Baraque kaPetru. Izimpawu Baroque

Petersburg, njengelinye lamazwe omncane imizi emikhulu yezwe, kuyinto zamagama okuyingqayizivele ngempela kokuphila izitayela yobuhle endala ngamasiko Western futhi Russian. Ochwepheshe bathi isitayela lakhe kwezobuciko ukuthi okuqukethwe kwenkathi yomsuka kusengaphambili. Phela, lo muzi waphinde wadala ekuqaleni kwekhulu nesikhombisa, okungase kube nomthelela ukubukeka kwayo.

Yakhelwe intando angenakuvinjwa andodanye - Petra Velikogo, yena sathatha bonke ukwehluka bokwakha yaseYurophu. isimo saKhe yadalwa umqondo wokugcina Tsar Russian bedle Frantsa Leforta futhi Vinius - osomabhizinisi Dutch, eyayinawo iqoqo elikhulu imidwebo kanye yezicathulo. Ziyakwazi European futhi, ngokukhethekile, edolobheni i-Dutch lapho ngokucacile kakhulu kubonakala izakhiwo entshonalanga kwekhulu le-17 bachazwa.

Izimpawu Baroque

Lokhu izakhiwo, okuyinto abalandeli bokwakha classical isikhathi eside akambonanga njengenhlangano ezimele, uvele Europe ekuqa- ngasekupheleni Renaissance. Kwaba sengathi ukuqhubeka nokwakheka kwalo. Ngokwezinga elithile, lesi sitayela bokwakha kungenziwa ngokuthi ukubuyela nefilosofi. izici zako ezisemqoka ezisetshenzisiwe ekhululekile futhi utalagu. the enyukele umqondo futhi insizwa iqalise abaklami kwesikhathi, okwenza lesi sakhiwo imininingwane amahle kakhulu futhi ecebile kwezobuciko. Indlela izindlela ezehlukene ezithakazelisayo baqamba ukwakhiwa luyakhohlisa ngempela.

ulwazi olujwayelekile

"Baraque kaPetru" - nkulumo-mlando yobuciko ukuze isitayela yezakhiwo, evunyiwe uPeter Omkhulu ngu. It is kabanzi ngenxa yezakhiwo kuleli ke dolobha - Petersburg.

Eminyakeni 1697-1698, uPeter Omkhulu wavakashela Embassy of Netherlands, ikakhulukazi e-Amsterdam. Lo muzi babathanda kombusi nge esiqinile ezitaladini radially kuhlelwe, imigqa yakhe eyindilinga eziteshini. Amsterdam mbumbulu ewumngcingo ekupheleni okusezingeni eliphezulu wangenela gables elingunxantathu, imibhoshongo noma uphahla round. izakhiwo Traditional Dutch kwekhulu le-17 libhekene ukusetshenziswa okunjalo zokuhlobisa ochotshoziwe oda izakhi, efana zamafasitela cornices, pilasters, volutes inthanethi. Lokhu sekwenze kwaba lula ukwakha nenhle futhi zemikhosi, kuhlanganiswe ibhizinisi nesizotha futhi isithombe yedolobha.

Peter kwaba behlanyiswa umqondo wokuthi Russia kungenzeka ukujoyina amazwe aseNtshonalanga ophucukile, ukulandela indlela European, zezombusazwe hhayi kuphela noma kwezomnotho, kodwa futhi ukuthuthukiswa kakhulu kwamasiko. Futhi yingakho emenywa ukuba asebenze-dolobha yakhe entsha kwabaningi abaklami abadumile, Okugweda futhi abadwebi.

Petrovsky Maniram

Ngisho negama lalo kucace ukuthi ukubukeka kwazo ezweni lethu, lesi sitayela emangalisayo ubophekile ukuba umbusi wokuqala Russian. baraque kaPetru kwakuwukwenza nenye izindawo Italian of the gama elifanayo ne ekuqaleni classicism French futhi Rococo. Uhlelo Lokufaka Lwe-ngamunye, ngubani wacelwa ukuba Petersburg, kwaba isiko esikoleni sakhe yezakhiwo. Yingakho baraque kaPetru ibonisa hhayi Amathrendi ngempela kucace kwesikhathi.

UPetru sinesifiso esikhulu ukuze ujike umuzi wabo ku amahle kakhulu futhi kwaba isizathu ukuthi phakathi nokubusa kwakhe waba Baroque isiqondiso yezakhiwo ayisisekelo. Design and ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo ngale ndlela, olubizwa nangokuthi Maniram kaPetru, Petersburg ngoba namakhulu eminyaka ambalwa alandela Uchaze ukuthuthukiswa izakhiwo.

Izici

Umbusi wokuqala Russian wafuna ungasuki isiko izakhiwo WaseByzantium. Isikhathi ukwakheka isiqondiso ewela ngekhulu le-17. ngaleyo ndlela isitayela Baroque kaPetru ehlukile kancane kusukela prototype zaseYurophu. Ngokuyinhloko-ke kuyinto - rationality, ecacile futhi engeyona inkimbinkimbi.

