'Bulygin Duma'

By engxenyeni yokugcina yekhulu le-19, uhulumeni waseRussia ngokuya uyazi ukuthi isikhathi siyasondela ukuguqulwa isimo ku amakhosi ohlanga eyakhelwe ngaphezu komthethosisekelo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo lo imibuthano elibusayo wafuna ukuhlanganisa izinguquko kancane kwezomnotho esekelwe emakethe futhi elidala bezimiso zezombangazwe, ethulwa ngesimo kobukhosi ngokuphelele.

Ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 ngaphansi sasivumela eqinile ingcindezi ezizivelelayo ukuphikiswa ovulekile uhulumeni waphoqeleka ukuba "a sokuvuselelwa" iKomidi Ukwakhiwa State. Kulokhu izinguquko ukuwela ezandleni mibuthano okuyiwona ukusungulwa kanye isingeniso somthethosisekelo ePhalamende zazilingana ekulahlekelweni omnipotence zezombusazwe. Yiqiniso, uMbusi nabantu abasondelene naye, ukuthuthukisa amaphrojekthi kanye nezinhlelo ukusungulwa umzimba omele yezwe, ngokuyinhloko usekelwe emisebenzini yasemahhovisi izithakazelo zabo siqu. Yingakho uHulumeni Okokuqala. Duma kwamiswa njengoba kanzima futhi isikhathi eside izimo ukusetshenziswa amathuba ahlukahlukene emibuthano isinqumo ukubambezela le nqubo.

Ngo-1905, waqala ukuthuthukisa ngempela ukushayisana abukhali maphakathi no-February emphakathini. Februwari 18, uNicholas II wakhipha isimemezelo. Kuyo ememezela inhloso ukuheha abantu, abakhethwe labantu ukuba iqhaza engxoxweni nokuthuthukiswa owandulelayo iziphakamiso zomthetho. Kulokhu, uMbusi ubeka imigomo "esisemqoka ekulondolozweni ohlanga ukugcwala kwalo mbuso."

Ukusetshenziswa kwalo ukusungulwa waphathiswa emhlanganweni okhethekile, usihlalo ngu-Alexander ngaleyo Bulygin. Lena kwaba nomhlangano okhethekile futhi bahlakulele project ukwakha umzimba omusha omele (okuyinto ke ngokuthi "Bulygin Duma"). Kwadingeka isimo umzimba omusha zakonosoveschatelnogo. Ekupheleni cishe izinyanga eziyisithupha mpikiswano (ngokuhamba ezinabantu abaningi eduze umbusi wafuna ngangokunokwenzeka ukuze kukhawulwe kwesokudla Duma) wagcina wakhipha Manifesto.

Ngokuhambisana umzimba ummeleli we lizwe kwamiswa njengendlela "ukusungulwa zakonosoveschatelnogo". "Bulygin Duma" kwamiswa hhayi kuphela iqhaza engxoxweni iziphakamiso zomthetho. Lokhu umzimba sinikezwe ilungelo uhlole izindleko umdwebo bese izimali, ukubuza imibuzo kuHulumeni, kanye ibonisa ngokungemthetho emsebenzini iziphathimandla. Kulokhu, akukho izinqumo zithathwa "Bulygin Duma", awazange ngibopha futhi uhulumeni noma i-Emperor yena.

Ekunqumeni yokhetho uhlelo Onjiniyela esekelwe isakhiwo ezazikhona iminyaka engamashumi amane edlule. Njengoba ngaleso sikhathi, zamaphini abakhethelwa "imihlangano ukhetho". Abavoti nazo ihlukaniswe curiae ezintathu: izakhamizi ezisemadolobheni, abalimi nabanikazi bemihlaba. Ukuze izakhamuzi ukhetho-esiteji amabili, amathathu indlela bomhlaba kanye abalimi ukuba ezine. Ukhetho babe akulingani, jikelele kanye oqondile.

Ngamazwi kukaLenin, "Bulygin Duma" kwaba ihlaya okwakusobala kakhulu futhi elingenakuphikwa ukumelwa kwabantu. Ukuze izimiso zalo owasungula bebelokhu sesiphelelwe yisikhathi.

Iningi Liberals, kanye zonke ukunyakaza yezinguquko futhi la mazwe amemezela ngazwi linye izinhloso zayo duba umzimba omusha ummeleli. Bavuma ukuthatha ingxenye okhethweni, ethi ukusetshenziswa amalungelo abo angokomthetho ukuze ngenjongo yokudalula "ubuze psevdonarodnye psevdopravitelstva".

Ukubiza of the First State Duma akazange athathe indawo. Isimo indikimba entsha omele akazange ukwanelisa ukunyakaza emelene nohulumeni. Ngenxa yalokho, leli zwe like eza eziya ziba zimbi amandla esibucayi, ekwindla ka-1905 (ngo-Okthoba) okwaholela esitelekeni zezombusazwe zonke isiRashiya. Ngenxa ukuthuthukiswa ngokushesha we ukuqhuma wamavukelambuso emibuthano elibusayo baphoqeleka ukuba athambise isandla endabeni isimo esizayo umzimba ummeleli.