Fingerprinting - DNA ukuphrofayela kuyinto ...

Kunjalo indoda iyakushiya uphawu lwakhe noma kuphi lapho kwenzeka: isikhumba amaseli, izinwele, ngamathe. Futhi emangqamuzaneni epidermis njalo, kodwa izinto eziningi ezincane, ukukhulula imfihlo: izithukuthuku futhi begcoba. Kwaba ngezindleko zabo, futhi kukhona zeminwe ku tonkhe tifundvo abathintekayo. Yonke inkambo yabo ihlukile umuntu ngamunye. Ngakho lapho ukwenza fingerprinting, futhi kungani kungaba wusizo?

Ingqikithi

Fingerprinting - isayensi ukuthi etadisha imidwebo papillary, okungukuthi, labo Amabha esikhumbeni ukuthi wonke umuntu asesandleni abo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lokho okuthiwa inqubo ukuhlonza imilobo ala imigqa. Iqiniso ukuthi bahlukile ngoba umuntu ngamunye futhi kokuphelele, yini umuntu othintekayo. Yingakho-ke kuyindlela enhle kakhulu yomazisi, kunalokho elula nephumelelayo ingasetshenziswa emhlabeni wonke.

Mayelana nomlando

Ekuqaleni, umqondo fingerprinting njengenkampani yeSigaba trasologii babemenyiwe udokotela Argentina F. Lattsinoy ngo-1894. Ngaphambi esasetshenziswa akuyona efaneleka ngokuphelele elithi "iknafalangometriya". Khona-ke fingerprinting amasu kanye nokusetshenziswa kwazo isayensi forensic buyadlondlobala. ukulungisiswa Scientific ngoba sasinikeza edumile Umhloli wamazwe oyiNgisi Galton, futhi umqondo wakhe luthuthukiselwa lokuqala kabanzi bakwenze Juan Vucetich. Wakha Ukwahlukaniswa yezicathulo, futhi kamuva - indlela ekhethekile yokubhalisa zeminwe emazweni abanye South America. Ngakho wenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukuhlonza zabantu ngemva imidwebo papillary - lamathuluzi eziyisisekelo yobugebengu yesimanje.

Kunzima ukusho ukuthi yikuphi ososayensi okukhulunywa wanika umfutho enkulu kule isayensi, njengoba fingerprinting. Lena inkinga ngokuvamile kubangela eziningi mpikiswano ngoba UGalton wafakazela kubantu zeminwe umdlalo ezahlukene izibalo engenakwenzeka, futhi Vucetich lula kakhulu ukuhlonza inkinga ngokwayo. Cishe, eqinisweni, wadlala indima enkulu inhlanganisela ezifinyelelwe.

ukuphrofayela DNA

Uma ngaphansi evamile fingerprinting waqonda, yini isetshenziswa lapha? Kusobala ukuthi ukuhlaziywa DNA. Kuyinto obucayi kakhulu futhi ithuluzi eqondile. Uma fingerprinting abavamile abakwazi ukubekezelela abanye ngephutha, iphutha cishe iqedwe ngoba i-DNA yezakhi umuntu ngamunye uhlukile. genotyping indlela yasungulwa ngo-1984 yiqembu abacwaningi eholwa Alex Dzheffresa. Yena yaduma ngenxa lalisetshenziswa Kwezinye izimo lobugebengu eziyihlazo, kanye isenzakalo esasihilela umdlali webhola lezinyawo lase OJ. Simpson ngo-1995.

amasu

Le ndlela ukuhlonza Lwenziwe by isakhiwo esikhethekile kuyi-DNA yomuntu. Iqiniso lokuthi mayelana 95% yezinhlayiya non-esephepheni, isb ningathwali ukwaziswa kwezakhi zofuzo, kodwa aqukethe ukulandelana okuphindayo, okungase ukusakaza kude nomunye noma eduze. Kungenxa Kulo mBhalo, bebizwa iziphuphutheki. Isibalo ezinikezwa kuzo zingase zishintshe kakhulu, futhi uma uthatha abantu ehlukene, akusiyo okuqinisekisiwe ukufanisa.

Kukhona amaqoqo lapho isibalo ukulandelanisa lincane kakhulu - bebizwa mini-satellites. Futhi endaweni ethile kuyi-DNA umuntu ngamunye izakhiwo ezimbili okunjalo, kumzali ngamunye. DNA ukuphrofayela uhlaziyo lezi mini-satellites. Through kungenzeka ngokunemba okwanele ukuze abone umuntu, elingelakwaJuda DNA. Namuhla, le ndlela udlala indima efanayo njengoba zeminwe esisodwa. Kodwa uma lo isigebengu esidlule kungenza Sula ukuqaphela, ungashiyi noma yiluphi uhlobo lokuthokoza trace ngokomzimba sokuhlala kwakhe, okungukuthi, izinhlayiya yesikhumba, igazi, ngamathe, izinwele, nokunye. E., Ingabe cishe kungenakwenzeka.

ukunemba

DNA ukuphrofayela kuyahluka nokwethenjelwa ngempela high, okungukuthi, bangaphansi nezindinganiso ezithile imiphumela yokuhlolwa eziningana etholwe laboratories ezahlukene azihlukile. On ukuthuthukiswa imithetho ethile evamile kuzo zonke zalolu hlobo locwaningo manje nje ukusebenza.

