Abantu kanye nendawo yesifunda saseNovosibirsk. Amadolobha esifundeni saseNovosibirsk

Eningizimu yeNtshonalanga Siberia, isifunda saseNovosibirsk sitholakala, esinqamula e-Altai Krai, e-Omsk, eTomsk naseKemerovo, futhi sinye yezindawo ezikude, eziseduze neKazakhstan.

Umlando wesifunda saseNovosibirsk

Isifunda saseNovosibirsk sasungulwa ngo-1937, kodwa ukuthuthukiswa kwensimu kwenzeka esikhathini eside ngaphambi kokubunjwa kwayo. Njengoba kusetshenzwa izinto ezihlukahlukene, kutholakala izinsalela, ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi ukuvela kokuqala komuntu kwenzeka ngesikhathi sePaleolithic, okuthiwa yi-Stone Age.

Kancane kancane, insimu yasungulwa, futhi abantu baseNovosibirsk esifundeni esiphakathi kwakuyiziTurkey, eziholwa yi-khans. Emakhulwini eminyaka engama-13-15 insimu yayiyizingxenyeni ezisempumalanga ye Golden Horde, futhi ngemva kwesikhathi esincane - iKhanate yaseSiberia.

Kuphela phakathi nekhulu le-17, ngokwesazi ososayensi abaningi, le ndawo yaxazululwa yiRussia, futhi endaweni ethile ngo-1644 kwakhiwa umasipala waseMaslyanino. Kancane kancane, indawo yesifunda saseNovosibirsk yaqala ukwandiswa ngenxa yokwakhiwa kwamadolobhana, izinqaba, iziboshwa kanye nokuhlala kabusha kwabantu, lapho izingozi zokuqothulwa komphakathi zincipha.

Kuze kube ngu-1921, kanjalo, isifunda asikho, ngoba sasiyingxenye yesifundazwe saseTomsk, ngaleso sikhathi sasiyingxenye yesifundazwe saseNovakolaevskaya, esifundeni saseSiberia, esifundeni saseNtshonalanga yeSiberia. Kuphela ngo-1937 isifunda sasihlukaniswe izingxenye ezimbili: esifundeni saseNovosibirsk nase-Altai Territory.

Indawo

Namuhla ngenye yezinhloko ezinkulu kunazo zonke ze-Russian Federation. Indawo ye-Novosibirsk esifundeni esingu-177 000 km², isendaweni ye-18 phakathi kwazo zonke izifunda zeRussia Federation kanye nesithupha sesifunda eSiberia Federal District ngemuva kweKrasnoyarsk Territory, esifundazweni sase-Irkutsk, njll. Ubude obuvela eningizimu kuya enyakatho ngu-444 km, kusukela empumalanga kuya entshonalanga - 642 km.

Abantu

Isibalo seSifundazwe saseNovosibirsk ngokubala ngo-2013 kwaba ngabantu abayizigidi ezingu-2.7. Iningi labo abahlala emadolobheni, noma ngaphezulu okungama-77%, ngakho-ke isibalo sabantu singabantu abayi-15.2. I-sq. M. I-Km. Abantu abangu-90% baseRashiya, futhi abantu abanjengeziJalimane, ama-Ukrainians nabanye abanye nabo bayamelwa. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi le ndawo ihlelwe emadolobheni, okusho ukuthi cishe ama-60% ahlala eNovosibirsk, 17% kwamanye amadolobha, kanti kuphela ama-23% emadolobheni, emizaneni nasezindaweni zasemadolobheni.

Amadolobha namadolobha

Amadolobha esifundeni saseNovosibirsk angama-15 kuphela. Inkulu kunazo zonke i-Novosibirsk, enabantu abayizigidi ezingu-1.5, futhi iBerdsk inabantu abangaba yizinkulungwane eziyikhulu, i-Iskitim, i-Kuibyshev nabanye, lapho lesi sibalo singedluli abantu abayizinkulungwane ezingu-30.

