Umhlaba chess iqhawe - inkosi yezwe chess

Abaningi eyaziwa ngokuthi ezemidlalo ulaka umzimba lifundisa kube eziqinile, ngesibindi sifinyelele umgomo. Nokho, lokhu akulona neze wonke. Ezemidlalo futhi kukusiza ukuba ayinyuse ekukhuleni. Isibonelo esihle iyona chess. Abantu abaningi ubheke lo mdlalo njengoba ukuzijabulisa enye yezindlela ukuba kudlule isikhathi. Uma ukungena ngokujulile, singabona ukuthi chess wumdlalo ehleliwe kakhulu futhi ethandwa. It has isigaba sabaphathi bayo siqu, izinhlangano eziningi ezahlukene ukuthi ukuqhuba tournaments ahlukahlukene futhi imincintiswano. Umehluko kusuka kwamanye chess zinhlobo esebenzayo kuphela Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi i-Olympic Games uhlu, awayona. Nakuba lolu hlobo isinxephezelo ukungenzi khona. Ngakho, njalo ngemva kweminyaka emibili e-Olympic izwe aphethwe, okuyinto edonsela hhayi kuphela chess Amaqhawe phakathi kwabesifazane kanye namadoda, kodwa futhi Wabasaqalayo abafuna ukubonisa ikhono zabo ezivelele

Umsuka ezemidlalo: Indian chaturanga

Kukhona nganekwane owawuthi lo mdlalo siqine ukuphila emphakathini. Kwasukasukela ngendlu eNdiya, Brahmin (umpristi) wadala Chaturanga - ukuzijabulisa, okwakuwuphawu ibhodi izikwele kushintshana umbala. La mangqamuzana embukisweni izibalo. Lo mdlalo lenzelwa nesithukuthezi esigodlweni senkosi - the Raja. Ukusungulwa limnandi kangaka kumuntu elibusayo ukuthi umklomelo wasikisela Brahmin akhethe noma yini ayithandayo. Futhi umpristi wabuza okusanhlamvu timidly. Kodwa ngendlela lokuthi ingqamuzana lokuqala ekuqaleni ebekwa luwuhlamvu lunye. Iseli sesibili ezimbili, yesithathu kwakudingekile ukubeka okusanhlamvu ezine nokunye. kamuva kwavela ukuthi kokusanhlamvu umbuso akwanele, ukuze ukhokhele isipho esimangalisayo Brahmin. Kancane kancane, lo mdlalo kushintshiwe kancane. Umehluko omkhulu kusuka chess Chaturanga inombolo abadlali. Uma abadlali ababili, umdlalo lasendulo ikuvumela ukuba sihlanganise amabili namabhuzu abantu iqhaza izinhlobo yesimanje. Izinyathelo e Chaturanga kunqunywa inkatho.

izinkampani ukuphathwa

Kancane kancane umdlalo chithi saka emhlabeni wonke. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi akekho umphakathi ongokwenkolo futhi sezombusazwe ngalutho lokhu ukuzijabulisa. Okwamanje, le nhlangano main ukwenza tournaments ezahlukene iyona International Chess Federation, Fide esifushanisiwe. It yasungulwa ku eko kwekhulu lamashumi amabili. Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yesibili yeminyaka, izwe chess iqhawe Garry Kasparov idale PCA - Professional Chess Association, eyathatha iminyaka emithathu kuphela. Nokho, esikhathini ezifana esifushane akwazi "ziqhubekele" eziningi abasubathi eqinile. Umhlaba chess iqhawe, abaqeqeshiwe futhi ulubonise ngayo ubuchwepheshe wakho ku PCA, kubhekwa a "iqhawe game zakudala."

Amathalente abantu abasha abavela eNorway

Nakuba kubhekwe umdlalo a inomlando omude yentuthuko, tournaments international eyayise kuso kamuva. Le mpi yokugcina ngokuba umqhele chess owawuse ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ezedlule. Lo mqhudelwano, owawusedolobheni Chennai, India, wabonisa izilaleli yalokho ekhexisayo. Ngokokuqala ngqá emlandweni Championships iwine womfanyana ezinjalo. Amabili nambili Norwegian Magnus Carlsen waklonyeliswa isihloko "Umhlaba Chess Champion." Ulwa fair a Grandmaster abasha iwine Indian master Vishvanatana Ananda. imidlalo Ngo eziyishumi nje mqhudelwano yaphela esivuna Grandmaster abasha. Namuhla, wamanje emhlabeni chess iqhawe kusukela Norway temabhodlela uhlu abadlali esivelele kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Lokhu yesibili simo ngemva Magnus Carlsen Levon Aronian kuyinto. Kuvalwa kwafika abaholi emithathu kusukela Vladimir waseRussia Kramnik. Ngaphandle izinto zokuzilibazisa sina chess, Magnus Carlsen ikufakazele ngokwayo ebhizinisini yokumodela. izithombe zakhe ngokuvamile kuhlobisa ikhava ethandwa magazini GQ.

