Izinguquko ovulekile zeminyaka 60-70 yekhulu le-19 uMbuso Russian

U-Alexander II waba umbusi kuzo zonke Russias, amaPolish King futhi Grand UMbusi Finland esikhathini kusukela ngo-1855 kuya ku-1881. Weza kusukela Romanov lwamakhosi.

U-Alexander II lakhunjulwa njengenhlangano Innovator oluvelele, siqhuba kwekuhlela kabusha ovulekile zeminyaka 60-70 yekhulu le-19. Iqiniso ukuthi aye athuthuka noma saba sibi kakhulu isimo kwezenhlalo noma kwezomnotho nezombusazwe ezweni lethu, izazi-mlando namanje phikisana. Kodwa indima kombusi kunzima overestimate. Hhayi lutho kule historiography Russian ke njengoba u-Alexander umkhululi waziwa. Lesi sihloko zokuhlonipha kwaba umbusi ukuqedwa serfdom. U-Alexander II wabulawa ukuhlasela kwamaphekula, umthwalo okwakuthatha izishoshovu zenhlangano "Yabantu Will".

kabusha zokwahlulela

Imibhalo Okubalulekile ukuthi ngokuyinhloko ushintshe uhlelo lwezobulungiswa eRussia yanyatheliswa ngo-1864. Kwakuyisikhathi isimiso sokwahlulela. Lapha kulapho izinguquko ovulekile we 60-70s kwekhulu XIX uvele eliqhakaze ngempela. Lokhu isimiso Wawugujelwani uhlelo enkantolo enobunye, umsebenzi eyayintula manje zingahambelani isimiso ukulingana kwazo zonke tigaba phambi komthetho. Manje umhlangano, okuyinto kubhekwane zombili izimo civil kanye nomthetho wezobugebengu abaye baba umphakathi, kanye nemiphumela yabo kumele ashicilelwe abezindaba ukuphrinta. Amaphathi namacala banikezwe ilungelo ukuze kwezomthetho, kanye ephakeme imfundo zomthetho hhayi kwahulumeni.

Naphezu emisha ebalulekile kuhloswe ngazo ukuqinisa uhlelo isicebi, kodwa izinguquko ovulekile zeminyaka 60-70 of izinsalela kwekhulu le-19 walondoloza serfdom. Ukuze Abalimi ukudala izinkantolo County ezikhethekile, okuyinto njengesijeziso ungase ukhethe nokushaywa. Uma sicabangela izinqubo lezombusazwe, ekujezisweni zokuphatha babe akunakugwenywa, ngisho noma leso sinqumo khona ukukhululwa.

Zemstvo kabusha

U-Alexander II wayezazi isidingo izinguquko ohlelweni lohulumeni basekhaya. kwekuhlela kabusha Liberal 60-70-yalolucwaningo kuholele ukudalwa emizimbeni akhethwe Zemsky. Babefanele ukubhekana nezindaba ezihlobene intela, ukunakekelwa kwezokwelashwa, imfundo yamabanga aphansi, ezezimali, nokunye. D. Ukhetho esifundeni kanye Zemstvo amabhodi yayiqhutshelwa izigaba ezimbili futhi ahlinzeke iningi izihlalo kuzo izicukuthwane. Abalimi inikezwa indima encane ekuxazululeni izinkinga zendawo. Lesi simo siqhubeka kuze ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19. A ushintsho oluncane olinganise izuzwe engena emkhandlwini kulaks nabahwebi, eyavela ingemuva ongumlimi.

Zemstvos akhethwe iminyaka emine. Bakhandwa bekwi-nezindaba zohulumeni basekhaya. Kuzo zonke izimo, kuthinta izithakazelo we abalimi, kwenziwa isinqumo esivuna kulendawo.

kabusha lempi

We namatha ku izinguquko futhi ibutho. Izinguquko ovulekile zeminyaka 60-70 kwekhulu le-19 abangu eshukunyiswa isidingo sesimanje esiphuthumayo kwemishini lempi. ukuguqulwa Kwaholela D. A. Milyutin. Reform senzeka ngezigaba eziningana. Ekuqaleni, yonke Izwe lahlukaniswa laba izifunda lempi. Ngenxa yalesi yanyatheliswa eziningi imibhalo. Central kwaba ukulawulwa oku ukubuthelwa empini, esisayinwe umbusi 1862. Esikhundleni izinsizwa zibe ibutho ukugqugquzela jikelele, kungakhathaliseki amakilasi. Injongo eyinhloko yawo izinguquko kwakuwukunciphisa isibalo amasosha e sokuthula futhi ikhono ngokushesha ngiziqoqele uma kwaqubuka ezingalindelekile impi.

