Zangaphakathi nezangaphandle incazelo umoya imingcele kanye nemisebenzi

Umuntu omdala kwenza zonke mzuzu kusukela nane amabili umoya, futhi izingane, kuye ngokuthi yobudala, bakwazi ukwenza kuze kube nomoya ayisithupha ubude ngesikhathi esifanayo. Lokhu reflex unconditioned, esiza umzimba ukuze usinde. nokuqaliswa kwalo uya ngalé kwemingcele kwamandla ethu nokuqonda. Kwangaphandle kanye ukuphefumula yangaphakathi ndawonye Unomlayezo okuthiwa. Isebenza isimiso impendulo. Uma amaseli akudingeki-mpilo ngokwanele, umzimba kwandisa izinga ukuphefumula, futhi okuphambene nalokho.

definition

Ukuphefumula - lesi senzo slozhnoreflektorny okuqhubekayo. Usipha njalo igazi igesi. Siqukethe izinyathelo ezintathu noma izixhumanisi: ukuphefumula zangaphandle amagesi zokuthutha nezicubu ukugcwaliswa. Ukwehluleka singenzeka kunoma yisiphi isigaba. Uyakwazi kuholele hypoxia ngisho nokufa. Kuvele umoya yangaphandle - kuyisinyathelo sokuqala lapho negesi lokushintshisana senzeka phakathi komuntu kanye nemvelo. Okokuqala, umoya ongena alveoli. Futhi esinyathelweni esilandelayo lisabalalisa emgudwini wegazi ukuthutha ezicutshini.

Mshini umoya-mpilo ngokufaka igazi okusekelwe umehluko ingcindezi esinqunyiwe amagesi. Exchange kwenzeka eduze umyela okuhlushwa. Lokho igazi nge wokuqukethwe lelisetulu-carbon dioxide uyamukela isamba elanele umoya-mpilo, futhi okuphambene nalokho. Kanyekanye izicubu kwezimila yilezi ezilandelayo: i-oksijini evela igazi singena cytoplasm yengqamuzana, bese sidlula uchungechunge zamakhemikhali, ngokuthi iketango zokuphefumula. Ekugcineni, isiteshi neuropathy ihlinzekwa carbon dioxide neminye imikhiqizo umzimba.

emoyeni Ukwakheka

kwezimila yangaphandle has a kwencika elinamandla umkhathi. I ephansi oxygen okumunyethwe kuwo, cishe esingaphansi babe nomoya. Ngokuvamile, cishe ukubunjwa emoyeni:

• nitrogen - 79,03%;
• - mpilo 20%;
• carbon dioxide - 0.03%;
• zonke ezinye amagesi - 0.04%.

On the exhale, isilinganiso izingxenye izinguquko eziningana. Carbon dioxide luyanda 4%, kanye nomoya-mpilo kuyehla kakhulu.

Isakhiwo umgudu wokuphefumula

zangaphandle ukuphefumula uhlelo uchungechunge amashubhu oxhumene. Ngaphambi eba alveoli, emoyeni iya elide ukuze ufudumale futhi ecacile. Konke kuqala nge amavesi acinene. Bangabaholi isithiyo ngowokuqala izintuli nokungcola. Izinwele elisoGwini mucosa acinene, ukugcina izinhlayiya esikhulu, futhi ezitsheni eduze zishiyane izikhatha zomoya oshisayo.

Bese kufika nasopharynx futhi oropharynx, ngemva kwabo - amalaka, kuqhoqhoqho, bronchi main. Lesi sakamuva zihlukaniswe iyizingxenye sokunene nesobunxele. Bona azikhandle, ukwakha isihlahla bronchial. I bronchioles encane kunazo zonke ekupheleni babe kwesikhwama nokunwebeka - alveoli. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi lwamafinyila abami yomoya zonke, negesi lokushintshisana kwenzeka kuphela ekupheleni kwabo. Isikhala ubuningi libizwa efile. Ngokuvamile, usayizi waso ufinyelela ngayikhulu namashumi ayisihlanu namamililitha.

umjikelezo zokuphefumula

umoya A enempilo umuntu ubanjwe ngezigaba ezintathu: ephefumula, umoya kanye ikhefu. Ngesikhathi yonke inqubo kuthatha cishe izingalo ezimbili nengxenye amasekhondi eziyishumi noma ngaphezulu. Lena imingcele ngabanye kakhulu. Kuvele umoya zangaphandle kuncike kakhulu esimweni lapho umzimba uhlala futhi esimweni ezikuso zempilo. Ngokwesibonelo, kunezinto ezifana izinga kanye Izinga lokuphefumula. Bazimisele ngenani ukunyakaza kwesifuba ngomzuzwanyana Ubukhulu yabo. I emishinini yokuphefumula ukujula kungenziwa latholakala ngokulinganisa indawo ngevolumu emoyeni iyaphuma noma girth esifubeni ku ephefumula futhi okhishwa ngamakhala. Inqubo kahle elula.