Emuva ekhaya imidlalo

Owabe emhlabeni chess iqhawe, yazalwa ngo-India. Igama lakhe - Viswanathan Anand. Wanqoba isihloko umdlali best ezisezweni ngo-2007. Wazalelwa Grandmaster esimweni yeMadras ngo-1969. Thishela lokuqala engunina Indian. Wafundisa ikusasa edumile Enkulu amakhono setha "uhlaka". ngokushesha Viswanathan abe umdlali best e-India. Kusukela ngo-1993, u-Anand iqhaza tournaments ezihlukahlukene Championships izwe ngempumelelo. Isihloko "Umhlaba Chess Champion" wamaHindu uthola ngo-2007, eshaya uVladimir Kramnik. Ngemva konyaka, Viswanathan Anand kuqinisekisa isihloko sakhe aphikisanayo ngempumelelo Bonn. Ngo-2013, i-Indian weza endaweni Norwegian abasha.

amakhosi Sawubona Soviet

UVladimir Kramnik umphakathi olwaziwa ngokuthi nane emhlabeni chess iqhawe. Idolobha lasekhaya kuyinto abanamakhono Grandmaster Tuapse. Kukhona futhi uVladimir wazalwa ngo-1975. Kramnik ingenye labo ngenhlonipho futhi sibe nokuziqhenya ngobuzwe isihloko iqhawe "chess classical" ngokuvumelana Professional Chess Association. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uVladimir Borisovich kahle sifaneleka master Russian ezemidlalo kuleli fomu.

Ngo-1991, Kramnik wanikezwa isihloko International Grandmaster. Kuze kube kuleli qophelo impumelelo yakhe evelele yayinesihloko esithi iqhawe emhlabeni phakathi Juniors. UVladimir akuyona lolungenamaphutsa nje umelwe Russia at imincintiswano international eqenjini lesizwe.

Ukunqoba lokuqala owawubalulekile Kramnik kwakuwukunqoba ngo-2000. Labe eLondon, Russian ufake "Owakwami" ukuze compatriot yakhe, owedlule iqhawe emhlabeni Garry Kasparov. Ngemva kweminyaka emine, uVladimir ababehlangana kulelo ibhodi chess noPetru Leko. Ngemva kuyisikhathi eside abaseRussia bavikela isikhundla sakhe esiphakeme. Ngo-2006 Kramnik kuhlanganiswe ngokuvumelana PCA isihloko emhlabeni ngesihloko ofanayo Fide, ngokuwina ngendlela ubunye umdlalo Veselina Topalova. Ngemva konyaka edlula erenki eziphakeme bomdabu waseNdiya - Viswanathan Anand.

Nantathu World Champion

Enye sibalo sasivumela owaziwa emhlabeni chess kuyinto Garry Kasparov. Grandmaster wazalwa ngo-1963. Njengoba ayezalelwe Baku ekuqaleni wazala igama Weinstein. Ngokokuqala ngqá a chess ibhodi uyise watshala. Harry oko koneminyaka eyisihlanu. Ngo-1976 kwaba khona umcimbi sokuqala esibalulekile ekuphileni lomfana, waba iqhawe eU.SSR Chess Championship. Eminyakeni emibili kamuva Kasparov lolungenamaphutsa enqobile kulo mqhudelwano, "Sokolsky Memorial", owawusedolobheni Minsk. Ngalesi umcimbi, Harry iye yaklonyeliswa isihloko Master of Sports.

Ngo-1980, Kasparov eseqedile esikoleni nge wendondo yegolide. Ngawo lowo nyaka kwaba kodwa esinye isenzakalo esibalulekile empilweni osemusha. Ngo Dortmund, yena yanikezelwa isihloko iqhawe emhlabeni phakathi Juniors. Ngaleso sikhathi, Kasparov kwaba Grandmaster encane kunawo wonke waba emhlabeni.

