Athens: indawo, ikakhulukazi umlando ukuthuthukiswa

Lo muzi wasendulo esizeni Athens yesimanje eladabuka ngekhulu xv BC. Ubonakaliswe ngenxa yokuxuba imiphakathi eziningana abahlala Attica. Le ndawo uxhuma aseBalkan ne yePeloponnese nhlonhlo. Laliyiziko yaseGrisi.

Athene yasendulo

inkosi Semi-edume Theseus, owayehlala emhlabeni XIII ekhulwini BC, yamaLuthela umphakathi Athene. Kusukela manje kuqhubeke, ke lahlukaniswa laba namakilasi amaningana, kuhlanganise demiurge, futhi eupatrides geomori. Owokugcina kubo babe aristocrats, ukuba iziza enkulu yezwe. Ngenxa yalokhu, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, iningi labantu mahhala edolobheni uye bethembela lezi kulendawo. Ngakho kwaba khona ebugqilini Athens.

Edolobheni, ngaphezu khulula nezigqila, metics kwadingeka ekilasini. Kwakungafanele izigqila kodwa bafuna ngesikhathi esifanayo akanawo amalungelo babevela ukhomba ngophakathi. Athens kubuswa neBhodi archons eziyisishiyagalolunye, akhethwe kwababusi izakhamuzi acebe futhi enethonya kunazo.

kwekuhlela kabusha Solon sika

I-Athens yasendulo, izikhundla ezindawo ka ezaziyincithakalo inzuzo kakhulu, yaceba ngokushesha ku isizinda omakhelwane babo. Lokhu kwaholela ekwandeni esikhaleni phakathi kwabacebile nabampofu. Isimo ngokuthi kube nezinguquko. Bakhandwa okuqalwe ekuqaleni BC VI leminyaka, Solon baba archon.

Yena kwakungekaNkulunkulu emndenini abanethonya futhi wakuthola. Noma kunjalo, wakwazi kuthuthukiswe ngezithukuthuku amathalenta abo. Ekuqaleni ke wayaziwa njengomuntu ophansi imbongi. Lapho isikhulile, waba kumlawuli wamabutho kwaholela iqhawe eziningana yimpumelelo ehlasela omakhelwane bayo, kuhlanganise Megara.

Ngo 594 BC. e. waba archon. Ngenxa isimo esiphuthumayo Solon amandla ezibanzi uphiwe. Ngenxa yalesi yazenzela izinguquko eziningana. ukudayiswa kanye ukuthengwa abantu ebugqilini ngezinhlamvu izikweletu zabo zezimali ukuze ababoleka uvinjelwe. Isinqumo ethanda sekukhona amahlumela yangasese futhi khulula isigaba esisha phakathi. Ukuze zonke izakhamuzi ukuba ngikhokhe imali ethile kwezintela, wonke umphakathi Athene izigaba ezine kuncike amazinga okuphila. Zonke lezi zinguquko ziye zakhonza njengabavangeli isisekelo idolobha ngokushesha yaba isikhungo esiyinhloko zezombusazwe kulo eGrisi lasendulo.

Inkathi Yokuchuma Pericles

Omunye umuntu owenze kakhulu ubukhulu yase-Athene yayiyinqaba Pericles. Yena waqala ukubusa ngo-461 BC. e. Lapho-ke kwamiswa uhlelo yelinyenti. State yase-Athene yayiyinqaba ngowokuqala emhlabeni ukuba bamukele le uwuhlobo oluthile lukahulumeni. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, bonke abakhileyo khulula banikezwa ilungelo lokubamba iqhaza kwezombusazwe ukuvota kulabo abaholi ukuthi kwaba ngaphezulu kwawo.

Athens ngaphansi ukuthuthukiswa Pericles kwafinyelela umvuthwandaba. Umuzi laliyisikhungo isiko lasendulo. Lapha-mlando uHerodotus wahlala, ama-philosophers, Okugweda kanye izimbongi. Umuzi usebhekene kabusha olukhulu. Kwakukhona-Acropolis engasenyakatho ngokubabazekayo nethempeli Parthenon - obukhulu bokwakha lasendulo. Phakathi izakhamuzi waba iphesenti eliphezulu nokubhala futhi bakwazi ukufunda. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, isiGreki ikhonye eMedithera. Ngisho nangemva kokuba kokuwa Polis yokusetshenziswa kwawo waqhubeka isayensi yasendulo, ngakho sasisincane kakhulu omningi imigomo yesimanje ezihlukahlukene eyala. Izipikha kanye mpendulo olwenziwa mpikiswano zomphakathi ezungezwe umphakathi variegated kakhulu.