Njengoba ngokunemba, ematfuba kuqondana le ihlaziye DNA izingcezu esuka kubantu ezahlukene azinakwa. Kuthiwa amathuba okuthi kube ephakeme uma sikhuluma kwezihlobo eziseduze, imiphumela yabo uyofana kunoma isiphi isimo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukunemba genotyping has nomthelela izinga material. Kuyinto into eyodwa - kudlule fingerprinting, okungukuthi kumelwe bavivinywe ngokuzithandela, kuhlukile - ukuzama ukwehlukanisa DNA kusukela iconsi legazi omisiwe noma amathe.

isicelo yesimanje

Kukhona uhla elincane izimo lapho inqubo enjalo ingasiza. Okokuqala, lena indawo zobugebengu. wecala lomsolwa obubonisa, isibonelo, uma ngokusebenzisa amangqamuzana esikhumba somuntu atholakala ngaphansi izinzipho we ofanayo isisulu, DNA nalo. Ukuze forensic DNA ukuphrofayela - ukutholakala sangempela, ekusizeni ukuhlonza ungubani lowo owenze lokho.

Miningi eminye izimo ezidinga ukulungiswa DNA-amaphrofayli, le mpikiswano mayelana ubuyise futhi ifa. Emashumini eminyaka amuva, vivinyo sesingochwepheshe ethandwa futhi iyatholakala.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, genotyping isetshenziswa zesayensi yendabuko ukuba sithungathe umlando nokuhlobana lwezizwe ngezizwe. Ngokuhlaziya DNA wabantu yesimanje benziwa ethakazelisayo nekucabangela.

Ekugcineni, le ndlela isetshenziswa zizalela isilwane ukuqinisekisa ubumsulwa zohlobo noma ukuqapha ezakhi ezinhlobonhlobo.

Kuphi futhi kanjani?

Fingerprinting uhambe kalula. Kuyinto elula kakhulu futhi inqubo kobuhlungu ngokuphelele. Ukuze uqale ngeminwe embozwe udayi ekhethekile, bese wenza mikhondo ephepheni. Nokho, izikhungo eziningi olwenziwa scan computer amaphethini papillary - it ikuvumela ukuba balahle nobunzima, kulandele ibhadalele.

Kusukela 2015 alandele le nqubo kuyadingeka ekukhiqizeni eRussia amasha ipasipoti isizukulwane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma sisebenzisa, isibonelo, i-visa British, futhi udinga ukuba wagingqa izithupha. Kodwa ungakwenza ngokuzithandela - vele uye igatsha eliseduze Federal Migration Izikhungo.

Uma kukhona umbuzo mayelana kuphi fingerprinting DNA, kukhona indlela ezikhungweni zokwelapha ezikhethekile. Njengoba zokunciphisa izindleko test nokusatshalaliswa adingekayo imishini Ukuqaphela yayo izikhungo ezifana lukhula. Kuyinto, isibonelo, i-Centre for Yamamolekhula Ufuzo, lapho umphumela ingatholakala ngaphakathi isonto lomsebenzi ka-ruble ayizigidi 10-20, kanye Research Institute of Medical Ufuzo, lapho ukuhlaziywa izobiza mayelana esilinganayo. Indaba ngokuvamile kuba igazi noma buccal epithelium (smear, esithathelwe ingaphakathi izihlathi). Kusobala ukuthi le nqubo futhi ayinangozi futhi cishe kobuhlungu.

izimpikiswano ngokuphathelene nezimiso zokuziphatha

Kunamaphuzu amaningana abameli bakholelwa ukuthi kudalwa uhlelo ehlanganisa i zeminwe noma izinhlayiya eziyisisekelo zofuzo izigebengu nje kuphela kodwa futhi abavamile yizakhamuzi ezigcina umthetho, kuphambene namalungelo wobuntu asisekelo, esimweni ukuphoqwa ukuba ibhekane lezi izinqubo. Njengoba ekukhathalela jikelele ikhefu-database olulodwa, okuyinto Kwakuyohlanganisani ezifana nokufinyelela okungagunyaziwe kuya ulwazi oluyimfihlo kungenzeka, ngokusemandleni DNA ukuphrofayela - empeleni lena ipasipoti DNA, futhi lokho kwaziswa akufanele nje kube domain yomphakathi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuqoqwa kanye nokubuyekeza njalo database ezinjalo - nemnandi eqolo, futhi izindleko kusobala iwe emahlombe abakhokhintela. Njengoba umkhuba omhlaba kanye isiRashiya, kunengqondo nomkhawulo kwesiyingi abantu engibathandayo fingerprinting uzohanjiswa ayimpoqo amasosha, abomthetho, izisebenzi zombuso, futhi-ke, nowalahlwa yicala noma ukukhonza ekuboshweni zokuphatha. Kukho konke inqubo fingerprinting noma ukulethwa nesidoda okunikelwe kumele kube ngokuqinile yokuzithandela.