Development: imithetho yentuthuko yezenhlalakahle. Imithetho koMnotho

Eminye yaleyo mithetho jikelele ekuthuthukiseni izinhlelo lungasetshenziswa maqondana umphakathi. Uma sikhuluma izinjini, sisho iyonke okuyinto yakhiwa izingxenye kanye nobunye. Lobu bunye, okuyinto ebaluleke kakhulu, abutholakali izakhi zalo ephambili.

The Inkampani kubuye uhlelo iqoqo ehlelekile zabantu. Sonke ingxenye, ngakho iningi lethu uyazibuza indlela isakhiwa. Imithetho lingatholakala ngokucabangela umthombo intuthuko. Emphakathini uxhumana sphere ngokoqobo "imihlaba" ezintathu, engesiyo reducible komunye nomunye. Kuyinto, okokuqala kunakho konke, izwe izinto kanye nendalo okukhona ngokuzimela wengqondo ngentando yomuntu, lokhu okusho ukuthi, umgomo kanye emithethweni ezehlukene physics. Okwesibili, ezweni wezinto nezinto abe yisidalwa kwezenhlalo, ngoba ziyimikhiqizo umsebenzi womuntu, izithelo zomsebenzi wakhe. Izwe wesithathu ngaphandle kwekutsatsa luhlangotsi womuntu, kuqhathaniswa ezimele zomhlaba umgomo futhi ngokuyisisekelo imibono engokomoya. Sinenkosi degree nenkululeko enkulu.

Nature deku yentuthuko yezenhlalakahle

Ezweni bemvelo ungumthombo kuqala ukuqinisekisa yentuthuko yezenhlalakahle. Imithetho yentuthuko yezenhlalakahle esikhathini esedlule ngokuvamile utholakala ukuthembela kuyo. Kuyinto ngesisekelo khona emphakathini, okuyinto, ngokusebenzisana ne-ke ngcono. Ungakhohlwa ukuthi imithetho yemvelo kuye kwaholela ekuveleni indoda. Impucuko ngobukhulu, Izici, bazalelwa ezindimeni imifula elikhulu, futhi yimpumelelo kakhulu emhlabeni of ukuthuthukiswa kohlelo kosozimali kwenziwa emazweni nge Isimo sezulu esipholile.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi esigabeni samanje ukuxhumana phakathi komphakathi kanye nemvelo buboniswa ngokuba nomqondo lo zezinhlekelele. Isizathu esiyinhloko kwaba ukufakwa kwabantu ekunqotshweni imvelo, kanye indiva imingcele ukumelana layo amathonya yabantu. Abantu bavala emehlo abo imithetho eyisisekelo zentuthuko, bayakhohlwa konke ekuphishekeleni inzuzo yesikhathi esifushane neyezinto ungacabangi ngemiphumela. Kuyadingeka ukushintsha ukuziphatha futhi ngiqaphele kwezinkulungwane zezigidi zabantu Emhlabeni ukuqhubeka kungalonakalisa usinikeze izinsiza ezidingekayo.

Iqhaza lobuchwepheshe ekukhuleni komphakathi

Umthombo elilandelayo - etintfweni zobuchwepheshe, ie indima ubuchwepheshe kanye inqubo nokwahlukaniswa kwemisebenzi kuleli senhlalo. Zinikeza yentuthuko yezenhlalakahle. Imithetho ye ekukhuleni komphakathi namuhla ngokuvamile zavela, ukuthatha njengesisekelo indima ubuchwepheshe. Lokhu akusona isimanga - it is manje isiphethwe ukuthuthukiswa. Nokho, ngokuvumelana Adorno, umbuzo we igunya ubuchwepheshe kanye umnotho - ke umbuzo yokuthi yini eza kuqala, inkukhu noma iqanda. Ingase futhi kwenziwe isibaluli uhlobo imvelo bokusebenza komuntu, buvezwa uhlelo nobudlelwane bokuhlalisana. lezizifo sizibona ikakhulukazi konke lokho namuhla, lapho zilandisa wabuka emphakathini post-ezimbonini. Ukuphikisana eziyisisekelo kuleli cala kukhona phakathi kwendoda bashushiswa yezakhi ngenhlonipho khona bephethe kuthikameze emhlabeni kolwazi nobuchwepheshe. Tinkinga kuyinto ukuthuthukiswa yayo asebenzayo.