Esinye sezici eziyinhloko esiwuphawu agcwele Petrine izakhiwo baraque - a ezimbili-tone upende izakhiwo: obomvu nomhlophe. Esinye isici - incazelo Planar lokubhalela.

Izakhiwo zokuqala babe maqhugwane Petersburg, kanye izakhiwo sokhuni, e izakhiwo zabo afana entshonalanga isigamu-izingodo. Zazifuna usimende imidwebo. Ngakho-ke, izakhiwo ezinjalo, ngisho akhiwe "nge ukugqagqana" wayengenza imifanekiso ongaphakeme olubunjiwe izingxenye noma emaceleni futhi pilasters kanye nomnyango ozimele.

incazelo isitayela

baraque kaPetru libhekene ukusetshenziswa izakhi Tuscan zakudala noma laseKorinte, siqala endaweni incazelo ukuzikhohlisa kakhulu futhi zakudala ngaphezulu. Okuningi abavamile 'izindwani "elula Russian ukuthi esikhundleni pilasters namakholomu. Namafasitela anezinhlaka architraves profiled - ngokuvamile mhlophe on isizinda obomvu, ne ukuqina isici, izindlebe, usebenzisa phezulu le Capstone. I amakhona igama lesakhiwo esikulesi isitayela Baroque, futhi kwezinye izimo, futhi esitezi sokuqala, wenza rustication.

Lokhu samaholide nenhle ukubukeka abaklami kulekelelwa imininingwane eminingi encane yezakhiwo ezifana izinhlaka, curls futhi balustrades. Ukusetshenziswa kwazo zonke izingxenye zomzimba projecting nomnsalo emise noma ephuma kabili isiyingi pediments kubhekwe saziso. Ngakho, ongaboni eyinkimbinkimbi futhi roofline lufinyelele ezingeni eliphezulu.

Ngokulinganayo laliwukuthi futhi ukufakwa eziqoshiwe kanye isitsha sezimbali. Emithambekeni abaklami efakwe dormer. Kusukela engxenyeni engenhla izakhiwo eziningi atholwe yingcebo ngalé zokuhlobisa futhi eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu.

abaklami Baroque

Ngisho ngaphambi kokusungulwa uPetru Petersburg kanye amanxusa akhe kulo lonke elaseYurophu waqala ukuqasha abantu bakwamanye amazwe: abaklami izinqaba, onjiniyela. Esigabeni sokuqala zonke izakhiwo emzini zakhelwe phezu amaphrojekthi abaklami angaphandle abeza akhonze eRussia. Futhi ngowokuqala phakathi kwawo kwakukhona Domenico Trezzini esakhile izakhiwo edume kunazo Petersburg, amelela isitayela Petrine Baroque. Photo uPetru noPawulu Cathedral - ubufakazi obucace njengalobu. insimbi wayo umbhoshongo kuyinto eziphakeme evelele Petersburg. Faceted Spire eyayibhalwe the Cathedral of Slots esiguqubele esibhakabhakeni njengoba kuqhathaniswa elikhulu imigqa ezimfushane iNeva embankments.

lombhishobhi Analog bokwakha Western cishe ayikho. Uzizwa ngendlela efana kuphela Spire ezisontekile sise isakhiwo Exchange Copenhagen, ngesisekelo okuyinto kulele godu isitayela Baroque. Izithombe wale mithandazo, kodwa-ke, kungenye ubufakazi iqiniso lokuthi Petersburg embhoshongweni ukuhluka: kokubili ubukhulu bawo ukuma faceted.

Phakathi abakhi lokuqala owadala baraque kaPetru, wona angakaJehova, ngaphezu Trezzini, futhi Jean-Baptiste Leblond futhi Schlüter, futhi JM. Fontana futhi Michetti futhi Mattarnovi. Bonke bafika Russia ngokumenywa uPetru. Uhlelo Lokufaka Lwe-ngayinye iletha ukubukeka izakhiwo zabo ngaphansi isiko ukwakhiwa, ezivamile ezweni lakubo, izisekelo esikoleni, okuyinto yayimelelwe. Ukusiza lokufeza amaphrojekthi yabo, kancane kancane balufunda emasikweni European Baroque futhi abakhi bendawo ezifana uMichael Zemtsov.

Ukwahlukana kusuka baraque eMoscow

baraque kaPetru ejwayelekile Petersburg. Ngaphandle lezi zakhiwo lincane kakhulu. Ikakhulu, i-Menshikov Tower, ezakhiwe eMoscow Tallinn sika Kadriorg Palace.

