Yini izingqimba Zomhlaba kuthiwa zikhona? Amagama kanye nezici amagobolondo emhlabeni

Isakhiwo iplanethi yethu akuyona iyunifomu. Omunye siqukethe izingqimba eziningana, kuhlanganise ulwelwesi okuqinile futhi uketshezi. Kanjani ngokuthi zamatshe Ngomhlaba? Bangaki-ke kubo? Uyini umehluko ukuphelela komunye nomunye? Asivume.

Njengoba izingqimba Zomhlaba kwakhiwa?

Phakathi amaplanethi eliwumhlaba (Mars, Venus, Mercury) Izwe has kwekulu isisindo, ubukhulu kanye kwabantu. Yasungulwa iminyaka engaba yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane 4.5 edlule. Ngokusho kwenye inguqulo, iplanethi yethu, kanye nezinye, kwakheka izinhlayiya ezincane ukuthi kwavela ngemuva kwe-Big Bang.

Uma izicucu zezinsimbi zanda, uthuli negesi waqala coalesce bedle-gravity kanye nokuphenyisisa atholwe ukuma eyindilinga. Proto yayiyisizinda red-hot futhi yancibilika falling minerals wakhe nezinsimbi. izinto denser wehlela isikhungo kule planethi, kancane obukhulu wakhuphukela phezulu.

Ngakho-ke sengathi izingqimba lokuqala Earth - umnyombo futhi isiphuku. Ndawonye nabo, futhi kwakukhona amandla kazibuthe. Kumi esiqongweni sezindawo isiphuku kancane kancane selehlile futhi camera ifilimu, kamuva elaba amagxolo. Kule nqubo yokuchaza iplanethi kumiswa kwakungesona isiphelo, isimiso, bayaqhubeka namuhla.

Amagesi kanye ogobhozayo isiphuku njalo waphula ngaphandle ngokusebenzisa ezidabula e cortex. weathering yabo eyinhloko kwakheka umoya. Khona-ke, kanye hydrogen ne-helium, kwaba eningi ye-carbon dioxide. Amanzi, ngokusho version, eyavela kamuva kwi ukufingqa ice owaletha asteroyidi kanye lezinkanyezi ezinomsila.

core

izingqimba Umhlaba ethulwa core isiphuku nebhalsamu namagxolo. Ahluke nezici zabo. Le planethi maphakathi core. It wafunda ngaphansi kuka nezinye wrappers, kanye nalo lonke ulwazi ngawo, nakuba ucwaningo, kodwa namanje ezizathwini. Izinga lokushisa ngaphakathi core ifinyelela-10 000-degree, ngakho ukufinyelela kuyo, ngisho ne-ubuchwepheshe best akunakwenzeka okwamanje.

Core amanga ngesikhathi of 2,900 km ukujula. Kuthathwa ngokuthi ke inezendlalelo emibili - zangaphakathi nezangaphandle. Ndawonye banawo engaba isilinganiso 3.5 izinkulungwane amakhilomitha futhi aqukethe zensimbi ne-nickel. Kusolwa ukuthi umnyombo ingaqukatha sulphur, i-silicon, i-hydrogen, carbon, i-phosphorus.

Isendlalelo bangaphakathi esimeni sayo okuqinile ngenxa ibhekene nengcindezi enkulu. Usayizi engaba yayo ilingana u-70% engaba inyanga, okuyinto mayelana 1200 km. Umnyombo ongaphandle siyisifiso ketshezi. Siqukethe hhayi kuphela yensimbi, kodwa futhi sulphur ne-oksijini.

core lokushisa yangaphandle zokhahlamba kusuka 4 kuya kwezingu 6 degrees. uketshezi lwakhe butjhilweni futhi ngaleyo ndlela sithinta ensimini eMhlabeni magnetic.

isiphuku

Isiphuku izungeza core futhi ezingeni isilinganiso e isakhiwo planethi. Ayisatholakali ucwaningo eqondile futhi wafundelwa esebenzisa izindlela Geophysical futhi geochemical. Kuthatha cishe 83% emhlabeni. Ngalé kwalokhu okubonayo kwezilwandle walo engenhla amanga ngesikhathi amakhilomitha amaningana ukujula ngaphansi amazwekazi, lezi zibalo ukwandisa amakhilomitha 70.

