Kanjani izinhlayiya e ukudla okuqinile, uketshezi kanye amagesi?

Lokhu ezibonakalayo kuphela wakhuluma ngendlela izinhlayiya ahlelwe eziqinile, kodwa futhi njengoba ukuhambisa wamagesi noma uketshezi. Nazi izinhlobo crystal ngamahele e ngezinto ezahlukene uzobe kuchazwe.

isimo Physical

Kukhona nezindinganiso ezithile, okubonisa khona uthi ezintathu ejwayelekile ka wokuhlanganisa, okungukuthi okuqinile, uketshezi kanye negesi.

Izingxenye sesifunda ngamunye ekuhlanganisweni.

1. I ukudla okuqinile izinze cishe ngo isayizi shape. Ushintsho zokugcina kuyinkinga kakhulu ngaphandle ezengeziwe amandla izindleko.
2. Liquid Ungashintsha ukuma kalula, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo egcina ivolumu.
3. izinto gaseous uphucwe iyiphi ukuma noma ivolumu.

Umbandela esiyinhloko okuyinto kunqunywa isimo wokuhlanganisa liyilungiselelo yezinhlayiya nezindlela ukunyakaza kwabo. I gaseous izidakamizwa ubuncane ibanga phakathi molecule ngabanye kakhulu enkulu okungelona olwabo. Futhi, molecule izinto eziwuketshezi musa ukuhlakaza amabanga phezu eside ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile ngabo nokugcina ivolumu yabo. I izinhlayiya asebenzayo ukudla okuqinile kukhona ngendlela efanele, ngamunye wabo, efana iwashi okuthiwa i-pendulum, ihamba iphuzu elithile e eheleni crystal. Lokhu kunikeza ukudla okuqinile wamandla ethile nokuqina.

Ngakho-ke, kulesi simo, umbuzo ukuphokophela iningi indlela ukuhlela izinhlayiya ekhona e ukudla okuqinile. Kuzo zonke ezinye izimo, ama-athomu (molecule) kungukuthi ngakho ngaphambilini isakhiwo.

Izici ketshezi

Kuyadingeka ukuba unake okukhethekile yokuthi ketshezi uhlobo umlamuleli phakathi isimo okuqinile lomzimba isigaba salo gaseous. Ngakho, ngokufaka wehlise izinga lokushisa kwe-osemanzi woketshezi, lapho abaluphakamisela ngaphezu abilayo ketshezi ludlulele ngaphakathi isimo gaseous. Nokho, uketshezi has ukufana ne-izinto eziqinile futhi gaseous. Ngakho, ngo-1860, evelele usosayensi Russian D. I. Mendeleev wasungula khona okuthiwa lokushisa esibucayi - ukubila ngokuphelele. Loku ngiko lapho ubalekela umngcele mncane phakathi igesi kanye ketshezi isimo okuqinile.

Umbandela esilandelayo, ngokuhlanganisa emibili elandelanayo Modular isimo - isotropy. Kulokhu, izakhiwo ziyafana kuzo zonke izindawo. Okunamandla, zibuye anisotropic. Ngokufanayo amagesi, uketshezi ungenalo ukuma esinqunyiwe futhi hlala ngokuphelele ivolumu bomkhumbi ahlala kuzo. Okungukuthi, banalo viscosity ongaphakeme kanye fluidity okusezingeni eliphezulu. Ukubhekana nomunye, liquid noma igesi microparticles ukwenza ukufuduka khulula. Ngaphambili kwakucatshangwa ukuthi ivolumu elalihlala ketshezi, kukhona ukunyakaza ngendlela ehlelekile.-molecule. Ngakho, uketshezi kanye negesi kuyaphikisana zinhlayiya. Kodwa ngenxa izifundo okwalandela baye babonisa ukufana okukhona phakathi ukudla okuqinile futhi uketshezi.

