Gill nemengamo zezinhlanzi. Imisebenzi gill nemengamo

Indlela ukuphefumula ngesikhathi inhlanti ezinhlobo ezimbili: umoya namanzi. Lezi umehluko kwaphakama phelelisa ngokuhamba kwemvelo, ngaphansi kwethonya izici ezihlukahlukene zangaphandle. Uma izinhlanzi babe kuphela uhlobo amanzi ukuphefumula, le nqubo abazenzile ngosizo isikhumba zokuphefumula. Ngo inhlanzi, uhlobo air aphefumula yenqubo Kwenziwa basebentise imitimba nadzhabernyh, isinye sibhukuda, wamathumbu and ngesikhumba. The main izitho emishinini yokuphefumula, Yiqiniso, gills, kanti bonke abanye - asizayo. Nokho, musa njalo ukusekela noma imigwamanda eyengeziwe ukwenza indima yesibili, futhi ngokuvamile yizo ezibaluleke kakhulu.

Breathing zinhlobo inhlanzi

Cartilaginous futhi izinhlanzi bony akheke ezahlukene gill ihlanganisa. Ngakho, labo befundisi ngodonga gill izimbotshana, okuyinto inikeza nibonakala kokuvula gills izimbobo ehlukile. Lezi zindonga embozwe gill amacembe ugcwele yena, inethiwekhi imithambo yegazi. Lesi sakhiwo nesembozo gill kahle kuboniswa le misebe bese oshaka.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, lezi zinhlobo idatha ye septum bony eliphansi njengoba ezingadingekile, njengoba nesembozo gill kukhona mobile ngokwabo. Gill nemengamo zezinhlanzi enze umsebenzi ukwesekwa, futhi yiziphi sesigcilikisha gill.

gill umsebenzi. gill nemengamo

Umsebenzi obaluleke kunayo yonke gills Yiqiniso, exchange igesi. Ngosizo lwabo ugxile oksijini evela emanzini, futhi-ke-carbon dioxide ukhululeka (carbon dioxide). Kodwa abaningi abazi ukuthi gills zezinhlanzi ziyasiza ukwabelana amanzi nosawoti ndaba. Ngakho, ngemva ukucutshungulwa ku imvelo isuselwe urea, i-ammonia, usawoti exchange kwenzeka phakathi kwamanzi futhi umzimba inhlanzi, futhi ikakhulukazi lokhu kusebenza sodium ion.

Ngo inqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo futhi ukuguqulwa subgroups zezinhlanzi gill apharathasi nakho kushintshile. Ngakho, ngo-bony izinhlanzi gills ibukeke crests, e cartilaginous bona aqukethe amapuleti futhi ube cyclostomes sac yakha zokuphefumula. Kuye isakhiwo umgudu wokuphefumula nesakhiwo ihlukile, kanye umsebenzi lwaleli gill zezinhlanzi.

isakhiwo

Gills zitholakala ezinhlangothini izimbotshana abafanele zezinhlanzi emathanjeni nokudleka evikelwe yisembozo. gill ngasinye siqukethe nemengamo ezinhlanu. yayinamakhothamo amane gill akhiwa ngokugcwele, no one - esingesihle. Kusukela branchial ngaphandle Arch izinhlangothi ayizindunduma ngaphezulu lwesikhathi e kwayo gill ukunweba, zisekelwe imisebe cartilaginous. Gill nemengamo ukwesekela lokukhuphula iyizingxenye okuyinto uzigcina kwesisekelo salo kwesisekelo salo futhi emaphethelweni khulula washintsha ngaphakathi futhi ngaphandle nibonakala kubantu nilungile engela oyingozi. On the gill sesigcilikisha ngokwabo okuthiwa amapuleti yesibili zazo wahlela transversely Lobe (noma amacembe, njengoba bebizwa kanjalo). Ngezinye gills has lenqwaba amacembe, inhlanzi ezahlukene kungaba kusuka 14 kuya 35 milimitha ngayinye, ezingeni ukuphakama microns hhayi ezingaphezu kuka-200. Ziyakwazi usayizi amancane ukuze ebubanzini nasekujuleni kwazo akusho afinyelela 20 m.

