Vase Umdwebo eGrisi lasendulo. Izitayela vase Umdwebo Ancient Greece

Kulesi sihloko, thina sikanye nawe, abafundi abathandekayo, cabanga zokwaluka lasendulo ngesiGreki vase imidwebo. Lena kumiswa yokuqala, agqamile umbukwane zesiko lasendulo. Noma ubani oye wachitha wafakaza i amphora, lekythos noma Skiathos, njalo ukugcina ubuhle babo okungenakuqhathaniswa engqondweni.

Ngokulandelayo, sizoxoxa nawe ngezindaba ezihlukahlukene amasu netindlela imidwebo, kanye ingasaphathwa izikhungo ezinethonya kunazo sokuthuthukisa leli art.

Ukubumba yaseGrisi yasendulo

izibonelo emangalisa isiGreki vase Umdwebo idili sidilizwa zamehlo zezivakashi futhi into efiselekayo amaqoqo amaningi abathandi art. Lezi zitsha ezimibalabala zibabaza ezihlukahlukene amafomu, izindikimba kanye nemibala.

Kulesi sihloko sizobe sesibheka vase Umdwebo izitayela, kusukela periodization namasiko amaGreki. isitsha sezimbali ngesiGreki (Izinombolo uzonikezwa kamuva) aphumile imbiza elula, udubule esigxotsheni wobuciko lasendulo yokudweba obomvu-amphora-ukukhuluma izilimi ezimbili.

Ngenxa yobuhle balo kungemalengiso futsi Finesse, lezi zinto masinyane ngaba yokungenisa kakhulu ezingxenyeni ezahlukene eYurophu nase-Asia. Atholakala amathuna Celtic, futhi amathuna emazweni aseMpumalanga Emaphakathi naseNyakatho Afrika.

Unentshisekelo yokuthi elandelayo. Zezinhlobo bokuqala ezatholakala emathuneni Etruscan, futhi akekho ekuqaleni exhumene nawo amaGreki. Kuphela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu nesishiyagalolunye, Johann Winkelmann wazibonakalisa imvelaphi yabo Hellenic. Ngemva kwalokho yasendulo yesiGreki vase Umdwebo waba omunye izihloko ebaluleke kakhulu kulolu cwaningo endala.

Namuhla, izitsha abakwazi kuphela ukubuyisela sphere eziningi zokuphila kwabantu, kodwa kuze kube izenzakalo ezahlukene, kanye bajwayelane amagama amakhosi.

Imininingwane engeziwe mayelana nalokhu kuzoxoxwa kamuva, kodwa omunye nezikhathi abadwebi vase babe ngisho mncintiswano. Ukwahlulela nge graffiti, bona uncoma nomunye, ukuthi umkhumbi wabo kwaba ngcono.

Centres kanye technologists vazopisi

Ngenxa bemivubukulo uyathola namuhla iminyuziyamu eminingi emhlabeni kungaba ukuziqhayisa amasampula ngesineke isitsha sezimbali yaseGrisi yasendulo. Kukhona Imikhumbi yasendulo kusukela esiqhingini saseKrethe futhi aseKorinte zobumba, omnyama obomvu-sibalo amphora, lekythos nezinye izinhlobo izitsha.

Ngo ezwekazini izindawo eziyinhloko zokukhiqiza babe Attica wedolobha e-Athene eKorinte. Ngaphandle kwabo kukhona namanje amakhosi Laconia futhi Boeotia. Kungenxa lezi zinqubomgomo nge izindlela ezehlukene yasungulwa izitsha imihlobiso.

Kamuva yokukhiqiza isikhungo kuhanjiswe ku eningizimu ye-Italy. Kanye nenkathi ranneellinsky wasuka Crete oya ezwekazini. Nazi ezimbili zedolobha - the zaseSicily Southern centuripe Italian Canosa.

Thina kufanele sigxile ubuchwepheshe, ngawo wenza isitsha sezimbali ngesiGreki. Izibalo zibonisa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa isondo sombumbi ngenkulungwane yesibili BC.

Clay sikhethwe ngemibala. Kwezinye izindawo kwaba lowehlukile - kusuka ophuzi ukuze ensundu. Uma izincwadi zazibhalwe oily kakhulu, wanezela umlilo ubumba nesihlabathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubumba ikakhulukazi "ubudala". Inqubo wahlanganisa nalokho okwakufuneka eside bayashintshana ekufukameleni feedstock endaweni zinomswakama emva ukuwasha. Ngenxa yalokhu, kuba nokunwebeka kakhulu futhi pliable.