Imithetho yentuthuko yezenhlalakahle yalokho isiqala sibuyekezwe, kugcizelelwa yomoya. On ke, thina manje nixoxe.

Iphanorama esingokomoya uma sibhekwa njengeqembu umthombo inqubekelaphambili yomphakathi

Umthombo wesithathu yentuthuko yezenhlalakahle itholakala yomoya, e ukuqaliswa ekahle wokuziphilisa noma zenkolo. ethandwa kakhulu emlandweni kwakungu umbono walokho okubizwa ngokuthi ongokwasezulwini, okungukuthi, kanye nomphakathi ezinye iziphathimandla eziphakeme zenkolo. Kulokhu, umlando umphakathi ubonakala ekusebenziseni intando kaNkulunkulu, umuntu kufanele kubone ukuthi ukudoba ekuphileni, hhayi ukugcizelela izinkinga yasemhlabeni, futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke, ukulungiselela Hereafter okuphakade.

Emibhalweni P. Sorokin, A. Toynbee, ngubani ezihlongozwayo imithetho yaso ekukhuleni komphakathi, ukubaluleka eziyisisekelo kungokwalabo ekupheleleni okungokomoya, yokuziphatha nezenzo zenkolo ke, ubuhlobo imivuzo kanye izijeziso njengoba imbangela eyinhloko ubumbano womuntu. Labo abanamathela ekahle lamakhomanisi, bakholelwa ukuthi ubukhomanisi ingenye "injini" eyinhloko intuthuko ukuthi uyashayela eziningi abantu emzabalazweni wokulwela ukwakha umphakathi nje nokukhululwa esintwini.

Imijikelezo Esekela emlandweni Fernand Braudel

Fernand Braudel, isazimlando isiFulentshi, wayekholelwa ukuthi Izenzakalo zesikhathi esidlule - uthuli, futhi okubaluleke - ke izimfashini nemijikelezo ehlala njalo engaphezu kwekhulu edlule. umqondo yefilosofi imijikelezo zomlando ezihlobene ekuqondeni imithetho ukuthuthukiswa iyonke. Kungaba uqhubeke yemigqa (okungukuthi, kusukela endalweni kaNkulunkulu emhlabeni kuze Suku Ehlulelo), noma cyclically, nalapho ayebonakala emancane ukubuyela esikhathini esidlule, kodwa kwenye level (umlando we Kuvunguza).

3 izinhlobo amasiko isehlane Pitirim Sorokin

Pitirim Sorokin wayekholelwa ukuthi 3 izinhlobo eziyisisekelo izitshalo ungabahlukanisa emlandweni wesintu: the izinto, Lesisemkhatsini zenkolo. Esikhathini isiko yohlobo yokugcina isigqi kanye nokunyakaza umlando kunqunywa nokuxhumana ezintathu ethanda: obuntu amademoni futhi uNkulunkulu. Ukuthuthukiswa yokuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo kusekelwe ngokoqobo beqonda sensually. izinguquko zalo njengesithiyo Okwasisiza emlandweni. Inguquko kusuka zenkolo namasiko yokuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo ngokusebenzisa uhlobo Lesisemkhatsini. Kungenzeka ukwaba letigaba letilandzelako ngokulandelana: okokuqala - obumbi, bese - ukuphahlazeka, ngemva kwalokho - ukuhlanzwa, ngemuva kwalokhu - the kuhlolwe yamanani, futhi ekugcineni kabusha.

umcabango zefilosofi zomlando ngezikhathi zanamuhla

Fukuyama ekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20 abeke phambili umqondo wakhe ukuthi kukhona "kwendaba." Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi imibono enamandla isimo, okusekelwe kuwo, kokushiya esiteji yomlando. Okunye nabacwaningi becubungula imithetho yentuthuko yezenhlalakahle, kunenkolelo yokuthi umlando emhlabeni manje endaweni bifurcation, lapho isilinganiso isiphithiphithi oda uyashintsha futhi kukhona isimo Ukungaqiniseki. umcabango zefilosofi zomlando ezikhathini zanamuhla azizwa kuphela esemqoka isigqi amaphethini izenzakalo ezingokomlando, okuyizinto ezihlobene ababenezinkinga ezinkulu emhlabeni wonke.

