Dzhordzh Oruell, "1984": isifinyezo kwesiqinti, protagonist

Emlandweni izincwadi XX leminyaka zimbalwa amanoveli ebaluleke incwadi, eyabhalwa Dzhordzh Oruell. "1984" (isifinyezo, sichaza kulesi sihloko) - a dystopia ucoca ikusasa umphakathi ophila ngaphansi kwejoka amandla wobushiqela.

Umsuka walo inoveli

Umlobi Dzhordzh Oruell eseqedile umsebenzi encwadini yakhe eyinhloko ngo-1948. Igama noveli "1984" - kuba inkomba ezifihliwe usuku indalo yayo (zinyanga Izinombolo ezimbili emuva). Encwadini Orwell sika ngokuvamile eziningi kungabhekisela kufihlwe nezingathekiso.

Le noveli ayebhalwe ekuseni Iminyaka yangemva kwempi, lapho yonke iYurophu babhekana nokwesaba okwakudalwa nobuNazi nokuQothulwa Kwesizwe. Yiqiniso, lezi zenzakalo eziyinhlekelele ukuthonywa isimo sengqondo sabantu Orwell futhi ziyabonakala emsebenzini wakhe. Umlobi kuqala emakhasini "1984" uye waqhubeka ukuthuthukisa imibono ukuthi esekelwe ezinye indaba yakhe edumile - "Farm Animal", ebhalwe kancane ekuqaleni.

Njengoba umbhali yena ungeniswe elikhulu kule noveli yombhali Russian Evgeniya Zamyatina "Thina". Le ncwadi kwaba esinye sezibonelo lokuqala uhlobo olusha dystopia, kwaduma ku isizinda izenzakalo ezimbi kwekhulu XX.

Winston Smith

Umlingiswa oyinhloko webhayisikobho umkhiqizo kuyinto Winston Smith. Ngesikhathi ukulandisa yakhe cishe iminyaka 39 (okungukuthi, wazalwa ngo-1944 noma ngo-1945). Biography owakhileyo abavamile yaseLondon lifana ncamashi enemininingwane kwenkathi. Orwell usebenzisa izinkumbulo protagonist yakhe uyalulama phambi umfundi isithombe umlando amashumi eminyaka.

Ngo-1950, izwe lingakabikho impi yenuzi. uthi abaningi ngoba libhujisiwe, noma okungenani ushintsho kwamandla yonke indawo. Uhulumeni UK futhi siye saba ubudala yakhukhulwa izenzakalo mbuso ka Emanxiweni aleli zwe ezibhuqiwe. Hlela ukuqala iphathi wobushiqela "Ingsoc".

ubuholi bayo usethule ezingabekwa zokucindezelwa kwalabo bantu full-scale nezitha zakhe e-United Kingdom. Izisulu zala le nqubomgomo baba - kusuka impi ezingafuneki abayizakhamuzi ezejwayelekile. abazali Winston Smith BakaJehova nazo becindezela. Njengoba umlingisi losemcoka ngesikhathi eseyingane, akabe ncamashi ukuthi kwenzekani kubo. Cishe, bafa ekamu lokuhlushwa noma 'bahlakazeka "(kwaba eyodwa yezindlela entsha ngokubulawa).

Ministry of iqiniso

Umlobi Dzhordzh Oruell unqume ukwenza protagonist ilungu okulula umphakathi wobushiqela futhi besatshiswa nalezi ukuze acacise ukuthi ukuphila kwansuku zonke ngokwesaba izinxushunxushu njalo. Smith usebenza Enkonzweni leQiniso. Lona omunye umlobi yokudlala izakhiwo isimo.

Igama enkonzweni - it is a indida omnyama isibonelo esivelele doublethink. Eqinisweni, yiyo kanye kwakuhlezi i inkulumo-ze zonke-ukuthi phendukezela ngokuphelele lezo zenzakalo. izikhulu zomnyango (kuhlanganise Smith) kwase kukhona owayeseke abasetshenziswa amaqiniso, elele abezindaba nokunye. D. Zonke imizamo yabo okuhloswe ngazo okuthile ukugcina amandla iqembu elibusayo ugqozi izakhamuzi ukuzinikela enze umsebenzi wobugqila nokukhulekela. Eqinisweni, kule noveli ubonisa dystopian-analogo Ministry Propaganda ka-Third Reich. ikhanda waso kwakuyindishi eyodwa lwamaNazi edume kakhulu futhi eziyihlazo - Yozef Gebbels.

doublethink

Le noveli "Nesishiyagalolunye ayisishiyagalombili nane" kwelinye izigcawu yakhe yokuqala ebonisa usuku nsuku zonke uWinston Smith. Yena matasa ukuthi kwakha izihloko amaphephandaba amadala ngoba izindaba mayelana nezinguquko intengo. Coder kushintsha Imininingwane sengathi ushokoledi baziswa empeleni bawa. Yiqiniso, lokhu "impumelelo kwezomnotho" okuye kwafezwa sibonga kuphela inqubomgomo "Ingsoc".