Indaba ke wayixova, zabeka izinyawo zazo ku isondo a sombumbi. isiqukathi Ready omisiwe emthunzini kwezinsuku ezimbalwa, ngemva isignesha lasetshenziswa. Kwaze kwaba yilapho sebeshiye zonke lezi izinqubo isihloko yayivame labadubuli.

isikhathi-Aegean

Izibonelo yokuqala yaleli fomu art kukhona izitsha Minoan, zobumba Mycenaean futhi miniyskoy. Eyokuqala, ngokukhethekile, uye wabiza Kamares vase Umdwebo (ngaphansi kwegama sivale indlela engena emgedeni esiqhingini saseKrethe, lapho amasampula eyaqala ukutholwa).

Njengoba sishilo phambilini, lokhu zobumba zaveza livela cishe maphakathi emuva enkulungwaneni yesithathu yeminyaka BC. Isikhathi sokuqala, okuhambelana ne-epoch ranneelladskoy noma Aegean sehlukaniswe ososayensi eziningana subintervals.

Esokuqala sasithatha cishe amabili ekhulwini lokuqala BC. Ngalesi sikhathi, ubuswa Amaphetheni alula Jomethri ezindongeni owodwa umbala imithambo yegazi. Okulandelayo esikhundleni sakhe iza Kamares isitayela. Sigqamile phakathi zobumba wesimanje. Isici esiyinhloko iyona Kuvunguza white futhi izakhi ezimibalabala, eyayibonakala imali kwi ngemuva matte bomkhumbi.

Esikhathini nesikhombisa leminyaka BC, iphethini uhlamvu iyahluka kakhulu. Manje baba izakhi evelele asolwandle: ingwane, inhlanzi, izixhobo zamakhorali, Nautilus, amahlengethwa, nabanye. Kusukela maphakathi nekhulu lesi-lweshumi nanhlanu engumKrethe yasezindongeni waphawula inkathi ukwehla.

Kodwa kuleli zwekazi ke okhula ngalesi sikhathi lo okuthiwa "zakudala vase umdwebo." Endaweni yokuqala lapha kufanele ichasiselwe Minyan Ware. Wayengumngane mncane-ngodonga, ngaphandle izithombe. Lolu hlobo zobumba belilokhu likhona kusukela amabili yesibili phakathi nesithupha ekhulwini BC. Limiselelwe zobumba Mycenaean.

Ekhulwini lesikhombisa BC, kwakushintsha e kwezwe laseGrisi futhi iziqhingi Cyclades. Ngalesi sikhathi isiko Mycenaean usabalala izisusa zabo vase imidwebo. Abacwaningi ulwahlukanise izinkathi emine, okubenze bafinyelela Inkathi Dorian ayehlasela izwe (ngekhulu nanye BC).

Ukwahlulela umdwebo, ekuqaleni kwawo-Umdwebo Mycenaean ubuswa elula matte amnyama izibalo nengemuva elikhanyayo. Emhlabeni lweshumi nanhlanu ekhulwini BC, bona esikhundleni izitshalo nezinhlobo zezilwane zasendle. Kodwa kule nantathu ekhulwini BC kukhona izibalo womuntu kanye nemikhumbi. Lesi sakamuva ivame ukuhlotshaniswa yaseTroy neMpi, elalingelamaFilisti cishe kuleso sikhathi.

e-Jomethri

Phakathi nambili ekhulwini emihle art yaseGrisi yasendulo ungaphakathi ukwehla, kanye nazo zonke ezinye isiko. Ngaphambi kwekhulu leshumi, kubhekwa "isikhathi amnyama" ekuthuthukisweni kwalesi sizwe.

Uma sikhuluma izinto ezenziwe ngobumba, kule nkathi kukhona ezintathu izitayela umdwebo. Nge ukufika Dorians iningi ipumelelo isiko Mycenaean iphele. Kuze phakathi nekhulu leshumi nanye kwakuyinkathi yokululama "submikenskoy" isiko, lapho izinhlobo kuyagcinwa ezitsheni, kodwa yanyamalala imidwebo kubo.

Ngemva kwenkathi protogeometricheskogo umhlobiso. Ikakhulu zobumba libhekene ovundlile amaviyo amabili eyisiyingi entanyeni phakathi bomkhumbi. Phakathi kwabo ngokuvamile zitholakala ezinephakathi elilodwa, okuyinto zenzelwe nge caliper.