Athens, isikhundla ezindawo elikuvumela ukwakha imikhumbi ngalesi sikhathi yaba isikhungo ukuhweba zasolwandle kanye ikoloni. Ngakho uhambo olude baya izama bamazwe azinza ogwini Italy, eNyakatho ye-Afrika oLwandle Olumnyama.

Ukubangisana nge Sparta

Ngonyaka 431 BC. e. Athene yasendulo babehileleke impi nomakhelwane wayo oseningizimu - Sparta. Pericles wayesaphila, futhi nguyena oku holele ekutheni Esigabeni sokuqala ngempumelelo ingxabano. Kodwa ngokushesha omuzi aqala eziningi ezibulalayo, okuyinto esezibulala yinkosi abadumile.

Kamuva esabizwa ngesizwe Peloponnesian neMpi historiography. NgesiGreki Athens wema ngasemnyango inhloko yalawa Delian League, okuyinto nawo Samos, Chios futhi Lesvos. Sparta iminyaka eminingi wazama inselelo le mizi. Kuyinto sihluke kakhulu ukuthi lase Athens laligcwele izithixo yeningi. Lapha e-inhloko kahulumeni wema isigaba wezempi, futhi bonke abantu baphila ezimweni emabhalekisini. Wonke umuntu uyazi-oda ngonya le nqubomgomo, isibonelo, ngokwezifiso ukuphonsa izingane bexhwalile futhi okungenamsoco kwewa. Ngakho kwakungewona nje impi phakathi izikhungo ezimbili zezombusazwe, kodwa ezimbili izinhlelo yenhlangano nomphakathi.

Isikhathi lokuqala zinqobe okuye kwachazwa eziningana kuphangwa iSparta ukuba Attica, kuyilapho Athens bazama uwine ngosizo Navy futhi ephakeme kunabanye asolwandle. Engxenyeni empini yesibili, konke ibheke phansi. Sparta yazuza ukusekelwa yamaPheresiya nabezizwe babengathandaza ukwakha imikhumbi. Ngalo, zonke umbimbi Athene bahlulwa ekuqaleni. Ngo 404 BC. e. ngisho inqubomgomo omkhulu udliwe ukunqotshwa, futhi umphumela waba ukuthi kukhona limiswa kobushiqela iminyaka eminingi. Futhi i-Athene nezindawo Sparta abangu buthaka. Ngenxa yalokho, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ngo-Greece waqhubekela phambili eThebes. Nokho, ngalesi sikhathi baqhubeka isikhathi eside.

Capture kwabaseMakedoniya

I IV ekhulwini BC. e. ngenhloso yokukhuphula umbuso Macedonian elisemandleni enyakatho yeGrisi. umbusi walo uPhilip II wanquma ukuba anqobe omakhelwane eningizimu, owakhonza iminyaka eminingi babehilelekile internecine izimpi. Abase-Athene united izakhamuzi eThebes, futhi wahlangana isitha Chaeronea e 338 BC. e. AmaGreki anqotshwa.

Ngemva kwalokho-Athens futhi Sparta bebayincenye umbuso Macedonian. indodana kaPhilip u-- umkhuzi wempi omkhulu Alexander - ngokushesha kwaholela lenqwaba amaGreki empumalanga ukuze anqobe nazo emazweni akude. Yena Ukudabuka namaPheresiya, okwase kuyisikhathi eside usongo yamalungu. Isimo esisha, futhi ukumboza -Asia Minor, eMesophothamiya, Egypt futhi asemingceleni India, akuzange kuhlale isikhathi eside. Nokho, kwase kuphele amashumi eminyaka ambalwa, zonke lezi izifundazwe sebemukele isiko yamaGreki, okuyinto izikhungo bebelokhu izinqubomgomo wase-Athens Sparta. Ulimi ngesiGreki isibe interethnic.

E-Athene uqobo ngalesi sikhathi kwaba khona omunye bachuma Impucuko. It wavulwa Academy kaPlato no Lyceum Aristotle ezwakalayo.

esifundazweni saseRoma

Ngo 146 BC. e. I-Athene enamathiselwe LamaRoma Republic, kamuva elaba umbuso. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, umuzi waphenduka yesifundazwe. Noma kunjalo, amaRoma athatha ingxenye enkulu isiko lamaGreki. Kwaba sici zabo - bona neze uchithwe amasiko endawo, ulimi, njll Kunalokho, amaRoma wathatha okungcono ezizweni unqotshwe ehilela bona sphere yayo nethonya elikhulu ngokuba izindlela ezinokuthula ...