Ngokungafani isiqondiso Naryshkin e Moscow, uPeter Omkhulu, okwethulwa ayenqaba abukhali yesiko WaseByzantium, wabusa izakhiwo Russian cishe eziyishumi eminyaka, it libhekene wesimethri nokulinganisela. Kwemihlambi ukwakheka isikhungo, iridescence futhi kubanjwa umhlobiso, arched futhi unxande emafasiteleni, ophahleni masimu nge ephukile - zonke lezi izici Baroque isitayela, ogama lakhe behlonipha umbusi wokuqala, waba ubufakazi bokuthi izakhiwo eziningi uPetru.

izibonelo eqaphelekayo

Namuhla, izivakashi abeza enhlokodolobha enyakatho, nethuba bayakwazisa umsebenzi wezakhiwo izandla owayesebenza isikhathi. Petrine Baroque lumelwe lapha amabhilidi amaningi owaziwa. Lena uPetru noPawulu Cathedral, u-Alexander saseNevsky Lavra, House Amakolishi Nambili nge esigodlweni ehlobo kaPetru mina, Schlüter Chamber, Menshikov Palace, Kunstkamera, okuyinto wasebenza phezu ukudalwa kwabantu abaningi: Mattarnovi, Kiaveri futhi Zemtsov. Ukudalwa yokugcina futhi iSonto oSimeyoni Anna.

On Vasilevsky Island, ungesinye isibonelo somuntu ebhilidini baraque - esigodlweni lokuqala grand Petersburg. Kwakuwusuku yokuhlala Governor-Jikelele esasisakaza reception balala LoMhlangano. Njengoba isibonelo samambala esigodlo ocebile, kokushiya olungaphambili lwesonto esemqoka ye yashayisa unqenqema, isakhiwo futhi limelela Petrine Baroque.

Nambili Amakolishi isakhiwo

Eduze kunenye lesikhumbuzo elakhiwa ngale isitayela yezakhiwo. Lokhu House Nambili Amakolishi. Ukuhlela ukwakheka Trezzini kwaba indlela original kakhulu yokuxazulula le nkinga ezibangelwa uPetru. Lesi sakhiwo in the isitayela Baroque, okuyinto izakhiwo nambili efanayo ahlelwe umugqa eduze komunye nomunye, ngokusebenzisa indlela enqamulelayo ezivamile, elula ngoba amamitha amathathu namashumi ayisishiyagalombili. ingxenye ngayinye ifakwe umshini kophahla ehlukene. Kulokhu, wendlale ngokoqobo obumangalisayo gables okuphindaphindiwe kwelivi e olungaphambili lwesonto, pilasters futhi architraves endaweni elihlale olungaphambili lwesonto obomvu nomhlophe kunikeza isakhiwo umbono ngokubabazekayo.

landscape izakhiwo

Izici Baroque kungabonwa hhayi kuphela e izakhiwo ezakhiwa ngaleyo nkathi. Ayikho ezithakazelisayo kancane kukhona izigodlo nezingadi amapaki. Lokhu, isibonelo, eyaziwa kubo bonke Summer Garden, okwakubekelwa zibekwe phezu sibalo olukhethekile Petru; EPeterhof Ensemble, esekelwe okuyinto, ngokusho kongoti, kukhona okuvelayo umbusi wokuqala Russian kusukela evakashele Versailles. Namuhla zingabantu izikhumbuzo ngempela abalulekile landscape izakhiwo.

Summer Garden kwazanywa ukwenza inkosi enkulu epaki "okuthile uyakha." Wawunodonga umthombo ezisukunyiswe izindikimba lezinganekwane Aesop, futhi ukufakwa igalari ekhethelo atholakala lapho bemba eRoma futhi kwakubucayi alethwe Russia esifanekisweni Venus - ikhophi wasendulo wamaRoma zemabula we yokuqala yamaGreki. Garden izivakashi, ngaphandle kokukhetha, kwadingeka ukuba ange zemabula abandayo lonkulunkulukazi yobuqaba. Okunye eziqoshiwe kanye busts isifakiwe eduze ezizungezile, kanye "ngesikhathi Versailles."

ihlobo Palace

Lokhu omele elikhanyayo we Petrine encane Baroque futhi ilula kakhulu ngokuya sakhiwo. Kuyinto kuyavumelana ngokuphelele nalo msebenzi walo - ukuhlinzekwa kwamathuba iholide lomkhaya wasebukhosini.

Abanye basibiza lesikhumbuzo kuPetru isitayela Elikhulu Baroque ngenxa yobukhulu bayo elincane, "cottage wokuqala Russian." Njengoba kokubili wezakhiwo nomklami, D.Trezini iqondiswe ukwakhiwa isigodlo phakathi nawo wonke iminyaka emine. I bas-imifanekiso ngaphandle esenziwe basezinganekwaneni indaba ephathwayo. Inhloso kwakuwukuba Trezzini perpetuation ukunqoba neMpi Northern. Ngaphambi besikhathi sakhe safika kahle walondoloza ezibaziweyo-oki, * ziyadliwa ngesineke imihlobiso kule imidwebo elingaphakathi ophahleni.

Ekuphetheni

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi kubhekwa hhayi ngempela igama lalo, i-baraque zikaPitrosi ngendlela yaso eyingqayizivele. Nge zonke kwemali kuyabonakala, lesi sitayela uletha eningi izici zobuntu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izakhiwo ngaleso sikhathi akudingeki analogue emhlabeni, zingabantu yasekuqaleni. I mbumbulu zezakhiwo, nakuba elula, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo nenhle futhi omele kakhulu. Abanaso imigexo besiyoba sikhulu futhi kube nzima, futhi le nkulumo safinyelela imininingwane ubuncane.