Okuningi kuyinkimbinkimbi Ukwakheka e kwekhulu leshumi BC. Manje, kukhona meanders olulodwa futhi double. Ngokuvamile kudlalwa indima zobujamo beJiyomethri ngokukhamba we frieze odongeni bomkhumbi. Ngezansi kubo imifanekiso eliqoshiwe zabantu, izitshalo nezilwane.

Kancane kancane, isiko yamaGreki asendulo wathuthuka. Phakathi nokuphila Homer sika kukhona ukuthambekela ukwehlisa endaweni friezes weJiyomethri, okuyinto esikhundleni izindwendwe lempi izinqola noma ukulandelana ngezilwane zasendle ezinhlobonhlobo.

I evelele umbala iphethini emnyama noma obomvu kungemuva elimhlophe. Phakathi nale nkathi, zonke izibalo laba balobi abakuloba bavezwa schematically. NgoLwesine kutholakale isidumbu sendoda madoda asiphatha ngesimo unxantathu okuhlanekezelwe, ikhanda - okusaqanda wezwakalisa ekhaleni futhi izinyawo ezathintwa emelelwa amasilinda ezimbili (kunawo wonke futhi tibia).

Amathrendi empumalanga

Kancane kancane, isiko yamaGreki asendulo umsebenzi oncomekayo. Izithombe ziyinkimbinkimbi, kukhona inqubo zokweboleka izakhi kusuka ubuciko izizwe Eastern. Ikakhulukazi ngalesi sikhathi imele eKorinte. Ekhulwini esilandelayo, le nqubomgomo kuzokwenza kube nendawo kuphela Umdwebo vase.

Ngakho, ekhulwini lesikhombisa BC amakhosi ngesiGreki ekuqaleni ukuba bamukele Motifs ngendwangu amazwe futhi amatshe. On the Imithambo "silungise 'sphinxes, amabhubesi, griffins nezinye izilwane.

Libuye libe isici sale nkathi 'nasekwesabeni wokulahlekelwa. " Ngakho abacwaningi ngokuthi isici sokuqala esihlukanisa yasendulo yesiGreki vase Umdwebo isitayela laseKorinte. Kubo bonke ubuso endaweni ngokuzama ukuba singabonisi otshiya ezikhaleni.

It ababumbi aseKorinte wabeka isisekelo inkathi e izitsha zobumba. Kathathu-esivuthayo, lapho yasungulwa, wabe esebonisa ngokwayo amphora black-sibalo, okuyinto sixoxa ngezansi.

abacwaningi Orientalising ukwabelana isitayela aseKorinte nezikhathi ase-Attica. Esikhathini vase Umdwebo lokuqala wavela esilwaneni uyavumelana kwendikimba izithombe zemvelo kwezilwane kanye umdwebo eningiliziwe izilwane zasezinsumansumaneni. Umthetho eyinhloko ababumbi kuyinto ukukhulisa ebusweni sangaphandle amabhodwe. Lezi zitsha ingafaniswa ngendwangu umdwebi noma zakhe isithombe, vase Skinny.

Attica nenkathi efanayo elinesimo band izakhi weJiyomethri entanyeni eduze kwangaphansi. Ingxenye enkulu odongeni zazimeleleni isilwane izibalo kanye izitshalo ngezikhathi ezithile, okuyinto Kwakuseshwa esimnyama.

black-sibalo isitsha sezimbali

Umphumela ukuthuthukiswa isitayela baseKorinte ranneatticheskogo laba mnyama-sibalo zobumba. Lona omunye amasu ezimbili edume kakhulu nebaluleke kunazo zonke esingasebenzisa endulo, kanye obomvu-sibalo.

Isici zalesi sigaba ukukhiqiza kwaba ukuthi Potters bakha ahlukene ungqimba okuyinhloko. Basebenza kuphela ukudala ifomu bomkhumbi kanye yokuphepha isampula esiphelele. Okungukuthi, lezi ababazi sculpted ngebumba kanye nemikhiqizo ukuxoshwa. zobumba Painted wahlanganyela kuphela izigqila ababebhekwa njengezibonelo kahle ngezansi yababumbi besesikhundleni sabo.

isitsha lelungiselelwe zasha isimo "eluhlaza". Hhayi odongeni lukhuni ngempela abayekiswanga ukwenza imbobo bese ukusebenzisa ungqimba okokusebenza lelungiselelwe, kamuva baba umhlobiso ekhexisayo. Ngokulandelayo, isithombe ezivezwa udaka ekhethekile ecwebezelayo kanye umsiki.

