Kuyini ukuhlolwa? Izinhlobo kuhlolwa isayensi forensic

Ngo zobulelesi igunya aphenya ithola ubufakazi bokuba necala lobugebengu ngo kokwenza uphenyo oludingekayo, ezinye zazo zibhekwa imibuzo, ukuhlola, ukuhlolwa. Izinhlobo zokuhlola wehlukile ngempela. Nokho, ngokuvamile iyunithi inqubo okuphenya kanje.

Umqondo ukuhlolwa eenkambisweni zobulelesi

Concept futhi izinhlobo zokuhlola ku forensics ezikhonjwe ikakhulukazi emkhakheni isenzo normative - Ikhodi of Civil Inqubo. Ngu ukuhlolwa kuleli legatsha ilungelo kwakusho bezibona ngokushesha kulandele nenkanuko edlulele ayimpoqo ngokuhambisana inqubo yomthetho izici zangaphandle kanye nezici lezinto. Njengenjwayelo, izinto ezifana abaphenyi bangakwazi ukukhuluma ngaphandle kwezithikamezo.

umthetho Criminal zenqubo ulawula ukuhlolwa izihloko 176-178 Ikhodi. Sencazelo "ukuhlolwa" ngokwalo lisho okuqonda sibonwa lezinto, kodwa ngokuhamba umhlangano ingasetshenziswa nezinye izinzwa. Ngokwesibonelo, e-protocol ukuhlolwa ingalungiswa iphunga into zihlolwe noma izinga layo kunqunywa touch. Kungaba kubhekwe futhi noma yimuphi umsindo ehambisana sokuhlolwa.

Izinhlobo ukuhlolwa okuphenya

Izinhlobo luhlolo okuphenya kakhulu yezingxenye zayo zihlukile kusuka komunye nomunye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umehluko kungaba indlela futhi indlela yokuziphatha kwabo. Kodwa umehluko oyinhloko ngalo lihlukaniswe isinyathelo okuphenya, kungenxa into noma into lapho ezohlola. Izinhlobo zokuhlola yilezi:

• yesehlakalo.
• Imibhalo noma ezinye izinto.
• Izindawo.
• Ukuhlale noma kwezinye izakhiwo.
• Izidumbu.

Ukuhlolwa yesehlakalo

Yiziphi izinhlobo ukuhlolwa esiyolandelwa kuphela emva kokuba icala lobugebengu? Noma yini ukuba senze okungaphezu kwalokho. Ingxenye Yesibili Art. 176 Ikhodi Criminal Procedure sisungula futhi silawule ekukhishweni luhlolo ubugebengu endaweni yesehlakalo. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi lolu hlobo lokuhlolwa ingenye izenzo ezimbalwa okuphenya ezingase ukukhiqiza ngaphambi kokuthoma komlandu kwafakwa. Lokhu kwenziwa, okokuqala, ukuze ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka ukuze silungise ubufakazi kungenzeka, futhi okwesibili, ukucacisa zibheke tinchubo.

Lapha kufanele asho ukuthi ukuhlola yesehlakalo kuhilela luhlolo okubonakalayo hhayi kuphela endaweni lapho ubugebengu uqobo. Lokhu luhlolo nakho kwenziwe kwezinye izindawo, isibonelo, ukuthola kwenye indawo ubufakazi ezinye ezengeziwe, kuhlanganise imikhondo ubugebengu, izibhamu noma okunye sinenai. Ngakho-ke, ngaphansi welithi "esigcawini" kungafaka noma yimaphi ama izakhiwo emaphandleni evulekile kanye nokunye okufana nalokho.

Ukuhlolwa yesehlakalo kubhekwa umcimbi esiphuthumayo. Njengoba sekushiwo, lokhu yingakho uvunyelwe ukukhiqiza kufika ku izinyathelo zomthetho. Hhayi zenziwe ngesikhathi kuhlolwa uyakwazi liyochukuluza ukulahlekelwa iminonjana kanye nobufakazi. Lokhu umbandela ihlukile kwezinye izinhlobo zokuhlola. Lokho, kungaba kwenziwe kuphela uma kukhona kungenzeka nokulahlekelwa imikhondo ubugebengu kanye nobufakazi. Uma engekho onjalo, lolu hlobo inqubo ngeke besakwazi kubhekwe ukuhlolisisa ubugebengu endaweni yesehlakalo. Kuyoba survey endaweni, igumbi noma ikhaya, okuzoba kungenzeka ukuba afeze kuphela ngemva ukunqunywa isimo sengqondo umphenyi ka icala lobugebengu.