Esigabeni ketshezi ezingeni lokushisa eduze solidification ukunyakaza ezishisayo ungathi ukuhamba kwezinto eziqinile. Kulokhu, uketshezi kungase kudingeke isakhiwo ethile. Ngakho-ke, enika impendulo yalo mbuzo, njengoba izinhlayiya ahlelwe ukudla okuqinile e uketshezi kanye amagesi, singasho ukuthi kunezinxushunxushu disordered kule nhlangano lokugcina ama-molecule. kodwa ukudla okuqinile, amangqamuzana omoya hlala ezimweni eziningi othize, isikhundla fixed.

Uketshezi kulokhu uhlobo umlamuli. I asondeze lokushisa ukuze ngamathumba, kulapho amangqamuzana lihamba e amagesi. Uma izinga lokushisa komzimba eduze kwathatha esigabeni okuqinile, microparticles isiqala ukuhambisa ngaphezulu futhi ehlelekile.

Ukushintsha isimo izinto

Cabangela isibonelo ngempela elula, ukushintsha izimo amanzi. Ice - kuyinto isigaba esiqinile amanzi. lokushisa Ezazimzungezile - ngezansi zero. At lokushisa ilingane no-zero, iqhwa liyancibilika bese ephenduka ibe amanzi. Lokhu kungenxa yokuba kubhujiswe eheleni crystal: sesibaselwe izinhlayiya aqale ukuhambisa. Amazinga lapho into eshintsha isimo aggregate libizwa lokuncibilika (kulesi simo amanzi elingana no-0). Yazi ukuthi izinga lokushisa kwe-ice izohlala ngaso okufanayo kuya kwezineminyaka ukuncibilika yayo iphuzu. Athomu noma molecule ketshezi izoya ngendlela efanayo e ukudla okuqinile.

Ngemva kwalokho, qhubeka ukufudumeza amanzi. I izinhlayiya kulokhu ukuqala ukuhambisa uye wakwenza nje imfuyo yethu ufinyelela iqophelo esilandelayo ushintsho isimo wokuhlanganisa - emvuthwandaba. umzuzwana okunjalo kwenzeka ngesikhathi sekhefu isibopho phakathi molecule ukwakha ngokuhlela kuyashesha ukunyakaza - ngalesosikhathi it phathelana khulula emvelweni, futhi ibhekwa ketshezi ludlulele ngaphakathi esigabeni gaseous. Inqubo ukuguqulwa kwezinto ezithintekayo (amanzi) kusuka esigabeni ketshezi kuya gaseous ngokuthi abilayo.

Amazinga lapho amanzi amathumba, ukubila iphuzu ucingo. Esimweni sethu lesi silinganiso ilingana 100 degrees Celsius (izinga lokushisa sincike ingcindezi, ingcindezi evamile imayelana omunye umoya). Qaphela: lapho kukhona uketshezi ngokuphelele iguqulelwe isitimu lokushisa yayo ihlala njalo.

Okuphambene inqubo shintsho amanzi besesimweni gaseous (umusi) in the ketshezi, okuthiwa ukufingqa.

Ngaphezu kwalokho kungenzeka ukuba bagcine inqubo okokuqandisa - inguquko okusamanzi (amanzi) efomini okuqinile (isimo sokuqala ezichazwe ngenhla - kuyinto ice). Izinqubo ezichazwe ngenhla avumela ukuba uthole impendulo eqondile sendlela izinhlayiya ahlelwe ukudla okuqinile, uketshezi kanye amagesi. Indawo kanye nesimo molecule into incike esimweni saso ka wokuhlanganisa.

Kuyini okuqinile? Ukuziphatha microparticles kuwo?

Solid - lokhu state imvelo impahla, isici esiphawuleka zazo iwukuhlale ukuma njalo nemvelo njalo motion ezishisayo microparticles ukwenza iyehla iyenyuka ezincane. Umzimba ingahle okuqinile, uketshezi kanye nesimo gaseous. Kukhona isimo wesine, izazi zanamuhla sithambekele ukuba kuthiwe inani aggregate - okubizwa ngokuthi i-plasma.