Ngaphambili kwakucatshangwa ukuthi le zobumba laligcwele lacquer, kodwa ucwaningo lwamuva okuye kwenziwa kuye kwabonisa ukuthi ukushelela (uhlobo ecwebezelayo ngobumba) emva labadubuli kwenza esibuthakathaka ebusweni.

Ngakho, lesi sitsha black-sibalo wazalwa ngaphakathi kwezindonga eKorinte, e-workshop ye-artisan, ezazifuna ukuba ukuletha ucezu empumalanga ongaqondakali, ekuphileni kwansuku zonke kweningi amaGreki.

Kodwa ngemva isitayela orientalizirovannogo, owayebusa izilwane, kukhona langempela black-sibalo zobumba. It uye wabusa isithombe sabantu. Izisusa eziyinhloko babe emadilini, imikhosi kanye izindaba yaseTroy neMpi.

Lokhu ukukhiqizwa wawuqala eyesikhombisa maphakathi nekhulu lesithupha BC. It salandelwa zobumba obomvu-isitayela.

red-sibalo zobumba

Kukholakala ukuthi obomvu-sibalo zobumba uvele namathathu banesifo esibi nekhulu lesithupha BC. Athene Andokides, engumfundi master black-sibalo zobumba, owaqala ukuba izame imibala. Eqinisweni, wavele wayenza okuhlukile. Hhayi black isithombe ngemuva ngobumba izakhiwo ezazenziwe ngezitini futhi kungemuva elimnyama, lapho isithombe sibonakala umbala kwemvelo impahla.

Le nkathi liyaziwa umncintiswano olungekho emthethweni phakathi abadwebi vase, okuyinto kwezesayensi ngokuvamile kubizwa ngokuthi "amaphayona". Basebenza emadolobheni ahlukene, kodwa ngokuvamile ashiye nomunye imiyalezo ku isitsha sezimbali. Ngokwesibonelo, omunye amphorae wathola umbhalo othi "Epiphanius engazange ukwazi indlela." Ubuqambi udumo master graffiti Evfimidu.

Ngakho, isitsha sezimbali obomvu Ngesineke isitayela, lusakazwe kabanzi ngokwanele. Wathuthela kakade angaphezu Greece. Ofanayo inqubo semithambo mural ezitholakala eningizimu ye-Italy. Wayenolwazi futhi ethandwa ne Etruscans.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi kule nkathi kukhona hambisa kude imininingwane nemifanekiso Naturalization. Inani lezinhlamvu izitsha incipha, kodwa uqala ukusebenzisa umbono okhokhelwayo, ukunyakaza kanye nezinye amasu obuciko.

Manje wizadi ngokukhethekile uhlobo oluthile indaba noma izithombe (izilwane, abantu, izitshalo ...). abadwebi Kusukela vase ezihlukaniswe uhlobo izitsha. Kwakukhona abaculi owayesebenza kuphela amphoras. Libuye lwezinhlobo ezivame kakhulu imikhiqizo Ceramic zihlanganisa izinkomishi, izitsha eziyisikhombisa, lekythos futhi Dinos.

Nakabuka ingemuva mhlophe

Inganekwane yasendulo yesiGreki vase Umdwebo baqhubeka nokuguquguquka. Esikhundleni izitsha ezimnyama bilinguals kufika inkululeko entsha ngokuphelele amasu umkhiqizo umhlobiso. Manje ngemuva akuyona omnyama noma yemvelo, nomhlophe. Phakathi nale nkathi, inkosi namanje agxila ngokukhethekile ezithile imithambo.

Ikakhulukazi, Umdwebo on isizinda ezimhlophe esetshenziswa ku ubumba alabastron, lekythos futhi aribalah. Kukholakala ukuthi le ndlela waqale wasebenza Psiax. Yena e 510 BC lekythos okudalwe kule isitayela. Kodwa futhi elalidume kunawo wonke vase abadwebi on isizinda ezimhlophe kubhekwa Pistoxenos Painter.

Lokhu wizadi wasebenza "ngemibala emine ubuchwepheshe." Wasebenzisa upende, ngidwebe ngopende kanye nokwenza gilding. kakhulu esifanayo ezimhlophe umbala yafinyelelwa ngezithukuthuku limestone Ubumba ihlanganisa "eluhlaza".

Okufanayo vase Umdwebo izitayela ezihambayo kakade kude umhlobiso sokuqala imithambo sobumba. Manje ukudala isiqondiso entsha ngokuphelele 'ubhedu kwezobuciko, efana lo mdwebo yasekuqaleni.

