuningi. Nokho, sinesithakazelo kwesikwenzayo halogenated hydrocarbon unsaturated. Lemisebenti ingaphindze ihlukaniswe ngezigaba ezintathu eziyinhloko.

1. Vinyl - uma kuyi-athomu ye Hal itholakala ngqo ngesikhathi carbon athomu isibopho amaningi. ISIBONELO-molecule: CH ₂ = CCL _2.
2. Nge sesimweni angawodwa. I-athomu Halogen futhi isibopho amaningi itholakala izingxenye okuphambene kwe-molecule. Isibonelo: CH ₂ = CH-CH ₂ -CH ₂ -Cl.
3. Allyl nemikhiqizo - athomu Halogen isibopho double itholakala ngokusebenzisa omunye carbon athomu, ukuthi lilondolozwe isikhundla-alpha. Isibonelo: CH ₂ = CH-CH ₂ -CL.

Okubaluleke kakhulu kuyinto kwakwakhe ezifana vinyl chloride, CH ₂ = CHCL. It uyakwazi polymerization ukusabela ukwakha imikhiqizo ebalulekile, ezifana ukwahlukanisa, indwangu manzi nokunye.

Enye kuvakashe ummeleli wendlunkulu unsaturated nemikhiqizo halogenated - chloroprene. Formula yakhe - SN₂ = CCL-CH = SN₂. Le ngxube kuyinto indaba kokuqala for synthesis rubbers leyehlukile ukumelana umlilo, esaphila isikhathi eside, permeability ongaphakeme ukuba amagesi.

Tetrafluoroethylene (noma Teflon), - polymer elinendawo Ukucaciswa izinga. Kwakuvamise womshini ikhava esibalulekile imininingwane yezobuchwepheshe, izitsha, ezihlukahlukene amadivaysi. Formula - CF ₂ = CF _2.

hydrocarbon elimnandi nemikhiqizo yabo

ezinuka kamnandi yilezo, ezifaka hlangana ukuhlahluba indandatho benzene. Phakathi kwabo futhi ube lonke iqembu Halogen. izinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko kubo isakhiwo kungathiwa.

1. Uma Hal athomu is eziboshiwe ngqo umongo, isb iringi elimnandi ke egcekeni libizwa haloarenes.
2. I-athomu Halogen ongakaphathelani esiyingini ohlangothini uchungechunge athomu, isb a emfantwini olukhulu egatsheni ohlangothini. compounds maKristu abizwa aryl alkyl halides.

Phakathi izinto okukhulunywa ngalo lapha lingase ngokuthi amalungu amaningana ezithinta kubaluleke kakhulu esisebenzayo.

1. Hexachlorobenzene - C ₆ Cl _6. Kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu XX yayisetshenziswa njengesikhungo fungicide enamandla futhi zinambuzane. It has a magciwane nomphumela omuhle, ngakho-ke asetshenziselwa ukwelashwa imbewu ngaphambi ukuhlola. Ine nephunga ezingemnandi, ngokwanele liquid caustic, ecacile, kungabangela Ukubhidliza.
2. Gcoba i-Benzyl bromide C ₆ H ₅ CH ₂ Br. Isetshenziselwa njengenhlangano reactant ebalulekile zamagama compounds organometallic.
3. Chlorobenzene C ₆ H ₅ CL. Kungekho nto enemibala emihle izidakamizwa liquid kokuba iphunga othize. Asetshenziswa womshini udayi, imithi yokubulala izinambuzane. Kuyinto omunye the best ezihogelwayo.

Sebenzisa umkhakha

hydrocarbon Halogenated zisebenzisa umkhakha yakhe futhi amakhemikhali zamagama ebanzi kakhulu. Mayelana abameleli unsaturated futhi elimnandi sishilo. Manje selisho ngokuvamile ukusetshenziswa compounds salolu chungechunge.

1. Ngo ukwakhiwa.
2. Njengoba imithi yokususa ingcekeza elenkani.
3. Esikhathini ukukhiqizwa izindwangu, iraba, iraba, colorants, izinto polymeric.
4. Ukuze zamagama compounds eziningi organic.
5. Fluorine nemikhiqizo (CFCs) - a refrigerants e ifriji izinhlelo.
6. Isetshenziswa njengesici zinambuzane, zinambuzane, nesikhunta, amafutha, varnishes, inhlaka, uthambise.
7. Iya akhiqize ekuvikeleni izinto, kanjalonjalo.