Ngakho, endabeni yokuqala, zonke izinto ngokuvamile has simise njalo ezingaguquki kungazithinta ezinkulu endleleni izinhlayiya ahlelwe ukudla okuqinile. Ezingeni ezincane, ubonakala ukuthi ama-athomu akha okuqinile, axhunyiwe nomunye ngezibopho zamakhemikhali ku eheleni crystal.

Kodwa kukhona okuhlukile - izinto amorphous, okuyizinto okuqinile, kodwa khona eheleni crystal abakwazi ukuqhosha. It is kusukela lokhu futhi ngeke uyithole impendulo kanjani izinhlayiya ahlelwe ukudla okuqinile. Physics esimweni sokuqala sibonisa ukuthi ama-athomu noma molecule ku ngehele amasayithi. Kodwa esimweni sesibili umyalelo efanayo, futhi ngokuqinisekile ayizange, futhi lokhu izidakamizwa icishe ifane ketshezi.

Physics kanye nesakhiwo kungenzeka sehlangano okuqinile

Kulokhu, indaba ivame ukulondoloza umthamo yayo, yebo, ifomu. Okungukuthi, ukuze ushintshe yokugcina, imizamo kumele yenziwe, futhi akunandaba noma ngabe okuyisihloko metal, ucezu plastic noma ubumba. Isizathu itholakala ukwakheka kwama-molecule ayo. Ukuze yini ukunemba kakhudlwana ukukhuluma, esikhathini ukuxhumana kwama-molecule akha umzimba. Kulokhu zingabantu abaseduze. Ilungiselelo elinjalo yezinhlayiya kuyinto iterative. Yingakho amabutho Luhambo phakathi ngalinye kulawa izingxenye siphezulu kakhulu.

Nokuxhumana microparticles uchaza ubunjalo ukunyakaza kwabo. Umumo noma ivolumu walo mzimba okuqinile ukulungisa kwelinye direction noma kwenye kunzima kakhulu. izinhlayiya esiqinile umzimba abakwazi ukuthutha nemiyalezo lonke ivolumu umzimba okuqinile, kodwa kungenziwa kuphela iyashintshashintsha azungeze iphuzu elithile emkhathini. molecule okuqinile-isimo iyashintshashintsha ngezikhathi ezihlukene, kodwa bazithole ngokwayo yokuthi ukubuyela kubo esimweni saso sasekuqaleni. Yingakho izinhlayiya e eziqinile ngokuvamile etholakala umyalelo ngokuqinile echaziwe.

Izinhlayiyana futhi ilungiselelo yabo okuqinile

emizimbeni Solid kungaba izinhlobo ezintathu: crystalline, amorphous futhi inhlanganisela. Kuyinto ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali kuthinta indawo izinhlayiya e ukudla okuqinile.

ukudla okuqinile Crystalline babe isakhiwo yayala. Lezi ama-athomu noma molecule akha crystal ngehele ngekwendzawo ifomu elifanele. Ngakho, okuqinile, elisetendeni isimo crystalline, has a othize crystal ngehele okuyinto yena, icacisa izakhiwo ezithile ngokomzimba. Lona impendulo kanjani izinhlayiya ahlelwe okuqinile.

Nasi isibonelo: eminyakeni eminingi edlule Petersburg in the ishede ukubamba stock qwa tin izinkinobho, okuyinto ngaphansi kwamazinga okushisa aphansi abalahlekelwe ayebuthaka abo amhlophe steel grey. Izinkinobho sikhuntile grey powder. 'Nenhlupho Tin "- okubizwa ngokuthi" isifo ", kodwa eqinisweni kwaba kabusha isakhiwo crystal ngaphansi kwethonya lokushisa ongaphakeme. Tin e aphuma elimhlophe grey ezihlukahlukene Liyashabalala yimphuphu. Okunamandla yena, zihlukaniswe mono- futhi polycrystalline.

zinhlayiya Single futhi polycrystalline

zinhlayiya Single (i-sodium usawoti) - kuyinto zinhlayiya eyohlobo eyodwa emelelwa okuqhubekayo crystal ngehele ngesimo ngemapholigoni njalo. Polycrystals (isihlabathi, ushukela, izinsimbi, amatshe) - nemizimba crystalline okuyinto usukhulile ndawonye amancane, zinhlayiya nemiyalezo basakaza. Zinhlayiya waphawula lo mkhuba anisotropy.