Nokho, kunezinhlobo zobugebengu endaweni yesehlakalo uphenyo. Ngakho, lesi senzo okuphenya ungentiwa iqhaza abathile (lapho kunesidingo), futhi ngaphandle kwazo. Lokhu luhlolo buyehluka kuye indlela, indlela kanye amaqhinga.

ukuhlolwa kwendawo

Uhlobo elilandelayo wokuhlola okuphenya - ukuhlolwa kwendawo. "Isigodi Esikhulu", uma ukhuluma umqondo "isimo saleli", akudingeki linabo ubufakazi bokukholelwa ubugebengu. Njengomthetho, lolu hlobo isinyathelo okuphenya ihlose ukufunda lesi simo. ukuhlolwa okunjalo kungahlanganisa, isibonelo, ukuhlolwa okubonakalayo emagcekeni lapho ummangalelwa buphele noma besoleka ukuhileleka ebugebengwini. Ukuhlolwa kwendawo nakho kwenziwa kwamanye amacala, uma kungekho sidingo esiphuthumayo.

Nokuhlolwa kwezakhiwo

Ngaphansi isakhiwo izindlu Kuyaqondakala, efulethini endlini lapho bantfu bahlala khona. Related izakhiwo okungezona zokuhlala futhi basonta yokuhlala. Bangasephula ekhaya isethwe kuMthethosisekelo, ngakho umthetho zenqubo ulawula ikakhulukazi inqubo lokuhlola kwakhe.

Ngakho, wona kuhloswe ukuthi wokuhlola ikhaya kufanele sigcwaliswe kuphela ngenkululeko bonke abantu abahlala kuwo. Yiqiniso, lokhu kwenzeka kuphela kubantu enamandla. Uma okungenani oyedwa ngokumelene ukungajabuli kwabo ngalesi senzo okuphenya, iziphathimandla komthetho ziyadingeka ukuthola isenzo zokwahlulela olufanele egunyaza eliyifa layo. Le mfuneko kungenxa yokuthi wokuhlola anqunyelwe amalungelo esintu izakhamuzi.

Lapha-ke, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukuhlolwa ekhaya futhi asesha - 2 izinqubo ezithi azifane kakhulu komunye nomunye. Nokho, kumele ahlukaniswe. Usesho, ngokungafani kuya ukubika isinyathelo okuphenya kunenhloso ukumambula iminonjana ezifihliwe ubugebengu, noma yibuphi ubufakazi. Ikhaya ukuhlolwa kuphela observation olukha phezulu kanye cwaningo mayelana nale ndaba, lapho kukhona ukufinyelela okulula. Ngaleyo ndlela iphula umthetho we ukuhlolwa esingaphansi ilungelo uhlala efulethini noma indlu abantu.

ukuhlolwa izinto

Ngezinye izikhathi kukhona izinto ngendlela uqhubeke lapho kubalulekile ukuba afeze nophenyo, lokuhlolwayo ethile. Izinhlobo zokuhlola ehilela ezifana ukuhlolwa ezibukwayo akuyona izinto kuphela, kodwa futhi imibhalo. Nokho, lolu hlobo lokuhlolwa kungase kungabi ezimele. Kungenzeka njengengxenye neminye imisebenzi eyenziwa umseshi. Ngokwesibonelo, kutholakele phakathi usesho lezinto noma amadokhumenti zihlolwa ngokushesha, futhi umphumela okulotshwe irekhodi yokusesha.