Breath kwenzeka ngesikhathi ukusikwa diaphragm futhi intercostal imisipha. ingcindezi Negative kudalwa okwamanje, njengokuthi "sucks" umoya emaphashini. Kulokhu, esifubeni yandisa. Exhale kuyinto nomphumela ohlukile: imisipha uphumule, izindonga alveoli bavame ukuqeda hyperextension bese ubuyela esimweni saso sokuqala.

ukupholisa yamaphaphu

Ucwaningo umsebenzi zokuphefumula iye yasiza ososayensi siqonde kangcono indlela ukuthuthukisa nabaningi izifo. Baze ukhombe legatsha ahlukene emithi - Pulmonology. Kukhona isimo sokunquma eziningana ngawo ihlaziya umsebenzi umgudu wokuphefumula. zangaphandle emishinini yokuphefumula izinkomba akuzona ukubaluleka eqinile. Zingase ziyahlukahluka kuye lomuntu umthethosisekelo, yobudala kanye isimo sempilo:

1. ivolumu noTidali (ML). Lokhu nenani emoyeni ukuthi umuntu uphefumula nangaphakathi wedwa. Norm - kusukela namamililitha amathathu namashumi ukuze anamakhulu asixhenxe.
2. Inspiratory reserve ivolumu (DOM). Lo moya, okuyinto Kusengenzeka ukwengeza emaphashini. Ngokwesibonelo, uma emva umoya okuphumuzayo cela umuntu ukuba sengidonsa umoya.
3. Expiratory reserve ivolumu (Umnyango wamaphoyisa). Le ncwadi ka-air esizosishiya emaphashini, uma emva umoya evamile ukwenza ezijulile. Bobabili la manani amalitha mayelana nengxenye.
4. ivolumu asalayo. Lokhu nenani emoyeni ukuthi uhlala emaphashini emva umoya okujulile. Ubukhulu bayo - kusuka ayinkulungwane ukuze neshumi nanhlanu namamililitha.
5. Four sibalo odlule ndawonye bakha obalulekile wamaphaphu umthamo. Ngo namadoda, ilingana amalitha amahlanu abesifazane - emithathu nengxenye.

ukupholisa yamaphaphu kuyinto sonke ivolumu emoyeni ukuthi lidlula emaphashini ngomzuzu owodwa. Esikhathini omdala onempilo kuphela, lesi sibalo phezulu emhlabeni eziyisithupha - amalitha eziyisishiyagalombili. Ucwaningo umsebenzi zokuphefumula akudingi nje kuphela abantu abane isifo, kodwa futhi abadlali, kanye nezingane (ikakhulukazi ezizalwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi). Ngokuvamile kuba nalolo lwati kuyadingeka egunjini labagula kakhulu, uma isiguli idluliselwe le mpilo (umuntu afakwe emishinini yokuphefumula) noma zisuswe kuwo.

Izinhlobo uphefumula ngokuvamile

zangaphandle ukuphefumula umsebenzi kuncike uhlobo inqubo. Kanye lomthethosisekelo ubulili bomuntu. Izinhlobo ezimbili ungabahlukanisa phezu zokuphefumula esifubeni ukunwetshwa indlela:

• Wamabele, ngesikhathi lapho ngisho nokusho amazwi ambalwa emaphethelweni. Yena wabusa e abesifazane.
• Besisu uma diaphragm likufahlaze. Lokhu uhlobo ukuphefumula sizalwa nawo ngaphezulu amadoda.

Kukhona uhlobo exubile, lapho ezihilela wonke amaqembu kwemisipha. Lesi sibalo uhlukile. It akuxhomekile nje kuphela esimweni ubulili, kodwa futhi eminyakeni lomuntu, njengoba ukuhamba esifubeni eminyakeni incipha. Kuthinta kuye nasezinkolelweni: nzima yomsebenzi, zigcwele yonk 'indawo uhlobo besisu.

izinhlobo sokugembula ukuphefumula

Izinkomba emishinini yokuphefumula zangaphandle ukushintsha kakhulu ebukhoneni zokuphefumula ukucindezeleka syndrome. Akusona isifo esiseceleni, kodwa kunalokho wobujamo zokugula nezinye izitho: inhliziyo, amaphaphu, izindlala adrenal, isibindi, noma izinso. Cider sihamba kuzo zombili ifomu oyingozi futhi ezingalapheki. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ihlukaniswe izinhlobo:

1. Obstructive. Ukuphelelwa ngumoya liyavela umoya.
2. uhlobo Eqine. Ukuphelelwa ngumoya liyavela exhale.
3. Mixed. Kuyinto ngokuvamile esigabeni esibulalayo futhi kuhlanganisa zokuqala ezimbili.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona izinhlobo eziningana kwezimila okungavamile, okuyinto ungaboshwa isifo ethize:

• Cheyne - Stokes. Kusukela ebusweni, ukuphefumula lujula futhi kancane kancane umoya lesihlanu noma lesikhombisa ifinyelela amagugu evamile. Khona-ke aphinde ke ayasweleka futhi ezingabalulekile. Ekupheleni ikhefu kuyadingeka samanje - imizuzwana embalwa ngaphandle ukuhogela. Senzeka izinsana nge okulimala ebuchosheni, ukudakwa, iphimbo.
• Kussmaul ukuphefumula. Lena ezijulile, ukuphefumula esinomsindo ezingavamile. Kwenzeka ngesikhathi hyperventilation, lactic, ikhoma sikashukela.

Pathology kwezimila yangaphandle

Ukwephula kwezimila zangaphandle kwenzeka njengoba e ukusebenza evamile umzimba, futhi ezimweni ezibucayi:

1. Tachypnea - isimo lapho Izinga lokuphefumula mkhulu kunezinhliziyo izikhathi ezingamashumi amabili umzuzu. Ngezinye izikhathi kokubili bokuphila (ngemuva umthwalo, egumbini stuffy) kanye sokugembula (yezifo igazi, imfiva, umhayizo).
2. Bradipnoe - umoya ezingavamile. Ngokujwayelekile ohambisana nesifanekiso izifo zezinzwa, waqinisa intracranial, edema palsy, ikhoma, ukudakwa.
3. Apnea - ukungabi noma ukumisa ukuphefumula. Kungase kube ngenxa ukukhubazeka kwemisipha yokuphefumula, ubuthi, ukulimala ekhanda noma edema palsy. Futhi dedela uphawu ubuthongo apneas.
4. Dyspnea - iphika (dysrhythmia, imvamisa futhi ukuphefumula ukujula). Kwenzeka ukucindezeleka lapho ngokweqile ngokomzimba, isifuba somoya bronchial, ukucinana kwemigudu yokuphefumula okungamahlalakhona obstructive, umfutho wegazi ophakeme.

Lapho ulwazi olufanele mayelana nezici yokuphefumula zangaphandle?

kwezimila cwaningo zangaphandle kumele kwenziwe ngezinhloso zokuxilonga ukuhlola isimo ukusebenza ohlelweni lonke. ngaleyo ndlela Iziguli awela iqembu ingozi, ezifana ababhemayo noma abasebenzi ezimbonini eziyingozi embule ukuthambekela izifo emsebenzini. Ukuze odokotela abahlinzayo nababulala izinzwa isimo lo msebenzi ubalulekile ekulungiseleleni isiguli ukuhlinzwa. cwaningo Dynamic emishinini yokuphefumula sangaphandle kwenziwe ukuqinisekisa ukuhlolwa ukukhubazeka nokukhubazeka bebonke. Futhi ngesikhathi observation Dispensary iziguli inhliziyo noma wamaphaphu nezifo ezingamahlala khona.

izinhlobo zocwaningo

Spirometry - indlela ukuhlola isimo umgudu wokuphefumula ngokuya ukuphelelwa isikhathi ezivamile futhi ngenkani okhishwa ngamakhala 1 yesibili. Ngezinye izikhathi, ukuze baqhube kweemboniso nge bronchodilator. essence yayo itholakala iqiniso ukuthi isiguli sihamba Isivivinyo sokuqala. Khona-ke uthola imuncwe kwezidakamizwa dilates ze- bronchi. Futhi ngemva kwemizuzu engu-15 futhi sihamba esifundweni. Imiphumela uqhathaniswa. Isiphetho reversibility noma irreversibility yesifo umgudu.

Umzimba plethysmography - Kwenziwa ukuhlola umthamo isiyonke amaphaphu yomoya yokumelana sokunciphisa umoya lapho zindiza. Ukuze wenze lokhu isiguli kufanele donsa umoya. Itholakala ikamelo uphawu. Lapho le nombolo kulotshwe hhayi kuphela igesi, kodwa futhi amandla abasebenza ngazo kulo imuncwe, futhi komoya izinga.