Amorphousness: icala ekhethekile

umzimba amorphous (resin, rosin, ingilazi, inhlaka) kungukuthi ukusula ngohlelo elungiselelweni izinhlayiya. Lokhu kwenzeka okungajwayelekile, kulokho oda kukhona izinhlayiya e ukudla okuqinile. Kulokhu, kukhona lo mkhuba izakhiwo isotropic ngokomzimba kwezinto eziqinile amorphous kuthiwa okufanayo kuzo zonke izindawo. Emazingeni aphezulu, baba njengotshani uketshezi viscous, futhi ngezinye ongaphakeme - like ukudla okuqinile. Lapho amandla zangaphandle kanyekanye abonise izakhiwo nokunwebeka, isb ukuqhuma lapho wamshaya izinhlayiya miniature njengoba ukudla okuqinile, kanye fluidity: lokushisa phezu ephuza uqale ukuba kugeleze njengoba uketshezi. Awunayo ukuncibilika crystallization ocacile okushisa. Lapho ukufuthelana, wathambisa umzimba amorphous.

Izibonelo izinto amorphous

Ngokwesibonelo, cabangela izinkondlo, ushukela abavamile futhi ukucacisa indawo izinhlayiya in the ukudla okuqinile ngezikhathi ezihlukahlukene isibonelo sakhe. Kulokhu, ukwaziswa okufanayo kungenzeka ngefomu crystalline noma amorphous. Lapho ushukela oncibilikisiwe kancane osemanzi, amangqamuzana akha imigqa iqonde - zinhlayiya (ithebula ushukela noma ushukela). Uma ushukela bhotela, isibonelo, batheleka ngamanzi abandayo, Ukupholisa kwenzeka ngokushesha kakhulu, futhi izinhlayiya awunaso isikhathi ukwakha imigqa avamile - ukuncibilika kwezinguzunga osemanzi ngaphandle obumba zinhlayiya. Njengoba kuvela ushukela candy (lena ushukela-non-crystalline).

Kodwa ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, into kungenziwa recrystallized, izinhlayiya ziqoqwa imigqa avamile. Uma ushukela candy ulale izinyanga eziningana, izoqala ukuba imbozwe ungqimba okuxekethile. Njengoba zinhlayiya avele phezu. Ushukela kuyoba izinyanga isikhathi ezimbalwa, futhi itshe - izigidi zeminyaka. Ngokwesibonelo abahlukile carbon. Graphite - carbon crystalline, oyiyo egqinsiwe. A idayimane - iyona amaminerali sekukaningi emhlabeni, uyakwazi usike ingilazi futhi wabona amatshe, isetshenziselwa ukubhola kanye ezipholisha. Kulokhu unesimo - carbon, kodwa sici akwazi ukwakha inhlobo izinhlobo ezihlukene crystalline. Lena enye impendulo kanjani izinhlayiya ahlelwe okuqinile.

Imiphumela. isiphetho

Sakhiwo ilungiselelo izinhlayiya e ukudla okuqinile incike lapho uhlobo fanele ketshezi mbuzo. Uma ketshezi kuyinto crystalline, indawo microparticles niyogqokani ehlelekile. Isakhiwo amorphous kwesici esinjalo esingenayo. Kodwa zezinhlanganisela liphethwe kokubili iqembu lokuqala nelesibili.

Kwesinye isenzakalo, uketshezi liziphatha ngendlela efanayo okuqinile (ashisa ongaphakeme, okuyinto eduze lokushisa crystallization), kodwa kungaholela kanye negesi (uma ukwanda). Ngakho-ke, kule material Uhlolojikelele lalibhekwa njengento izinhlayiya zitholakala hhayi kuphela ukudla okuqinile futhi ezinye zithi eziyisisekelo wokuhlanganisa ejenti.