Njengoba okuphenya isinyathelo luhlolo lezinto nemibhalo kungenziwa kwenziwe ihhovisi womphenyi. Ngokuvamile, kuba khona nesidingo esingaka, uma ukuhlolwa endaweni lapho ubufakazi kwatholakala ukuthi kunzima (sezulu izimo, yenkungu nokunye. N.). Kanye isici esihlukile yenqubo lobugebengu, lolu hlobo lokuhlolwa uyokwenza uma izinto noma imibhalo ithunyelwe yinoma ubani (isib, ngenxa ekhosombeni).

Inhloso yaleli senzo ukuqinisekisa ikusasa uchwepheshe noma ezinye izinto ucwaningo, amadokhumenti. Kuyinto ngokuqondene lo mthetho kuqhakambisa iziphathimandla uphenyo inqubo ukuthatha lezi zinto, balandela emaphaketheni ilungile futhi ukuhlonza. Ukuhlolisisa kilelihlelo kuyaqondakala. Ngephutha ashaqe noma igcwele ukufakazela onecala kulula ukuze ujike umusa, esishoyo ukuthi nodaba phambi kweNkantolo kungesilo ukuthi isuswe.

Ukuhlola isidumbu

Izinhlobo zokuhlola Investigative e forensics futhi zihlanganisa imiphumela enjalo ezingemnandi, ezifana ukuhlolwa lomuntu oshonile. Njengomvini odlule isinyathelo okuphenya, ukuhlola isidumbu kungaba kokubili abazimele kanye zidlule enye inqubo eyenziwa umseshi. Ngokwesibonelo, uma umzimba endaweni yesehlakalo, ekuhloleni kwakhe kwenziwa lapha. Umphumela silotshwe umbiko inhlolovo esinabantu. Kulezo zimo, lapho umzimba, isibonelo, ziye zathatha kakade asuswe ngaphambi kokufika iqembu tekusebenta-okuphenya, luhlolo Kwenziwa njengoba isenzo esizimele okuphenya, isibonelo, i-morgue. Futhi, kuzoba ezimele ngesikhathi ukugujwa noma uzingela nezinye izinqubo eyenziwa iziphathimandla ayaphenya.

Lolu hlobo lokuhlolwa kuhilela izidingo eziningana ezengeziwe uwahlukanise kusukela ukuphumula. Lapho efeza isenzo okuphenya nesidumbu ngempela ubuhanjelwe ochwepheshe emkhakheni wezokwelapha, futhi ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, noma yimuphi udokotela. Ukuhlola kumele sihambisane hhayi kuphela ukuthatha izithombe, kodwa futhi fingerprinting (fingerprinting), uma isidumbu ezingaziwa.

On luhlolo isidumbu kungenzeka isilinganiso ekhethekile sibhekwe kuyinto lokumbiwa yayo. Le nqubo ihilela ekususeni isidumbu ethuneni, ulale; kuyakuthi ukuze uvumelane lo mkhaya. Emacaleni angakajayeleki ngokungabi bikho kwemvume ezinjalo, ngesinqumo esithathwe ngaleso sicelo lokhu isilinganiso makamthathe enkantolo.

luhlolo

Abanye abahlaziyi bakholwe imithetho ukuthi luhlolo yabantu abaphilayo futhi uhambo. Mhlawumbe kunjalo, kodwa ucacise isenzo okuphenya. Akumangazi-ke ukuthi kwabelwe a komthetho owehlukile. Ngenxa yalokhu luhlolo kufanele ukuhlola nophenyo oluzimele. Kufanele kuphela kuqashelwe ukuthi izinhlobo ngihlolwa okuphenya, okuyinto wokuhlola, futhi ezihlukahlukene kakhulu.

isiphetho

Ngakho, cishe kuzo zonke izinyathelo okuphenya, ngenxa okuyizinto ubufakazi akudingi nje kuphela ukuthi kahle futhi ngokuhambisana nomthetho we lokuhlolwa olwenziwe. Izinhlobo zokuhlola, okuyinto kumele kwenziwe endabeni ethile, kulawulwa umthetho lobugebengu zenqubo. Iziphathimandla Investigating aphoqelelwe ukuba bagcine ukukhiqizwa lezi zenzo zonke nezimfuneko eziqanjwe ngumthetho. Kungenjalo kunobungozi ukuthi lobo bufakazi inadmissible.