Omunye izilimi ezinkulu zase-Afrika. ulimi Famous Afrika

labantu Afrika isebenzisa enkulumweni yansuku zonke izilimi emakhulu asibhozo ukuthi sihluke kakhulu komunye nomunye futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo babe eziningi esifana ngazo phezu. Ezilimini nezwekazi ezishisa kakhulu emhlabeni zihlelwe zaba 4 imindeni: Afro-Asiatic, Niger-Congo (phambilini obuwaziwa ngo - Western Sudan), Nilo-Saharan futhi lomuThwa. Omunye oluphi ulimi Afrika ibizwa Kiswahili. Ngo East Africa le ulimi lwesigodi olukhulunywa ezingu-150.

umndeni-Afro-Asiatic

Ifonetikisi libhekene ukuntula amathoni ukuthi zikhona nezinye izilimi zezigodi ezivamile. Kufanele futhi usho laryngeal futhi pharyngeal amaqembu ungwaqa futhi ungwaqa njalo nazo kuyaqabukela esetshenziswa kwezinye izilimi.

Njengoba for izici zolimi nemisebenzi yazo, ngoba amagama nemisho yaleli qembu zinezikhathi isigaba nobulili tabito, kwehlisa ezinezici ngokobulili; Izindlela ezahlukene ukwakha bunyenti amagama (reduplication, tijobelelo kanye alternation unkamisa emagameni) futhi isenzo ngokungenasizathu amafomu (yokwenziwa, causative, iphendule, futhi abanye). ulimi ngalunye Afrika, oyingxenye egatsheni isiJuda umndeni-Afro-Asiatic, libhekene khona trehsoglasnyh izimpande.

Ezilimini leli qembu kuthiwa esakazwa phakathi kwezizwe lweNyakatho Afrika. Futhi linqobe empumalanga nezwekazi, okungukuthi, e-Ethiopia, Tanzania ezwekazini, ensimini ka Somalia naseMpumalanga Ephakathi. umndeni-Afro-Asiatic kuhlanganisa amagatsha amahlanu baseGibhithe lasendulo, Cushitic, zamaSemite, uthi namaBerber futhi Chadian. Lesi sakamuva kuhlanganisa omunye izilimi eziyinhloko Afrika - Zulu Hausa.

umndeni Nilo-Saharan

Imixhantela kuleli qembu kokuthona amakilasi ongenagama, nakuba abanye kubo ezimbili izinhlobo lolimi. Izilimi zase-Afrika umndeni Nilo-Saharan kuhlanganisa ngezenzo isethi bobunjwa ezingafanele. Ngezinye izikhathi igama usebenzisa icala uhlelo lwayo.

Amayunithi kungekho ukubaluleka neqembu elincane okunikeziwe Shari futhi subfamily Nile-Saharan. Lesi sakamuva kuhlanganisa zezigodi ezifana Isi-Kanuri (elisetshenziswa umbuso ongowokuzalwa Bornu), kanye oxidase futhi Ted, by labantu ezifundeni empumalanga yeSahara.

Niger-Congo umndeni

Isici esiphawulekayo kolimi ezilimi eziyimixhantela kuleli qembu amakilasi obhalisiwe kuholele ahlukahlukene affixes ubuningi kanye sisebunyeni. Izilimi zase-Afrika omndeni Niger-Congo, has a isabizwana kanye tiphawulo uvumelana amabizo we ekilasini lapho zibalwa. Njengoba ezilimini leli qembu, ngokungafani kuya-Europe, esikhundleni izizukulwane ezintathu (njengabesifazane, wesilisa futhi okungenabulili) abe omningi amakilasi kubhaliswe. Ngakho, izilwane basonta ekilasini elifanayo labantu - kwenye, futhi, ngokwesibonelo, izihlahla - lesithathu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kukhona ezinye amaqembu ukuthi akudingeki nsuku for ngezigaba semantic.