Lapho ngineminyaka engu-nesishiyagalombili ithalente abasha iba iqhawe USSR. Okuphuma lokuqala GM kwezemidlalo omdala senzeka ngo-1984. Imbangi yakhe kwaba Anatoly Karpov. Dlala umdlalo zezwe chess iqhawe kwaba irekhodi e ubude. Imeshi kwadonsa izinyanga ezingu-eziningana, kusukela ngo-September 1984 kuya ku-February 1985. Lo mqhudelwano ukuthi iwine Karpov. Umhlangano olandelayo abaculi ababili owaqhutshelwa e-September 1985. Indawo mncintiswano kwaba eMoscow. Kulapha, uhlonzwe 13 emhlabeni chess iqhawe. Zaba Garry Kasparov, ababevuthuza odlule "Inkosi webhodi pawn" nge isikolo 13:11. Kuze ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili nanye, a Grandmaster abanamakhono ngokuphindiwe kubonakaliswa kulungile yayo ukuze ube ezinegunya yokuqala Fide inguqulo, bese ngokuvumelana PCA. Eminyakeni eyishumi nanhlanu ngemuva ezenzakalweni eziyingqopha-mlando Russian master mqhudelwano walahlekelwa ukuba compatriot wakhe uVladimir Kramnik. Ngakho, isihloko iqhawe emhlabeni yashayeka nayo elahlekile.

akuvezwe isihloko

Anatoly Karpov kuyinto nambili emhlabeni chess iqhawe. Wazalelwa emzini Russian of Zlatoust, wazalwa ngo-1951. Ngokusebenzisa uyise Karpov eneminyaka engu-iminyaka emihlanu, uqala ukufunda ngethemba ezweni chess. Ngezinye nane, Anatoly waba inkosi ezemidlalo kuleli fomu. Kuvele iqiniso elithakazelisayo ekutholeni isihloko iqhawe emhlabeni Karpov. Ukuba imiphumela emihle lokuzuziwe ukufana junior, ithalenta abasha eseke i midlalo ngamazwe. Imbangi yakhe kwakufanele kube Robert Dzheyms Fisher. Nokho, ngaphambi nje kokuqala umdlalo American linqaba. Ngakho, nambili iqhawe emhlabeni Anatoly Karpov wathola isihloko. Eminyakeni eyalandela, GM iye yakufakazela ukuthi uyakufanelekela ukugqoka isihloko okusezingeni eliphezulu okuholela. Chess umdlali kwenziwa kakhulu ngempumelelo at imincintiswano ehlukahlukene. Ngenxa ukunqoba kwakhe iMilan ngo-1975. Ukulandela ukunqoba Italian kwalandelwa kungekho kwentuthuko kancane umxhwele ku Manila, Rovinj-Zagreb nakwamanye amadolobha. Karpov kathathu iqhawe USSR. Grandmaster liveza nokuthi irekhodi lomhlaba ukuze onqobayo iningi. Phakathi naso sonke isikhathi sokuba khona lo mdlalo akekho oye wakwazi ukufeza imiphumela enjalo, okuyinto kwafinyelela Anatoly Karpov.

American Bobby

Robert Dzheyms Fisher - ngowokuqala emhlabeni chess iqhawe kusuka e-United States. kunjengoba Bobby umphakathi emhlabeni. Umagazini "Ulwazi Chess" okuthiwa umdlali best in the American kwekhulu lamashumi amabili. Isipho ukudlala chess kwasivulela udade. Bobby ngenkuthalo ekuthuthukiseni amakhono abo, futhi lapho ngineminyaka engu-nantathu wayinqoba isihloko US ngo chess entsheni. Ngemva konyaka, waphakamisa isimo lakhe ubuqhawe omdala, ekubeni lo msubathi kunani nonke ubani baphumelele kuyabamangaza e esemncane ezinjalo. Lapho ngineminyaka engu-nanhlanu, Fischer waba Grandmaster, eshiya i-umphumela Borisa Spasskogo, wathola isihloko eminyakeni eyishumi nesikhombisa. Nge endaweni efanayo futhi owokuqala chess umdlali Bobby Umhlaba Tournament. Ngo-1972, Fischer ubeka "uhlaka" we Grandmaster Soviet-French futhi uthola isihloko.

Owinile lweshumi ubuqhawe zomhlaba

Boris Spassky wazalwa ngo-1937 e-Leningrad. Ngafunda ukudlala chess eneminyaka engu-iminyaka emihlanu. Esikhathini zamashumi amahlanu kwekhulu lamashumi amabili Boris okokuqala uthatha iqhaza esigabeni sokugcina ubuqhawe wase-USSR futhi Ukukhalipha iwina. Ngawo lowo nyaka, Spassky waklonyeliswa isihloko International Grandmaster. Lapho ngineminyaka engu-iminyaka emashumi mathathu anamibini, waba izwe chess iqhawe kokunqoba Tigran Petrosian. Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva okuhambisa ezinegunya American Bobby Fischer.

grandmasters Soviet

Tigran Petrosian wazalwa ngo-1929 e Tbilisi. Isihloko ngamazwe Grandmaster chess Soviet wathola ngo-1952. Ngemva kwesikhashana iba Master ezazifanelwe wezeMidlalo zaseSoviet Union ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa. Ngu ngokuwina candidate Tournament 1962 Tigran uya emhlabeni jikelele. Kube wayinqoba isihloko emhlabeni elalingelamaFilisti phambi compatriot yakhe Mikhail Botvinnik. Ngemva kweminyaka eyisikhombisa, isihloko iya Borisu Spasskomu.