Isigigaba ushintsho amanani kubonisa enye Orwell yasungulwa mkhuba ngokwengqondo. Umbhali okuthiwa ke doublethink. Kuyinto ikhono zabantu zikholelwa ngobuqotho ezintweni ezahlukene. Esinye isibonelo esiphawulekayo doublethink - kwalolu siqubulo eboniswa ku Udonga lwesakhiwo lapho Smith wasebenza. Ziyakwazi: "Impi - leli zwe, ukungazi - ungamandla kanye nenkululeko - ebugqilini."

Naphezu engenangqondo sobala, lezi iziqubulo ngayo yonke inhliziyo yakho futhi ingqondo ukuba bakholwe bonke abakhileyo e-London. Futhi labo onesibindi kokungabaza okuncane ukwethembeka kwakho, ukuba kubhubhe namunye izitho ingajezisa. Kwakuwusuku inqubomgomo Ukukhetha omubi. Its (kakade kuleli zwe) baye basebenzisa ngempumelelo le kwemibuso yobushiqela kwekhulu XX.

thoughtcrime

Yonke dystopia kumnandi engenangqondo inoveli yisiphepho, okuyinto wehlele umphakathi, izisulu impi yenuzi, ekuvukeleni usizi aba nalo lapho isimo ubuphekula. Amandla amahora angu-24 ngosuku, kulandele izakhamuzi zabo besebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bamuva (amakhamera, izikrini ithelevishini kanye nokunye okufana nalokho. D.). Ngokufanayo, uhulumeni kunonophiswe kubuye ukuxhumana izakhamuzi adingekayo Imininingwane Imodi (emsakazweni unswitched, amaphephandaba kanye nokunye. D.).

Uzungu kwendaba itholakala lokuthi ukuthi wasebenza eMnyango Iqiniso Smith, naphezu doublethink kwandile, uqala ukungabaza ukuthi leli qembu lithi. Eqinisweni, yena wenza icala ezishaqisayo kakhulu emphakathini wakubo - thoughtcrime. Lena enye "bumbela" ka Orwell, eyasebenza njengodonga ugqozi ukuze kwemibuso yobushiqela ye maphakathi XX leminyaka. Yebo, noma imuphi umhlali wase-Oceania (manje eyaziwa ngokuthi ikhaya Smith zezwe), noma ucabange into iphikisana umugqa Party, babhujiswa.

Amaminithi ababili zonda

I ambalwa izahluko zokuqala zencwadi yakhe, u Orwell wethula umfundi ezweni esizayo anti-nakancane. Winston Smith Ufunda Amaminithi ababili enenzondo. Lo mcimbi sasesiqhutshelwa izindonga izikhungo ezisemthethweni isimo. Dvuhminutka - emihlanganweni jikelele, ebonisa imibiko ividiyo, echaza izethameli ukuthi kubaluleke kangakanani ukuzonda isitha.

Izitha eyinhloko olwandle - kungcono Eurasia futhi Ostaziya. Ngokusho Orwell, isimo sendawo zezombusazwe zalo emhlabeni ibalazwe, mayelana ngokulinganako phakathi kwamazwe amathathu. Eurasia - kuyinto owalandela kokuphindela eSoviet Union, lapho imibono evamile olusemthethweni neo-Bolshevism. On Ostazii kuncane kakhulu ezaziwayo. Esikhathini inoveli, lapho kukhulunywa iqiniso lokuthi leli lizwe uhlala ngokuvumelana sehlelo okuthiwa sokufa.

impi Oceania

Ngandlela-thile, wonke amazwe amathathu khona ngaphakathi imibono wobushiqela. Lezi uthi ungaphazanyiswa neMpi Yezwe. I ukungqubuzana esikhathini lapho lelandzisako enovelini. London (inhlokodolobha nasezifundeni zasePacific) ikude phambi, ngakho nakhu kufika kuphela acatshangelwe kahle i-Ministry of Information lweqiniso.