Umsebenzi oyinhloko nemengamo gill

Gill arc ezilwaneni ezinomgogodla ezinamehlo usebenza umsebenzi lo mshini isihlungi usebenzisa rakers gill isebangeni i arc zazo ibhekene ngalo ingaphakathi ngomlomo, neyezinhlanzi. Lokhu kwenza kube nokwenzeka uyephuza ukumiswa emlonyeni ukuthi kukhona kukholamu amanzi, futhi ezihlukahlukene nezilwanyana ezincane okunomsoco.

Kuye ngalokho feeds gill izinhlanzi rakers futhi ishintshe; zisekelwe zihlanganisa ithambo amapuleti. Ngakho, uma izinhlanzi - nomzingeli ke it has stamens futhi zitholakala awazithandi aphansi nezinhlanzi ukuthi zidla plankton eziphilayo kukholamu amanzi, gill rakers phakathi okusezingeni eliphezulu futhi akhiwe. Labo Izinhlanzi ezisemfuleni omnivores, stamens unayo i indawo emaphakathi phakathi izilwane ezidla ezinye kanye planktivorous.

Ihlelo lokukhambisa iingazi we yokujikeleza kwegazi eliya emaphashini

Gills zezinhlanzi kukhona umbala pink ngenxa lemali enkulu igazi ahlanganiswe umoya-mpilo. Lokhu kungenxa okukhulu kwegazi inqubo. Igazi, okuyilona elidingekayo ukuze ikhulise mpilo (emithambo yegazi), eqoqwe kuma kwayo yonke indikimba yezikhonzi izinhlanzi kanye aorta besisu ingena nemengamo gill. I-aorta besisu bifurcates ku Umthambo ezimbili bronchial, kulandele lwemithambo lwaleli branchial, okuyinto yena, ihlukaniswe inqwaba amaphini imithambo esigubuzele gill sesigcilikisha, wahlela kanye onqenqemeni kwangaphakathi ray cartilaginous. Kodwa lokhu akulona umkhawulo. Flap imithambo ngokwabo zihlukaniswe isibalo esikhulu sezithunjwa capillary, evala anezikhala obukhulu amacembe kwangaphakathi futhi yangaphandle. I ububanzi we-capillary mancane kangaka ukuthi ulingana ubukhulu bale erythrocyte ithwala oxygen igazi. Ngakho, nemengamo gill enze umsebenzi usekelo lwe stamens, ukuhlinzeka negesi lokushintshisana.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi yonke amacembe arteriole abekelwe emaceleni uhlangane abe isitsha esihle esisodwa, ogeleza imithambo abathwele igazi, nakho ludlulele ngaphakathi lo bronchial, bese ku-aorta amaphiko.

Uma ingxoxo eningiliziwe gill nemengamo inhlanzi azokuqhubela isifundo histological, kungcono ukufunda isigaba longitudinal. Ngakho akukhona nje kuyoba stamens ebonakalayo kanye amacembe, kodwa futhi emphethweni zokuphefumula kukhona umgoqo phakathi naphakathi aqueous futhi igazi.

Lezi emphethweni kuthiwa uphahlwe ungqimba elilodwa epithelium, futhi ngaphakathi - capillary isekela Pilar amaseli (inkomba). I okuvimbelayo capillary kanye ezitokisini zokuphefumula kakhulu sichayeke emiphumeleni imvelo yangaphandle. Uma kukhona ukungcola kwazo zonke izinhlobo ezinobuthi emanzini, la izindonga zigcwala, delamination kwenzeka, futhi ukushwaqa. Igcwele nemiphumela engathi sína, njengoba inqubo kunzima gas exchange egazini okwagcina kuholela hypoxia.

Negesi lokushintshisana in inhlanzi

Ukulungiselela zezinhlanzi-mpilo yokwenziwa kwenzeka negesi lokushintshisana. Isimo main igazi nomoya-mpilo nokunonophala kuyinto siwuthole njalo yamanzi gills, futhi lokhu kudinga ukuba lwaleli gill futhi wonke ama-apharathasi azigcina isakhiwo yayo, ngakho-ke umsebenzi nemengamo gill izinhlanzi usuke sengozini. ebusweni ehlasela umzimba wonke kumelwe futhi sigcine ubuqotho bayo ngenxa oxygenation ofanele elithwala umoya-mpilo.