Le nkathi kwaba omunye wokugcina emlandweni ngesiGreki vase imidwebo. ukukhiqizwa Ngaphezu kwalokho uye ephuma ezweni emakoloni ne-United engumakhelwane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, manje kukhona Ukuhamba kusuka izigcawu nonkulunkulu nezilwane. nabathakathi okusha sigxile ekuphileni kwansuku zonke amaGreki.

Kukhona izitsha nabesifazane ukuzihilela ezindabeni zansuku zonke, emelelwe yemidlalo, ukudlala izinsimbi zomculo, nezinye mkhosi.

gnathia isitsha sezimbali

Kancane kancane, ubuciko vase Umdwebo ihamba kusukela amadolobha ngesiGreki, ikoloni. Ikakhulukazi eqinile babe amakhosi eningizimu-Italian. I eminingi yasendulo futhi kusakazeke nesitayela sabo kwaba gnathia isitsha sezimbali. Lena eqondile futhi colorful kakhulu imidwebo amasu, okubonakala ekuqaleni kwekhulu lesine BC.

It libhekene eziningi ezihlukahlukene imibala. Kwakukhona oluhlaza kanye brown, obomvu, osawolintshi, ophuzi, igolide, abamhlophe, abansundu kanye nabanye. Uzungu is kahle ungachazwa kokuqala ezihlukahlukene esiteji. Umhlinzi wahlangana Cupid, umsebenzi wansuku zonke abesifazane ngamaholide sibonisa Dionysus, ukusebenza ezigcawugcawu nezinye.

Nokho, namathathu banesifo esibi yekhulu lesine BC, kukhona kwezithibelo abukhali izindlela yokukhuluma futhi isenzo izigcawu. Manje kusetshenziswa imibala abamhlophe nabansundu kuphela futhi iphethini lula kakhulu. Ukubonisa ikakhulukazi izitshalo, ezifana amagilebhisi, ivy kanye umfire, futhi phakathi amahlumela imivini futhi ngezinye izikhathi kunezindlela nobuso bunjengobuso babantu.

Ngakho, igama lesiGreki vase Umdwebo uqala zasakazekela saseMedithera phakathi abomvu-izitsha zobumba. Ngemva kwakho konke lokhu ubuchwepheshe kanye gnathia isitsha sezimbali azalwe njengomuntu ukuqhubeka yayo.

Okulandelayo sizoxoxa esigabeni sokugcina ukuthuthukiswa lolu hlobo lobuciko lasendulo. I-Centre isivele liyiswe unaphakade eningizimu ye-Italy.

Canosa futhi centuripe

Kusukela manje ngesiGreki vase imidwebo, odlulayo isikhathi gnathia isitsha sezimbali, siguqulelwa a imfanelo isiko. Izakhamuzi zaseRoma zaziphinde nesithakazelo ngokwengeziwe izikhali nezinto yasetshenziselwa elula kakhulu futhi ezingokoqobo.

Ngesikhathi esigabeni sokugcina ukukhiqizwa ezimbili isikhungo - Canosa futhi centuripe. Esimweni sokuqala, izitsha, yokudweba upende ungaphumi lapho ifakwa emanzini. Lokhu Cookware akabi futhi ayizange isetshenziswe. Imane ethuneni.

amakhosi Sicilia ka centuripe waqhubeka. Abazi ngisho ziye zasebenza ukwakha esitsheni. Ikhishwa futhi zaveza izingxenye ukuthi zipendwe luhlotshiswe stucco. Khona-ke, emathuneni futhi sarcophagi shards anamekwe nomunye, ukudala into efana nojeke, isitsha noma inkomishi.

Ekugcineni art yaseGrisi yasendulo iye wathuthela ensimini yase-Italy. Manje Latins wasebenzisa nakho eenkhulwini lasendulo ukuhlobisa ukuphila izihlobo zawo esezashona.

Njengoba singabona, ngemva kokuwa izitsha zaveza Greece wafa phansi futhi ucwila la mavangeli. UMbuso WaseRoma Yakhiwa njengendawo amasosha futhi patricians, hhayi umphakathi yefilosofi abacwaningi kanye abaqambi.

Ngakho, kulesi sihloko sizoxoxa mayelana Antique vase imidwebo. Kuyinto owaqalwa art ukuthi ihlobise zeminyaka emibili kungekho Umhlaba Museum eyodwa. Vase imidwebo yobuciko yaseGrisi yasendulo namanje wamangaza abacwaningi kanye Ongoti yobuciko.

Inhlanhla kuwe, abafundi abathandekayo! Kulolu hambo olude kanye nemigqondo ezimibalabala.