Dagestan izilimi. umndeni Dagestani. Dagestan izincwadi

Ngisho ngoba sezizwe Dagestan Caucasian izici ngokolimi ubunjalo ezahlukene, ukujula nokwehluka. Ezinye izilimi acacisiwe auls ngabanye encane kuphela, kungani Dagestan libizwa ngokuthi "intaba yezilimi."

Yezilimi ezihlukahlukene ezikhona

Ibhalwe engabhaliwe Dagestani izilimi entabeni, kukhona ngamatshumi amathathu. izilimi Dagestani ifakwe eqenjini esempumalanga zaseCaucasia izilimi Japhetic. Chechen-Dagestani qembu ebuhlotsheni ezikude ne Abkhaz-Adygei iqembu entshonalanga. Ngaphakathi iqembu izilimi Dagestan abanobuhlobo obuseduze, ubufakazi lena kokusebenzisa uhlelo lolimi nolwazimagama (Avar ikakhulukazi nezilimi Lak).

Ezinye izilimi Dagestan kancane wafunda. ezicwaningiwe Dargin, Avar, Lezgi, Lak. Kuphela ungenza ngezigaba owandulelayo ngenxa yalesi sizathu.

Ukushayela izilimi Dagestan

Kungase bheka kanje:

1. Iqembu Avar-Ando-Dido. Kuhlanganisa ngalezi zilimi ezilandelayo: Andes (godobari, Andi ahvah, Botlikh, Carat, Bagvalal, Tindi, Chamalal); Avar; Dido (Capucho, hvarshi, ginuh, hunzal, Didot); usungulo ulimi Archi noma Rocha.
2. Iqembu Dargin. Kufaka Dargin, Kubachi nezilimi kaytaksky.
3. Lak qembu Lak kuphela.
4. Iqembu Lezghian. Kuhlanganisa ngalezi zilimi ezilandelayo: Lezgi, Samur (Agulla Tsakhur, Rutul, Jack, haput, Khinalug, Kryz, Udi, buduk) Tabasaran.

izilimi Dagestan morphologically tento awavumelekile. Kuzo awukho umahluko phakathi amafomu siqu futhi engenabuntu nesenzo. Izilimi eziningi Dagestani ezithinta izinhlobo eziningi Nokwehla futhi inamba yezimo.

igama Dagestani

Zonke izizwe Dagestani, kuhlanganise Kumyks babe cishe amagama efanayo. Singaqiniseki zingahluka. Kwenqwaba - ke igama Arab kuyinto. Okusanda sekube zokweboleka amagama siqu isiRashiya.

amagama amaningi Dagestani zigcinwa njengengxenye yomkhaya (clan). Zenziwa ngezilimi Dagestani nge Isijobelelo ekhethekile ubuningi. Ngokwesibonelo, e-Avar ulimi Isijobelelo -al: igama ilyas - Ilyasal (Ilyasova). Ngo Lak -hul ukusebenzisa isijobelelo egameni Ali - Alihul (Aliev).

Ukwakheka amagama ejwayelekile (tuhumnyh, umndeni) kuhlanganise izisekelo ezakha amazwi Dagestani, Emabitomvama namagama yobuhlanga, amagama ezindawo.

Nokwehla lwamagama

Ezilimini Dagestani nge inhlanganisela generic (igama-tuhum) negama siqu kwasekuqaleni ukubeka igama lisebuningini genitive, bese igama lomuntu siqu. Ngokwesibonelo: Ahmadhal Ali, Muhtarlany Gazhi.

izilimi Dagestani ukuvumela ukuba sithonye igama lomndeni ke, uma kungekho igama lomuntu siqu. Uma injena eduze tuhumnym (ejwayelekile) Khona-ke, njengoba umthetho, ukwehla kungenzeka, okungukuthi, igama azigcina kunjalo genitive, igama lokukufundza.

Lapho senza ezihlukahlukene imibhalo - kungaba iphasipoti, isitifiketi somshado, imethrikhi, isitifiketi, njll - .. Amagama omkhaya guqulela, Dagestan tijobelelo ke esikhundleni -ev isiRashiya, Female. Ngokwesibonelo: Abdullayev, Akhmedov, Omarov.