Imizi yasendulo kunazo zonke i-Kargat neBerdsk, eyavela ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-18, kanti omncinyane - u-Ob, owaqalwa ngo-1934. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi umuzi ubizwa ngokuthi umfula omkhulu wesifunda, kodwa kukhona umthamo wamanzi 15 km ukusuka kuwo.

Naphezu kokuthi abantu abaningi bahlala emadolobheni, kunezifunda ezingu-30 zokuphatha kanye nezindawo ezingu-17 zokuhlala emadolobheni esifundeni. Imizana yasendaweni yaseNovosibirsk inomlando wayo, futhi amanye awo ahamba ngamakhulu eminyaka. Omunye odumile kakhulu yiKolyvan, lapho abantu abangaba ngu-12 000 bahlala khona, kunomlando ocebile (okubhekiselwe kukho kubanga ngo-1797). Nansi indlu yezindelakazi ze-Alexander Nevsky yabesifazane, enye yezimbili esifundeni sonke. Noma idolobhana laseDovolnoe, lapho abantu abangaba ngu-7 000 bahlala khona. Kukholelwa ukuthi yasungulwa ngo-1703, nakuba lolo suku lubuzwa. Akukude nomuzi kukhona indawo yokuhlanza, okuyisisekelo esimweni sokwelashwa nokuvinjelwa kwendlela yamathumbu (eyakhiwe ngo-1965).

Kuybyshev: esifundazweni saseNovosibirsk

Omunye wemizi emikhulu, ngaphandle kweNovosibirsk, cabanga ngo-Kuibyshev, lapho abantu abangaba ngu-45 000 bahlala khona. Umuzi wasungulwa ngo-1722 njengesivikelo sezempi kusukela ekuhlaselweni kwabakwa-nomads futhi wabizwa ngegama elithi Kainsk, okusho ukuthi "birch" kusukela olimini lwabaTarabinsk Tatars. Kakade ngo-1743, lapho isonto lakhiwa, kunqunywe ukuthi kusetshenziswe le ndawo njengendlela yokuhlala, futhi kancane kancane yanda. Ngo-1935 leli dolobha labizwa ngokuthi iKibibyshev. Isifunda saseNovosibirsk, sashintshwa futhi ngo-1937, sathola leli dolobha, okwathi iminyaka embalwa lishintshe igama layo kuKuibyshevsk naseKibyshevo, kodwa ekugcineni konke kwabuyela kunguqulo yokuqala.

Sekuyiminyaka engaphezu kwengu-80, kunezikole eziningana nezikhungo ezisezingeni eliphezulu eziye zakhiwa, isitshalo sokucubungula inyama, isitifiketi sokukhuculula izidakamizwa, i-factory ekhonjiwe yasekhonkthini kanye nefayili yengubo evuliwe.

Okukhangayo okuyinhloko yiSonto Lokuzalwa kukaJohane uMbhapathizi, elakhiwe ngo-1904, elilodwa kuphela elalisinda phakathi neminyaka yamandla aseSoviet. Futhi i-Local Lore Museum, eyavulwa ngo-1988, kanye nezikhungo ezahlukene zemikhakha kamasipala.

Imvelo nesimo sezulu

Indawo yesifunda saseNovosibirsk inkulu kakhulu. Itholakala eSiberia, kodwa ngesimo sezulu esincane, lapho kushisa ehlobo futhi kubanda ebusika. Ayikho imishanguzo engavamile, njengasezindaweni eziningi zaseNtshonalanga naseMpumalanga Siberia, kodwa uma isungulwe -51 °.

Ingxenye yensimu ihlanganiswe nezinhlanzi ze-taiga (okufanele ibe yi-1/5), lapho kunezihlahla zomuthi njenge-pin, i-fir, i-cedar, i-birch, kanye namadlelo nezintaba zezintaba. Isifunda sicebile kumaminerali, kuhlanganise namafutha, amalahle, ama-ores ambala, i-marble, igolide.