Athens Lokhu ukwehla ezenzeka esikhathini BC III ekhulwini. e., lapho isifundazwe Balkan waba isisulu for ekuhlaseleni namaqaba. Abaningi ezikhumbuzo of isiko lasendulo benza futhi wabhubhisa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Imidlalo yama-Olympic, okuyinto kuyisenzakalo esibalulekile futhi njalo emphilweni amaGreki balapha kukhanselwe.

ingxenye yoMbuso WaseByzantium

Nge nokwahlukana Empire izingxenye ezimbili Athens, ogama indawo oluhambisana ingxenye esempumalanga yesiqhingi, yingxenye WaseByzantium. Kwakuthinta ngalesi sikhathi, inani labantu bendawo baqala ukulamukela ubuKristu, ikakhulukazi ngemva esimemezelweni Konstantina Velikogo. Lokhu kuye kwaholela ukunyamalala ubudala ukwazi mass lonkulunkulu basendulo. Umbusi WaseByzantium akakuthandanga ikakhulukazi Athens, futhi basuke ehlelekile ukususa Amatshwayo okuqinisekile esidlule. Ngakho ekhulwini VI uJustinian uvinjelwe izikole wefilosofi, okuyinto ecabange Kugcwele ubuqaba nokuhlambalaza.

I-Athene yaba idolobha yesifundazwe, lapho isiGreki baba ulimi olusemthethweni umbuso, ogama dolobha kwaba iConstantinople. Budebuduze enkabeni zezombusazwe ukuba umkhandlu ukwazi buthule ukusinda emakhulwini ambalwa eminyaka. Esikhathini XIII ekhulwini BoMbuso WaseByzantium lashabalala isikhathi esifushane ngemva waseConstantinople incotjwa Crusaders. AmaKatolika elisungulwe iGrisi ibe uthi ambalwa. I-Athene yaba maphakathi Duchy ezincane, okuyinto lalibuswa French futhi Italy.

Umuzi Turkish

Ngo-1458 edolobheni lathunjwa Muslim nabaseTurkey. Yena unaphakade baba ingxenye yoMbuso WaseTurkey. Izikhathi eziningana Athens waba isisulu ukuze ukuhlaselwa we Venetian Republic, lapho ilwa Turkey for mkhulu kuzo eMedithera. Ekhulwini XVII, ngesikhathi omunye kokuvinjezelwa labhujiswa Parthenon lasendulo.

Inhlokodolobha yesimanje yaseGrisi

Naphezu kwamandla abaseTurkey, isizwe ngesiGreki iyagcinwa, nakuba Yiqiniso, yena ayengenabo ne kwamaGreki asendulo kwezempi. Lesi sizwe kwadingeka isonto yayo Orthodox - wenkolo yobuKristu uselokhu lapha kusukela ezinsukwini yoMbuso WaseByzantium. Ekhulwini XIX ku isizinda lenkinga umbuso yamaGreki aqala imvuselelo kazwelonke. I ukuvukela, okuyinto sasekelwa emazweni amaningi Christian Europe. Ngo-1833, ngokwesilinganiso, kwakubikwa umbuso ozimele ngesiGreki, okuyinto i-Athene yaba inhloko-dolobha.

Ngemva ukukhululwa umthetho Turkish lapha zenzeka umsebenzi omkhulu kangaka owadalwa bemivubukulo. Inani elikhulu of ochwepheshe European mlando waqala ukutadisha lasendulo izinsalela edolobheni. Ngesikhathi esifanayo waqala ukubuyiselwa edolobheni. Lapha zathuthelekela abaklami abadumile (isib, Theophil von Hansen noLeo von Klenze), ngubani kabusha ezitaladini egijima. Ngo-1896 e-Athens wasingatha yesimanje Yama-Olympic yokuqala.

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu XX, sibonga isivumelwano isiGreki Turkish ku exchange of labantu edolobheni wabuya Bakwethu kusukela emazweni akude kakhulu. Izigidi amaGreki okokuqala bakwazi ukuvakashela Athens. Isikhundla ezindawo ka enhlokodolobha avunyelwe ukubeka eziningi lezifiki.

Phakathi kwempi yezwe yesibili babe nesikhathi esifushane we kweJalimane e-Athens. Namuhla-ke iyidolobha lesimanje aseYurophu ngohlobo nezakhiwo eziningana endala nengqalasizinda athuthukile.

Nemnogno geography

Lo muzi ubizwa elisoGwini ethafeni central of Attica (eningizimu ye iNhlonhlo Yamazwe AseBalkan), akhelene eGulf of Saroniks. Njengamanje kunesithembiso bacishe bayifunda yonke ethafeni, ngakho umuzi maduzane sizoba ndawo sikhule ngenxa imingcele engokwemvelo izintaba namanzi. Kodwa ngenkathi nedlelo emaphethelweni uyanda. Via Athens Kifisos egeleza emfuleni Eridanus futhi Pikrodafni.