Ukubuka izinto yomlando

Esikhathini nohlaka akhiwa Engels futhi Marx ku 40-50-yalolucwaningo we-19 owesifazane ebamba ekhulwini izinto yomlando isetshenziswa indlela formational nemithetho yentuthuko yezenhlalakahle. Le ndlela iye yathuthukiswa ngokomlando njengoba bokungafani umqondo omuhle, nakuba abanye abantu babhekwe njengabezinye linearity ngofuzo inqubekela phambili eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma baye bahlakulela Ukukhanyiselwa. Kusukela Hegel wathatha umqondo mayelana nesimo dialectical yentuthuko zomlando. Umqondo Starring ukukhiqizwa impahla ngalokugcwele emmangweni nasetindzaweni wesintu kuyisisekelo of lo mbono. Phakathi nalokho kubingelelana, zingena, ngokuvumelana Marx (isithombe sakhe aboniswe ngezansi), ku ubudlelwane ocacile, okuyinto zizimele kunkululeko yentando zabo. Sikhuluma ubudlelwano zokukhiqiza. Bona sihambisana komqondo nezinga lokukhula kwengane zamabutho elikhiqizayo.

Marx babekholelwa eceleni "eyinhloko" (kokuqala) esiteji, kanye "yesibili ukuma" umphakathi wanda ngezinga injalo, ukuthi ngenhlonipho yobudala ekilasini imiphakathi nempucuko Antique, izinduna, asian futhi Onxiwankulu (yesimanje) izindlela zokukhiqiza kungenziwa ngokuthi okuqhubekayo kwezinkathi oda kwezenhlalo. Esikhathini social sciences eU.SSR esetshenziswa ifomula lula inqubo yentuthuko zomlando, okusho ushintsho emphakathini bakudala, ngowokuqala inceku ke ohlelweni amakhosi asendulo, bese-ke i-capitalism, futhi ekugcineni, kuya sezenhlalo.

Umqondo "impucuko wendawo"

Ukuqashelwa enkulu e ifilosofi 19-20 eminyaka, isebenzisa umcabango "impucuko wendawo", obadalwa ngokuzikhandla A. D. Toynbi, Spengler noN A. Danilevskogo. Ngokusho ke, zonke izizwe zihlukaniswe eziphucuzekile futhi bakudala, futhi owokuqala - ngisho izinhlobo zamasiko nezomlando. Lo mkhuba, zavela ngokuthi "ushayele bese ephendula" lapha okunabileko. Siqukethe eqinisweni lokuthi ukuthuthukiswa obunokuthula ngokuzumayo indawo simo esibucayi, okuyinto eyenza yena, nokwanda isiko elithile. Abalobi lo mqondo Uzame unqobe ekuqondeni impucuko of Eurocentrism.

izinhlelo indlela

Engxenyeni yokugcina yekhulu lama-20 yasungulwa indlela ukuthi izwe uhlelo lapho imithetho lokuthuthukiswa kwabantu kanye nomphakathi. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ngalesi sikhathi amandla akhe yazuza inqubo kwembulunga yonke kwezomnotho. On a nhlanganisela global ungakhetha "azungeze" kanye "umongo", wakha 'emhlabeni uhlelo "sisonke, ongagcini emithethweni superformatsii. Umkhiqizo oyinhloko namuhla efana ukukhiqizwa steel ulwazi nakho konke okuphathelene nakho. Lolu shintsho, esikhundleni salokho, umqondo wokuthi inqubo zomlando - uhlobo lwento.

Imithetho koMnotho

Lokhu njalo okuphindaphindiwe, abalulekile, ubudlelwane esitebeleni phakathi imihlola kwezomnotho kanye nezinqubo. Ngokwesibonelo, emthethweni funa uwukubonakaliswa lobudlelwano obuphakathi intengo ngempahla kanye nesidingo ukuthi kwenzeka kuye. Njengezinye imithetho kokuphila komphakathi, imisebenzi yezomnotho, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izifiso kanye entandweni yabantu. Asikwazi ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwabo jikelele (jikelele) neziqondile.