Uhlu abawinile Championships ezweni elalibuswa yizindinganiso eSoviet chess Amaqhawe kubantu emhlabeni. Ngaphezu kwalezi, nabo zihlanganisa Vasily Smyslov Aleksandr Alehin, Mikhail Tal futhi Mikhail Botvinnik. Lesi sakamuva iqhawe lokuqala Soviet kulo mdlalo.

Mikhail Botvinnik wazalwa ngo-1911 esifundazweni Vyborg. emva kweminyaka amathathu nesikhombisa-ukuzalwa kwakhe Mikhail iba izwe chess iqhawe kokunqoba Umphikisi kusukela Amsterdam Maksa Eyve. Kuyoze kube phakade iqhaza emncintiswaneni Botvinnik kudlalwa amaqembu neshumi nambili.

Ukudlulisa nezinye isihloko ngasinye

Kwandulelwe Mikhail Botvinnik, Maks Eyve - yesihlanu Umhlaba Chess Champion. okwazalelwa lakhe Amsterdam. Eminyakeni emine, umfana waba nesithakazelo chess. Lapho ngineminyaka eyishumi ubudala, waqala iqhaza imincintiswano. Futhi ngo-1935, u-Max Euwe waklonyeliswa isihloko emhlabeni chess iqhawe.

Isihloko wadlulela ke, ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso, sitholwa njengefa kusukela GM Aleksandra Alehina. Soviet chess umdlali u-Adalberto isikhathi eside ngokuqiniseka owayebusa nabanye abasubathi. Isihloko emhlabeni chess iqhawe Alekhine wathola emva umncintiswano unbeaten Hose Raulem Capablanca ngo-1927. Uma isihloko lulahlekile. Lokhu kwenzeka ngo-1935 emdlalweni ne Maksom Eyve. Nokho, ngemva kwesikhathi esithile isihloko kwabuyiselwa. Grandmaster Soviet kuyindoda kuphela emlandweni umdlalo, owafa Ezingakanqotshwa.

"I Turk"

Ngo-1888, yena Ngazalelwa eHavana Jose Raul Capablanca-no-Graupera. it is ngokuthi "I Turk" owaziwayo emlandweni chess. Ngakho Capablanca ngokuthi uvale amaphutha ngesikhathi amaqembu. I-Cuban iqhawe isihloko iwine ngo-1921. Imbangi yakhe kwaba Emanuel Lasker. Capablanca inselele Grandmaster ovelele iphutha eside ngaphambi mqhudelwano. Nokho, Lasker namanje abavumelani ukudlala ithalente abasha. Njengoba ziqiniseka ukuthi uJehova oletha ukunqoba, omunye ngemva komunye, axotshana Jose Raul, ngenkathi ngo-1927-ke awushayelana omdlalo Aleksandr Alehin. Khona-ke umqhele chess umbusi wezwe ushintshe umnikazi walo. Zaba ongowokuzalwa eSoviet Union.

Psychology futhi umdlalo

Okwesibili Umhlaba Chess Champion - Emanuel Lasker. Wazalwa ngo-1868 e-Germany. Ungumnikazi yerekhodi ezimangalisayo emhlabeni chess: isihloko league German kwakungekaNkulunkulu iminyaka engamashumi amabili nesikhombisa. Lokhu akukaze kwenzeke emlandweni lo mdlalo. ososayensi abaningi abayibiza ngokuthi Lasker "iphayona" emkhakheni indlela ngokwengqondo ukuze lo msebenzi we-chess. Ngo-1894 e-World Championship e-New York Emanuel ahlula kuqala. Yena waklonyeliswa isihloko iqhawe. Wenzé izenzo ngempumelelo oneminyaka engu-68.
Ngo-1836, ePrague wazalwa Vilgelm Steynits - ngowokuqala emhlabeni chess iqhawe. Izimfundiso zakhe waba nethonya elikhulu ngokwengeziwe ekukhuleni kahle wonke umlando-chess. isihloko Umhlaba wanikwa Steinitz eseluphele kunalokho ovuthiwe. Ngaleso sikhathi wayesevile eminyakeni engu engamatshumi amahlanu.