It ihlukaniswe yaba izingxenye eliphezulu aphansi phakathi lapho ungqimba Golicina. Njengoba izingqimba engezansi umhlaba, isiphuku has lokushisa eliphezulu - kusuka 900 kuya 4000 degrees. Ukuvumelana kuyinto viscous, kwabantu kolbeletsya yayo kuncike izinguquko chemical nezingcindezi.

Ukubunjwa isiphuku njengomuntu emkhathini omahhadla. Iqukethe silicates, i-silicon magnesium, aluminium, insimbi, potassium, i-calcium grospydites Carbonatites futhi ezingafaneleki eziqukethwe uqweqwe. Ngaphansi kwethonya lokushisa oqinile ezingeni eliphansi, amaminerali abaningi ukubola zibe oxides nesiphuku.

Olwelwesini Umhlaba

Ngenhla isiphuku iyona Moho esisho umngcele phakathi amagobolondo ezahlukene amakhemikhali ukwakheka. Kulesi ingxenye zokuzamazama komhlaba Isivinini inyuka ngokucijile. Isendlalelo engenhla iqukethe uqweqwe eMhlabeni.

I yangaphandle ingxenye igobolondo nabo hydrosphere kanye nomkhathi planethi. Ngaphansi izilwandle ke kuba ohlabayo okuningi kunalapho esezweni. Mayelana 3/4 amanzi ayo izembozo. uqweqwe isakhiwo kufana uqweqwe amaplanethi eliwumhlaba NENYANGA kancane. Kodwa kuphela eplanethini yethu sehlukaniswe yezwekazi futhi wasolwandle.

I uqweqwe wasolwandle kuqhathaniswa abasha. Eziningi zazo imelelwa rocks basaltic. I ukujiya ungqimba ezingxenyeni ezahlukene olwandle kusukela amakhilomitha 5 kuya 12.

I uqweqwe yezwekazi siqukethe izingqimba ezintathu. Ezansi kukhona granulites nye shushuzela metamorphic ezinjalo. Ngaphezu kwazo wembozwe egwadle futhi gneiss. Izinga eliphezulu siqukethe amatshe sedimentary. I uqweqwe yezwekazi yakhiwa e ngezithako zawo izakhi 18, kuhlanganise ne-hydrogen, umoya-mpilo, i-silicon aluminium, insimbi, i-sodium kanye nabanye.

lithosphere

Enye yezindawo we imvilophi ezindawo planethi - the lithosphere. Iletha ndawonye izingqimba Zomhlaba ezifana isiphuku engenhla kanye uqweqwe. Futhi sichazwa njengenani igobolondo kanzima planethi. Uhlonze lwalo ingamakhilomitha angu-30 amakhilomitha 70 kuya emathafeni ezintabeni.

I lithosphere uhlukaniswe isiteji ozinzile futhi ezihambayo esifundeni eligoqiwe, futhi izingxenye zazo zitholakala ezintabeni nezintaba-mlilo. I engenhla ungqimba okuqinile igobolondo kwakhiwa magma ukusakaza ukuthi wafohla uqweqwe we nesiphuku. Nale lithosphere siqukethe crystalline amatshe.

Kuyinto kuncike izinqubo zangaphandle Zomhlaba, weathering ezinjalo. Izinqubo e isiphuku hhayi abohle wentaba-mlilo lapho kubonakala nomsebenzi zokuzamazama komhlaba, ukunyakaza amapuleti lithospheric, isakhiwo entabeni. Lokhu, futhi kuthinta nokwakheka lithosphere.