Jikelele - zalabo abenza emlandweni wesintu. Bona esebenza ngisho emhumeni zazingavumi kahle futhi bengenalo siqhubeke kube lusizo kule nkampani yesimanje, futhi ezosebenza esikhathini esizayo. kulandela imithetho ukuthuthukiswa komnotho ungabahlukanisa phakathi kwabo:

- ziyanda izidingo;

- intuthuko enenqubekela phambili emnothweni;

- ziyanda izindleko ithuba;

- the division ezikhulayo zomsebenzi.

A ukwenyuka kancane funa nakanjani kuyoholela umphakathi. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, abantu unombono isethi elikhulayo izimpahla, lapho njengabangane "okuvamile." Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-standard anda uhlobo izimpahla ngamunye babambeke. abantu lwasekuqaleni, isibonelo, uyafuna yini ukuba bahlanganyele, okokuqala kunakho konke, ukudla okuningi. Namuhla, abantu ngokuvamile ayisekho ukhathalela kanjani ukuba bafe bengenalwazi ke. Yena uzibophezele ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi ukudla kwaba ezihlukahlukene futhi esihlwabusayo.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngokwezinga ukuthi ukwanelisa izidingo luyingxenye impahla, okwandisa indima social nezingokomoya. Ngokwesibonelo, emazweni lanamuhla athuthukiswe Ukukhetha umsebenzi intsha nexhala okungaka ukuze uthole okwengeziwe (evumela agqoke up bese adle), kodwa iqiniso lokuthi umsebenzi waba umlingisi lokudala, enikeza ithuba iSilekeleli Sokwazisa.

Abantu yini ukwanelisa izidingo ezintsha, ngcono ukukhiqiza. Bona ukwandisa uhla, ikhwalithi yezimpahla akhiqizwa emnothweni kanye nobungako, kanye ukwandisa nekusebenta ukusetshenziswa ngokusimama kwezinsiza zemvelo ezihlukahlukene. Lezi zinqubo kungenziwa ngokuthi intuthuko kwezomnotho. Uma ukhona intuthuko kwezobuciko noma ukuziphatha inselele, empilweni kwezomnotho ngakho akunakuphikwa. Kungenzeka ukuba sifinyelele ne nokwahlukaniswa kwemisebenzi. Uma abantu ngeke ngokukhethekile ukukhiqizwa ezinye izinzuzo ezithile ukuthi ukwandisa umkhiqizo jikelele. Nokho, ukuze lowo muntu ngamunye wabo wayenomsebenzi isethi ephelele yamanani kudingekile kuye, kubalulekile ukuhlela ukuxhumana unomphela phakathi amalungu omphakathi.

Ukusabalalisa kabusha exchange endlalekile

Karl Polanyi, Economist American, usunike 2 izindlela kokuxhumana phakathi kwamaqembu. Okokuqala - Ukusabalalisa kabusha, okusho exchange of lokwabiwa kabusha eyodwa. Esesibili - emakethe ukuthi usabalalise exchange. Emiphakathini pre-capitalism wabusa exchange redistributive imikhiqizo, kungokwemvelo, it is kwenziwe ngaphandle kokusebenzisa imali.

Kulokhu, isimo uyahoxa ngaphansi kokucindezelwa imikhiqizo ezivezwa izikhonzi zawo, ukwabiwa kabusha komhlaba kwabo okwengeziwe. ngoba imiphakathi Ephakathi endulo Akukhona nje okuye kwachazwa ngale ndlela, kodwa nezalo umnotho lamazwe sezenhlalo.

Ngisho noma umphakathi bakudala wazalwa emakethe impahla. Nokho, Emiphakathini pre-capitalism, yena ngokuyisisekelo isici sesibili. Kuphela umphakathi emakethe isicebi kuba indlela eyinhloko ukubambisana. Isimo ngaleyo ndlela likhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa yayo, ukudala ezihlukahlukene imithetho, njengokuthi "on ukuthuthukisa umthetho ibhizinisi." Ngezenzo wasebenzisa ubudlelwane yemali. Barter kwenziwe Kulokhu nendawo, phakathi abakhiqizi ukuthi bayalingana. Ngamunye wabo has a inkululeko ephelele lizikhethele yokusesha kozakwethu kuthengiselana. "UMthetho the Development of ibhizinisi elincane" lusekele amafemu amancane, abakuthola kunzima ukusebenza kohlaka mncintiswano ezikhulayo.