Dagestan izincwadi

Lezo zincwadi sezizwe Dagestan ahlukahlukene ngezilimi. Sekungamakhulu amaningi eminyaka sibangelwa ku kumykskom, Dargin, Avar, Lak, Tabasaran, Lezgin futhi Tat izilimi. Esimweni ngasinye kulezi zincwadi ekuqaleni kwakhiwa, lokhu kuncike kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni impucuko kanye nezenhlalakahle. Umlando izizwe Dagestan kubonakala e temdzabu: i lyrical futhi amaqhawe iculo, tinganekwane, amasiko, amazwi, izaga, legends. Abaningi babo igcwele nezifiso neyobuntu yelinyenti, kubonise emzabalazweni abantu ephikisana nabacindezeli. Ngakho, ngokwesibonelo, "iqembu Patima", Lak ingoma iyalandisa emzabalazweni ekhulwini th 13-14. nge amaMongol. Mayelana nempi yokulwa izinduna ukutshela Kumyk "Kartgochak", "Ingoma Aygaz".

I Dagestan inganekwane, epics yiqhawe iculo zomlando zihlanganisa Motifs inganekwane nezingoma bezinye izizwe saseGeorgia, Azerbaijan, eMpumalanga Ephakathi nase-Asia Ephakathi. Bekanye temdzabu 17-18 th eminyaka. ayenziwa isiko wokubhala zendawo Arabhu. Inkathi izinduna libhekene zemihla zomlando, izikhumbuzo tetemibhalo, azibhala ahlukahlukene ku kolimi kanye nesayensi yemvelo izihloko, konke kumele likhushulwe.

Ekhulwini le-17 elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni imibhalo wokuziphilisa lochwepheshe ukuthonywa esikoleni Dagestani mousse Kudutlya, shaaban kusukela usebe. Lapho, wafunda nefilosofi, ulimi Arabic, umthetho, izichazamazwi zadalwa, ngesikhathi esifanayo kwakukhona lokubhala amasampula kuqala. Izindlela yentuthuko izincwadi Dagestan usukela emuva zemihla zomlando Magomed Tahir al-ezinqoleni, Gadzhi Ali, Hasan Alkadari.

Kuye kwanyatheliswa izincwadi 19-20th eminyaka

Kakade ekhulwini le-19 kuya izincwadi Dagestani wabonisa isithakazelo esikhulu ososayensi Russian. It sidaliwe futhi benyathelisa izincwadi eziningi kwi umlando ethnography of Dagestan. "Derbent-igama" - edition endala yanyatheliswa Petersburg ngo 1851, uProfesa Kazembekom yahunyushwa ngesiNgisi, wenza ayinamazwana. Ngo 1898 e Tiflis, incwadi efanayo yanyatheliswa futhi olimini Russian. Ngaphezu kwalokho, "Derbent-igama" zihunyushelwe Lak ulimi.

Ngo-October wangonyaka Revolution-1917 ngonyaka yethulwa kuleli izincwadi Dagestan eziningi. Yaqala ukuthuthukiswa yayo okusheshayo. Phakathi Yombango, wazalwa wamavukelambuso, izingoma eziningi engabandlululi ukuthi bamdumisa iqembu lamaKhomanisi, inkululeko, lwabantu abavukelayo. Ngaphansi kokubusa kweSoviet, zonke izizwe Dagestan basekela Ngalezo zikhathi basungula ulimi olubhalwayo olufundisa wonkana. Izinyathelo kuqala elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni imibhalo post-mbuso ka-Dagestan benza abalobi ezifana H. Batyrmurzaev, uMnu Saidov. Ngaleso sikhathi, kube nephutha - sidumise amandla Soviet, afeze inkulumo-ze asebenzayo imibono yamaKhomanisi kanti ngesikhathi esifanayo ukuze adalule imibono nobutha wobunxiwankulu.

Phakathi neMpi Yezwe II Dagestan izimbongi futhi abalobi echazwe nezigigaba eziningi amasosha aseSoviet owalwela ezweni lenkaba yawo. imisebenzi eziningi zilotshwé nge izici isici abantu art. Ngaleso sikhathi, zadalwa imisebenzi enjalo ephawulekayo njengoba "front-line unkosikazi yesosha", "Ingoma Omakoti 'Tsadasa; "Izwi likanina," "Ngezinye amasango eCaucasus" Hajiyev; "Gamzatov Cannon salvos '; "Ukubona injabulo ibhalwe mountaineer 'amakamelo; "Ubusuku", "Dnepr", "Endleleni" Suleymanova.

Okwamanje, inhlangano abalobi Dagestan ingenye esikhulu kunazo zonke eRussia. Amalungu ayo Lihlanganisa izinto ezingaphezu kuka-140 izimbongi, ababhali bemidlalo bezincwadi eziqanjiwe, a baxgeki, abahumushi. I Union sinetigaba eziyisishiyagalolunye, inhloko ngamunye wabo kuyinto umbhali odumile odumo emhlabeni.