Ngenxa yalokho yalezi zinguquko Imiphumela lifinyelelwe:

1. Wasungula Inethiwekhi ebanzi yophathina ezempi kanye ubusosha izikole, okwakuhilela abameleli wonke amakilasi.
2. inombolo sebutho sasifisa kwehle ngo-40%.
3. ekomkhulu lesifunda Military yasungulwa.
4. Ibutho uyekwa isiko ka kuhlawuliswa ngokuba icala kancane.
5. kabusha Global.

kabusha ongumlimi

Serfdom ngesikhathi sokubusa kuka-Alexander II licishe waphila isikhathi eside ukudlula uqobo. Russian Empire labetibambile kwekuhlela kabusha ovulekile 60-70. XIX leminyaka nge umgomo oyinhloko ukwakha isimo okuthuthukile futhi ophucuzekile. Kwakunzima ukuba nomthelela ebaluleke kakhulu emkhakheni kwezenhlalo ukuphila. Izinxushunxushu ongumlimi luya luqina, sasiba sibi kakhulu emva kokuqeda neMpi YaseCrimea. Isimo ukuvusela kulesi sigaba sabantu ukwesekwa ekulweni. Abalimi babeqiniseka ukuthi umvuzo lokhu kuzoba ukukhululwa kwawo kusukela nangobudlova mhlaba, kodwa badumala. Bayanda nezibhelu Kwagqashuka. Uma ngo-1855 kwakunabamemezeli 56, ngaleso sikhathi e-1856-m inombolo kudlulwe kakade 700.
U-Alexander II ngaphambilini ukudalwa iKomiti ezikhethekile ku ongumlimi Affairs, ezazihlanganisa abantu 11. Ehlobo lika-1858 iphrojekthi kabusha yethulwa. Wasikisela amakomiti ukuhlela emkhakheni, okwakuba khona kuyo abameleli onegunya kunabo elite ahlukile. Banikezwa ilungelo ukuchibiyela okusalungiswa.

Isimiso esiyisisekelo lapho izinguquko ovulekile zeminyaka 60-70 yekhulu le-19 emkhakheni serfdom, kwaba ukuqaphela ukuzimela siqu zonke izakhamuzi zalo mbuso aseRussia. Nokho, kulendawo babe abanikazi okugcwele abanikazi bomhlaba lapho abalimi emsebenzini. Kodwa ngesikhathi sokugcina, banikezwa ithuba ukuze ahlenge izwe, okuyinto basebenza kanye izindlu kanye zokuhlala. Le phrojekthi uye wabangela igagasi intukuthelo phezu ingxenye kulendawo, futhi kusukela kubantukazana. Lesi sakamuva yayiphambana ukukhululwa abangenamihlaba, bethi "emoyeni ofanayo ngeke ngokugcwele."

Esaba kwengxabano isimo, kuhambisana yokuvukela nabalimi abancane, uhulumeni uzoba basuse eningi. Entsha project kabusha kwadingeka eziwukweqisa. Abalimi banikwa inkululeko izwe unomphela, kulandele ukukhetha ukuthenga. Ukuze wenze lokhu, obolekisayo zohlelo concessional lakhiwe.

19/02/1861, uMbusi wasayina Manifesto, okuyinto umthetho emisha. Emva kwalokhu kwase kwamukelwa neziqondiso ukuthi imininingwane kuxazululwe izinkinga ezivukayo ngokuhamba ukugcwaliseka kabusha zibe practice. Ngemva serfdom uyekwa, kwakunokwenzeka ukuba kuzuzwe imiphumela elandelayo:

1. Abalimi wathola ukuzimela siqu, kanye nekhono ukulahla ngokuphelele zonke izimpahla zabo bebodwa.
2. I kulendawo babe abanikazi ofanele ezweni labo, kodwa ziye zaphoqeleka ukuba anikeze serf yangaphambili Holdings ezithile.
3. Ukuze ukusetshenziswa komhlaba yaqashiswa abalimi kwakudingeka akhokhe intela, okuyindawo kwakungenakwenzeka ukuba senqabe iminyaka eyisishiyagalolunye.
4. Ubukhulu of serfdom futhi baba ezilotshwe izitifiketi ekhethekile ukuthi eliqinisekisiwe imizimba umlamuli.
5. Abalimi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ungase ukuhlenga izwe labo isivumelwano ne umninindlu.

kabusha imfundo

Kuye kwakushintsha kanye kuloluhlelo lwemfundo. realschule zadalwa lapho, ngokungafani lolimi ejwayelekile, ukugcizelela wabekwa-mathematics nesayense kungenza zemvelo. Ngo-1868, eMoscow laqala ukusebenzela kuphela ngesikhathi izifundo ephakeme kwabesifazane, lapho kuye kwasusa umgoqo omkhulu maqondana namalungelo okulingana ngobulili.

nezinye kwekuhlela kabusha

Ngaphezu kwakho konke lokhu okungenhla, izinguquko ezenziwe nezinye sphere eziningi zokuphila. Ngakho, kwelulwe kakhulu amalungelo amaJuda. Bathuthe ngokukhululekile emikhawulweni yonke yakwa-Russia bavunyelwa. Ilungelo ukuhambisa futhi umsebenzi okukhethekile etholwe nezihlakaniphi, odokotela, abameli kanye netingcweti temsebenti.

Ucwaningo eningiliziwe izinguquko ovulekile 60-70-yalolucwaningo kwekhulu XIX, ebangeni 8 esikoleni esiphakeme.