On the Amaminithi ababili enenzondo, lapho waphinda kuyinto Smith, izethameli (njengoba nsuku zonke ngaphambi) uzofunda mayelana nezinhloso isitha Ostazii eYurophu nase-Asia. Kufanele ubhujiswe. Le nhloso kungaphansi kwayo yonke emnothweni Pacific. Yonke imithombo namandla zomphakathi chitha it ukusekela ngaphambili. Lokhu kungalingani kwezomnotho kwakuyinto evamile ukuba lezi uthi yobushiqela eyayikhona phakathi neminyaka yokuphila Orwell. "1984" - inoveli esibonisa ngemiphumela ngokunqoba imibuso enjalo.

O'Brien noJuliya

On the Amaminithi ababili Hate Smith ihlangabezana izinhlamvu ezimbili, okuyinto ke kuyoba ukhiye kulo noveli. Okokuqala, it is a ilungu party O'Brien (igama lakhe alaziwa). Smith wethemba ukuthi umyeni futhi angabaze ukuthi kusho inhlangano. Ngenhla ukuthi uhlamvu isikhathi eside wasebenza Orwell. "1984" (isifinyezo akunakwenzeka ngaphandle kukhulunywa nabanye abalingiswa) kwembula amaqiniso ambalwa yomlando wakhe. Noma kunjalo, umlobi wathi lo muntu ongaqondakali kuyinto prototype ebalulekile - Gletkin lesitsetfwe enovelini "Ubumnyama at Emini," Artura Kestlera.

Omunye umlingisi ezibalulekile kuba Julia - futhi ilungu party. Smith wokuqala wamphatha ukubazindlekela, wesaba ukuthi wayeshaywe asihlola kuye futhi ezingase zilethe amaphoyisa omshoshaphansi. Ngolunye usuku Winston waya yokuhlala endaweni proles (sabasebenzi - the lombhalo aphansi emphakathini), lapho wayekade esitolo zokuhweba. uhambo ezinjalo engathandeki ngenxa amalungu eqembu. Endleleni emuva Julia Smith babhekana. Yena washaqeka umcabango ukuthi angase alethe wayekade lapho kubonakala kuye.

emihlanganweni yomshoshaphansi

Nokho, ngosuku olulandelayo, Julia Winston uthumele inothi imfihlo lapho Wavuma uthando lwakhe kuye. Yenza le ukutholakala kwaba nzima impela - ubuhlobo phakathi kwamadoda nabesifazane akuvunyelwe kakhulu kulawulwa "Ingsoc". Ngokusho imfundiso engokomthetho, yonke imizwa kubhekwa esifuze yesikhathi esidlule, futhi yimuphi ubuhlobo bobulili babe begazi kuphela, kwaba nesilinganiso esifanele ukuzalwa inzalo.

Kodwa Julia futhi sathathwa uWinston baqonde ukuthi phakathi kwazo ingaphezu nje emsebenzini womphakathi. Baqala ukuhlangana, ukuqoka ezinye goodbye ngamunye ezindaweni washiywa. Emkhakheni proles ambalwa Rents efulethini okufanayo ukuhweba esitolo, okuyinto kanye waya Smith.

Goldstein

Ngokushesha nabalingiswa abasemqoka ukunquma ukuvula umkhiqizo O'Brien. Banethemba lokuthi lokhu ongaqondakali futhi liletha uzwela muntu angenza bhanqa Brotherhood engaqondakali. Mayelana inhlangano hamba amahemuhemu ephikisana kakhulu. Ngokwe imibono Smith, Brotherhood lalinabashumayeli nezitha umbuso, owazama ukuba balwe "Ingsoc".

Izinhlamvu main ukuhlangabezana O'Brien. Uyavuma ukuthi ifika ku Brotherhood. Zamaqembu ngasese unika Julia futhi sathathwa uWinston incwadi kabani kumbhali kwaba Goldstein ezithile. Inkulumo-ze isimo ngokuthi isitha sakhe sangaphakathi №1. Kwakuwusuku ukuphikiswa, bezama ukubhubhisa kombuso wobushiqela ka-Oceania.

umphumela

Singasho ngokuqiniseka ukuthi "1984" - inoveli ne uzungu ezingalindelekile. Esikhathini esithile ngemva kwalokho ingxoxo kwesibhamu nge O'Brien, uWinston noJuliya athathiwe ngamaphoyisa kwemicabango endlini zabo ziphephile. Kwatholakala nokuthi umnikazi esitolo, lapho Baqasha amafulethi, khona Informant Undercover ukuze iziphathimandla. Babecabanga Amaphoyisa nje ezikhethekile yosesho kanye ukuthunjwa amambuka, ogama imibono ukusebenzisa counter imibono Party.