Ukuze ukuqaliswa yokwenziwa negesi lokushintshisana egazini capillary izinhlanzi uhamba kolunye uhlangothi ukugeleza kwegazi kulesi zokuphefumula. Lesi sici kunomthelela isizinda cishe ephelele i-oksijini evela emanzini futhi enothisa igazi kubo. Abanye abantu ulinganise emakamu igazi elingenawo umoya ngenhlonipho nokubunjwa emanzini kuyinto 80%. kwamanzi ngokusebenzisa gills kungenxa uzotshala ngokusebenzisa ngalo ingaphakathi gill, umsebenzi oyinhloko wenziwa ukuhamba mouthparts, futhi gill ihlanganisa.

Yini enquma izinga emishinini yokuphefumula zezinhlanzi?

Ngenxa izici isici kungaba ukubala lokuphefumula nomfutho izinhlanzi ezaziphekwe incike ukuhamba gill ihlanganisa. I lokuhlushwa oxygen emanzini kanye carbon dioxide okuqukethwe egazini kuthinte imvamisa emishinini yokuphefumula zezinhlanzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi zilwane ezinkulu zasemanzini ukungenwa lokuhlala aphansi i-oksijini, aba maningi nenani carbon dioxide egazini. Imvamisa zokuphefumula nalo ehlaselwe lokushisa lamanzi, pH, nezinye izinto eziningi.

Izinhlanzi abe nekhono elithile kukhishwe ndaba angaphandle ebusweni nemengamo gill kanye izimbotshana yabo. Leli khono ngokuthi ukukhwehlela. Operculums ngezikhathi zabo zisitshekelwe, futhi usebenzisa reverse amanzi ukumiswa Ukunyakaza zonke esisogwini gills, wageza ngamanzi zamanje. Lokhu kubonakaliswa kuyoboniswa nguMbusi senhlanzi avame kwenzeka uma amanzi ingcoliswe ezinobuthi noma ukumiswa.

izici engeziwe ye gills

Ngaphandle eziyisisekelo, zokuphefumula, gills usebenze osmoregulation nemisebenzi excretory. Izinhlanzi eziphilayo ammoniotelicheskimi, eqinisweni, njengazo zonke izilwane ezihlala emanzini. Lokhu kusho ukuthi umkhiqizo ekupheleni ukubola umzimba nitrogen-oqukethe kuyinto ammonia. Kungenxa gills ivelele emzimbeni izinhlanzi ngesimo ammonium ion, ngaleyo ndlela asuse umzimba. Ngaphezu oksijini, ngokusebenzisa gills zabo egazini ngenxa okusheshayo yokwenziwa, nosawoti isenzo, ongaphakeme isisindo yamangqamuzana kuhlanganisa kanye nenani elikhulu ion wezinto kukholamu amanzi. Ngaphandle gills, ukumuncwa lezi izinto Kwenziwa esebenzisa izakhiwo ezikhethekile.

Lokhu kuhlanganisa chloride amaseli ethize usebenze osmoregulation umsebenzi. Ziyakwazi ion ezihambayo sodium chloride, kuyilapho ezihambayo endaweni okuphambene nesiqondiso okusheshayo umyela ezinkulu.

Movement chlorine ion incike izinhlanzi ezihlala kuyo. Ngakho, ezihlala emanzini angenawo usawoti monovalent chloride ion zidluliselwa namanzi emangqamuzaneni igazi, esikhundleni lezo abantu abaye balahlekelwa yizo ngenxa ukusebenza ohlelweni excretory zezinhlanzi. Kodwa ngo zasolwandle inqubo izinhlanzi wenziwa kolunye uhlangothi: ukukhethwa lisuselwa igazi endaweni ezungezile.

Uma emakamu amanzi anda izakhi kakhulu elimazayo kwamakhemikhali, asizayo umsebenzi osmoregulyatsionnaya gills ke ingase ibe sengozini. Ngenxa yalokho, igazi ingena hhayi inani izinto kumele kube, futhi kanzulu okuningi, okungase zibulale isimo izilwane. Lokhu ngokucacile asihambisananga ezimbi. Ngakho, njengokuba nazi lokhu isici gills Singalwa izifo eziningi zezinhlanzi, okwenza izidakamizwa zokwelapha kanye imigomo ngqo emanzini.