Cishe umndeni Niger-Congo ihlukaniswe 8 subfamilies. Lokhu-Atlantic, Mandingo, Aik, Ijaw, voltayskaya, East, Adamawa futhi Benue-Congo. Ingxenye yokugcina iyona legatsha babephinde basetshenziswe ulimi Afrika owaziwa - Swahili.

ngokuchofoza izilimi

Igama lalesi umndeni ulimi (phambilini obuwaziwa ngo - lomuThwa) yazuza sibonga amanothi esiyingqayizivele Clicky, ezisetshenziswa njengoba ongwaqa futhi isetshenziswa e-Afrika. Ukubhekisisa incazelo yalezi umsindo kuyadida: manje zabizwa njengezigqila ezingewona ama-zokuphefumula njengoba wasebenzisa oluncane noma abangenalo nhlobo emaphashini ngokumunca ukunyakaza. Okungukuthi, ziqhathaniswa implosive kanye nabongwaca alufakwa.

Eyokuqala amaqembu amathathu lapho umndeni lomuThwa, ebizwa ngokuthi i-Khoisan. Its kabanzi ezikhulunywa eNingizimu Afrika. Futhi, subfamily Khoisan sehlukaniswe enyakatho, eseningizimu nemaphakathi iqembu. On ngokuchofoza ngezilimi ezikhulunywa Hottentots futhi kwabaThwa. I subfamilies lesibili nelesithathu abashiwo Hatsu futhi Sandawe, sigodzi akhulunywa ingxenye labantu Tanzania.

Swahili - oluphi ulimi Afrika

Kiswahili - self, okuyinto livela Arabhu elithi sawāhil ( «Coast"). Ukusetshenziswa yesayensi kolimi weza kunalokho sekwephuzile - engxenyeni kwekhulu XIX yesibili. Ngalesi sikhathi, incazelo yokuqala izici lwetakhi telulwimi yavela. Ekupheleni kwekhulu efanayo kwakukhona kakade izichazamazwi Swahili nezincwadi zokufundisa.

Namuhla le ifundiswa amayunivesithi amaningi ezinkulu e-UK, USA, Japan, Germany, France nakwamanye amazwe. ETanzania, esikhungweni semfundo ka Dar-es-Salam, isikhungo okhuluma ekutadisheni Swahili. imisebenzi yayo futhi zihlanganisa ukushicilelwa umagazini, equkethe isiko, izincwadi kanye nezinye izindaba eziphathelene nolimi. Swahili kwaba isimo isimo ulimi Tanzania, Uganda naseKenya.

ngokubhala Contemporary isebenzisa zamagama Latin, okuyinto eyenzeka ngo-50s kwekhulu le-19 izithunywa zevangeli zaseYurophu. Ngekhulu leshumi, esikhundleni zamagama Latin kwaba incwadi starosuahiliyskoe (arabitsa), okuyothi ngalo yeqhawe ngobukhulu kwekhulu le-18 sabhalwa - ". The Book of uHeraclius" Alfabhethi iqukethe izinhlamvu 24, lapho kungekho X Q, futhi C isetshenziswa ch.

Indlu

kwebalingisi neziLimi ikhomba amathoni ezintathu ngolimi: eliphezulu, ongaphakeme wawa. Lwesigodi has ezimbili uchungechunge ongwaqa kanye eyektivny implosive. Phakathi izici ejwayelekile omkhaya i-Afro-Asiatic izilimi, Hausa amanothi conjugation prefixed futhi flexion yangaphakathi.

Ezinsukwini kwekhulu le-19 ngolimi esetshenziswa zamagama Arabic - Ajam. Kusukela 30s kwekhulu elidlule zaqala ukusetshenziswa zamagama, saliphi ulimi Latin. E-Nigeria, amazinga ulimi etemibhalo zisekelwe lwesigodi of Kano. Ngokuphathelene Republic of Niger, kusekhona alukho ulimi okubhaliwe.

Hausa - ulimi Afrika yokuxhumana interethnic, ikakhulukazi phakathi amaSulumane. Inombolo ephelele lwesigodi abathwali abantu abangaphezu kuka-24 million, ngakho-ke isibe kwekulu egatsheni Chadian. ulimi Hausa Afrika evelele enyakatho neNigeria kanye Republic of Niger. lwesigodi zisebenzisa umehluko kula mazwe amabili incwadi eyodwa nje. ƴ - ngakho kulotshiwe iNiger so'y elisetshenziswa Northern Nigeria.