Umbhangqwana abahlukene. Smith wazithola emakamelweni sokuhlushwa Ministry of Love, nakho necebo Orwell. "1984" (isifinyezo uzothola kulesi sihloko) ngalesi sikhathi siyeza emvuthwandaba wayo. Manje ukubamba Winston ukudabula zonke ngiphenywa nokuhlukunyezwa, okuyinto, njengenjwayelo, kwenziwe phezu amambuka isimo.

Smith renunciation

Ukuze bamangala protagonist, wesahlulelo yakhe iba O'Brien - indoda Wathembela, ukukhuluma mayelana nokungabaza yabo mayelana "Ingsoc". Smith ehlupheka sokuhlushwa ngokomzimba, kodwa ungalokothi Zishiya inkolelo yayo (ukuthi kusukela kuye zabuzwa). Ngaphambi kwalokho, amanoveli ngolimi lwesiNgisi ayiqukethe uhlobo. Orwell wachaza ukuhlazeka futhi kwangaphakathi isimo ngokwengqondo Smith ozalwa nayo ubuhlungu nokululazeka.

Winston waqala kancane kancane akhale O'Brien. wayethemba ngaphakathi ukuthi wayeyoba yakwazi ukukhohlisa u-Ministry of uthando, okwenza zonke ukuqashelwa ezidingekayo, kodwa inhliziyo cha dela izinkolelo. Ekugcineni, Smith ushiye zokugcina zazo engazange waphika - uthando Julia. Kodwa ngisho nalokhu umuzwa labhujiswa. O'Brien mashumi bahlukunyezwa uchofoze osizi yokwesaba ubudala Smith. Kwakuyisikhathi yokwesaba amagundane. Winston buboshwe nobuso yezinyoni, ngaphakathi okuyinto namagundane elambile ezidla.

Ukwesaba kwaba acute ukuze Smith bavumelana wavuma lutho, nje ukumisa sokuhlushwa. Ngemva kwalokho, wadedelwa ehhovisi likaNgqongqoshe uthando futhi egumbini 101. Ngo yesehlakalo sokugcina kule noveli noveli main abahlezi endaweni cafe, ukuphuza utshwala, ukulalela umsakazo futhi uyaqaphela ukuthi zelashwe ukungabaza kwakhe siqu mayelana nokushaya khona eceleni.

Inani le noveli

Isiphetho wabonisa ukuthi ngakho wayefuna ukuveza Orwell. "1984" (isifinyezo, siye eyethulwe kuwe) - inoveli ngendlela umshini zokucindezela kombuso wobushiqela yimuphi umuntu ongabhubhisa. Ngisho Smith, kuze kobushiqela muva inkani, ekugcineni badela. Okokuqala, ngokwenyama wabhubhisa (ngomqondo ongokoqobo yegama elithi - waqala ukulahlekelwa amazinyo, njll ...). Wabe ekugcineni salahlekelwa nangemiBhalo inkolelo yakhe.

Bengathokozile ophela kuphela ukungezwa noveli ihlelo. Waba ethengwa kakhulu osheshayo. Kuze kube kuleli qophelo ayizange ikhiphe incwadi enjalo emhlabeni. amanoveli yangaphambilini uhlobo dystopia ayikwazanga ukuziqhayisa onjalo nekuchazwa ngokucophelela futhi wachaza izwe art, abenyukela Orwell.

Nokho, njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, i-kumlobi oyiNgisi ayengakhokha ukubhala. Empeleni, kunengqondo ukuthuthukisa zonke izenzakalo emenza nobuNazi nezinye kwemibuso yobushiqela Engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu XX.

Impumelelo noveli kubuye ngenxa ezihlukahlukene kakhulu izingathekiso, sishukumiseleka ngazo zonke izilimi zomhlaba. It is kakade kuchazwe doublethink, "Ingsoc" Amaminithi ababili enenzondo, njll Orwell kwaba nombhali ifomula owaziwa "ezimbili plus ezimbili -. Emihlanu nje", okuchaza izimiso falsity yokuduma, kanye umfanekiso Big Brother.. Izinkomba "1984" - yizici ebalulekile yesiko wanamuhla waseNtshonalanga ethandwa.