Izindawo eziyinhloko zesifunda saseNovosibirsk yiMifula yase-Ob and Om, kanye ne-Novosibirsk, noma, njengoba kuthiwa yi-Ob Sea.

Isifunda sibheka izakhamuzi ngemvelo yaso kanye nokuba khona kwamachiza ashisayo namadaka, okuvule izindawo eziningi zemvelo nezindlu zokugibela, lapho abantu beza khona ukuze baphumule futhi baphumule.

Umnotho

Indawo yesifunda saseNovosibirsk incane uma kuqhathaniswa nezihloko zaseNtshonalanga neMpumalanga Siberia, kodwa inkulu kuneDenmark, iBelgium, iNetherlands neSwitzerland ihlangene, okuyivumela ukuba ithuthukise umnotho wayo ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene, kusukela embonini kuya emvelweni.

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi imali engenayo eyinhloko ivela emkhakheni wezinsizakalo, ukubalwa ngamaphesenti angama-60 emkhiqizo owodwa, 24% embonini kanye no-6-7% kwezolimo, okusho ukuthi ukukhula kwezimali zokutshala kwamanye amazwe kuyanda, okubonisa ukuheha kwesifunda.

Insimu icebile kumaminerali, futhi kutholakala ama-deposit angu-523, cishe angu-80 kuwo asetshenziswa njengamanje. Futhi zakhiwa izimboni ezinjengezobunjiniyela, amakhemikhali namahlathi, izitshalo ezivuthayo nezingafaki, nokukhiqizwa kwezinsimbi zokwakha.

Ezolimo, zibandakanya ikakhulukazi ekuzaliseni izinkomo, izinkukhu nezimvu, futhi zikhulisa i-flax fiber.

Ingxenye yalo ekuthuthukisweni kwesifunda nayo yanikezwa yi-fuel fuel complex efana ne-oyela kanye nembonini yamalahle.

Yonke imizi emikhulu yesifunda saseNovosibirsk inikela ekuthuthukisweni kwesifunda. I-Novosibirsk ayiyona kuphela indawo yomnotho wonke, kodwa futhi i-Kuibyshev, i-Berdsk ne-Iskitim.

Ingqalasizinda kanye nokuphathwa

Ukuphathwa kwesifunda saseNovosibirsk kunegunya layo lomthetho nesigungu, futhi umbusi usekhanda. Ngaso sonke isikhathi ngemuva kokwakhiwa kweRussia Federation kwakukhona ababusi abahlanu. Bakhethwa ngabantu futhi bamiswa ngumongameli eminyakeni ehlukene.

Insimu yonke ihlukaniswe ngamayunithi okuphatha, afaka phakathi imizi engu-15, kuhlanganise no-8 kubo ukuhanjiswa kwesifunda, izifunda ezingu-30 zokuphatha, imizi eyi-17 kanye nezindawo ezingu-428 zokuphatha.

Isifunda saseNovosibirsk singenye yezinhlangano ezithuthukile eNtshonalanga Siberia, kulokho kunezikhungo ezibalulekile zokuthutha, kunezikhumulo zezindiza ezingu-11 (iTolmachevo ingumhlaba wonke). Okubalulekile ukuthi amathrekhi wesitimela anebude obungaphezu kuka-1500 km.

Wonke umuntu uyazi ukuthi lokhu kuyisisekelo sezesayensi nemfundo, nokuba khona kwe-Academgorodok, lapho kutholakala khona izikhungo eziningi zocwaningo, okuyiqiniso, okukhuthazwa ukuphathwa kwesifunda saseNovosibirsk. Lokhu kudonsela bonke abasebenzi abasha abasebenza esikoleni samanje enyuvesi, i-physics kanye nezibalo, esikhungweni sezinto ze-nyukliya, phakathi kwe-virology kanye ne-biotechnology nakwezinye izikhungo zesayensi.