Skin kwezimila zezinhlanzi ezahlukene

Kasibili zonke izinhlanzi unekhono isikhumba umoya. Yilokho nje ngalo ithuthukiswe - ke kuncike ezintweni eziningi: kulonyaka, futhi izimo zemvelo, nabanye abaningi. Ngakho, uma izinhlanzi ehlala net kwamanzi, iphesenti kwezimila cutaneous incane futhi kufana% 10.2 kuphela, kanti i-embryo umsebenzi zokuphefumula wenziwa kuphela ngokusebenzisa isikhumba, kanye uhlelo senhliziyo nemithambo yegazi sikhwama cholic.

umoya Colonic

Kuye imvelo kuyahlukahluka indlela ukuphefumula izinhlanzi. Ngakho, tropical eyikati futhi Loach izinhlanzi ngenkuthalo ukuphefumula ngosizo emathunjini. Lapho udle emoyeni uthola khona kakade nge inethiwekhi aminyene imithambo yegazi, lingene egazini. Le ndlela eyaqala ukuvela izinhlanzi ngenxa izimo ezithile kule ndawo. Amanzi amadamu zabo ngokuqondene okushisa aphakeme, has a ongaphakeme-mpilo ukugxilisa ingqondo, okuyinto kubhebhezelwa yokuntuleka ukugeleza futhi turbidity. Ngenxa yalokho izinguquko obuphathekayo benkolelo yazo ezindaweni izinhlanzi amachibi enjalo ngafunda ukusinda, usebenzisa i-oksijini evela emoyeni.

Kuvele umsebenzi owengeziwe kwesinye bhukuda

esinyeni nokubhukuda yakhelwe isiqondiso hydrostatic. Lona umsebenzi wayo oyinhloko. Nokho, kwezinye lezinhlobo zezinhlanzi ezingu- sibhukuda kwesinye ofanele ukuphefumula. Lisetshenziswa njengendlela ichibi umoya.

isakhiwo izinhlobo esinyeni bhukuda

Kuye isakhiwo yokwakheka ukubhukuda esinyeni zonke izinhlobo izinhlanzi zihlukaniswe zibe:

• physostomous;
• zakrytopuzyrnyh.

Iqembu lokuqala eziningi kakhulu futhi kuyinto eyinhloko, kuyilapho izinhlanzi iqembu zakrytopuzyrnyh sincane kakhulu. Kuhlanganisa, perch, mullet, ama-cod, stickleback nabanye izinhlanzi physostomous, ngokusekelwe egameni, isinye bhukuda ivulekile ukuxhumana ukugeleza main emathunjini, kuyilapho zakrytopuzyrnyh, ngokulandelana, -. Cha

Carp futhi akheke ezithile esinyeni bhukuda. It ihlukaniswe yaba front futhi bakhulise emakamelweni ezixhunywe isiteshi iDemo futhi ayibanzi. Anterior ekamelweni odongeni isinye aqukethe amagobolondo ezimbili, yangaphandle futhi ingaphakathi, kuyilapho ngaphandle akuyona ekamelweni elingemuva.

swimbladder Vystlan eyodwa nomugqa epithelium squamous, ngemva kwalokho kukhona isibalo zezinzwa okuxekethile, muscle and semithambo izicubu ungqimba. Swimbladder has eyinqaba nje kuye pearlescent reflection, okuyinto olunikezwa elicinene ezicutshini ekhethekile kokuba isakhiwo fibrous. Ukuze uqinisekise amandla bubble ngaphandle emakamelweni amabili embozwe i ulwelwesi nokunwebeka serous.

isitho uxhaxha

Idlanzana inhlanzi yasendaweni eshisayo athuthukile isitho ethize njengoba kwenza uxhaxha futhi nadzhaberny. Ukuze lolu hlobo makropody, gourami, cockerels futhi snakehead eyakhe. Ukwakhiwa kungabonakala nasemkhakheni nezinguquko kule pharynx, okuyinto uguqulwe isitho nadzhaberny noma mabhamuza ingaphakathi gill (okuthiwa uxhaxha umzimba). injongo yabo eyinhloko - kungenzeka ukuthola oksijini evela emoyeni.