Ukulwa nezingozi zomgwaqo emhlabeni: izindlela eziphumelelayo

Siphila esikhathini sokududuza amadolobha, lapho amadolobha ekhula, futhi ukwandisa inani labantu nsuku zonke. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, inani lemoto emigwaqweni yedolobha landa: izimoto, amaloli, amabhasi kanye ne-trams. Kodwa ngokuvamile imigwaqo yasemadolobheni ayiklanyelwe ukuhamba kwezimoto ezinamandla kangaka. Imizi ixazulula kanjani le nkinga futhi ukuqhuma komgwaqo kwenzeka kanjani?

I-traffic jam - iyini?

I-traffic jam (noma ukungena kwemigwaqo) kuyimoto eqoqayo ngokweqile endaweni ethile yomgwaqo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, abasebenzisi bomgwaqo bahamba ngesivinini esincane kakhulu noma abahambanga nhlobo.

Ngokuthakazelisayo, ngokwemithetho yomgwaqo ilawula ezweni lakithi, asinayo umqondo wokuthi "ukuxubana" noma "ukuqhuma komgwaqo" kumkhakha wezomthetho. Ngokungaqondile, mayelana nemikhumbi, kukhona iphuzu elilodwa kuphela leMithetho - isigaba 13.2. Kodwa-ke, ngo-2006 ensimini yeRussian Federation kunqunywe ukwethula isibonakaliso esisha (okwesikhashana), ukuxwayisa abashayeli mayelana nokuvinjelwa komgwaqo omkhulu.

Ukulwa nezingozi zomgwaqo emhlabeni kungomunye wemisebenzi yasemadolobheni emhlabeni jikelele. Phela, ukutholakala kwezimoto ezihlala njalo edolobheni kuyathinta kabi ukusebenza kwayo, kungase kuvele kuphazamise impilo evamile yesistimu yedolobha. Emva kwakho konke, uma ucabanga ukuthi idolobha linomzimba omkhulu, izindlela zalo zokuxhumana nemigwaqo zingafaniswa nemithwalo yomzimba womuntu. Ngakho-ke, omasipala emadolobheni amakhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni banake kakhulu le nkinga, bethola izindlela ezintsha zokubhekana nezingozi zezimoto.

Ukuhamba kwemigwaqo yesitaladi - umlando omncane

Lokhu kunzima ukukholelwa, kodwa inkinga yokuhlanganiswa komgwaqo ivele isikhathi eside. Ukuqhuma kwemigwaqo kwenzeka emadolobheni kakade ekhulwini le-XVII, futhi laba babeyizigijimi zabaqeqeshi! Kwakungaleso sikhathi emigwaqweni yedolobha kwakunezinqola eziningi, okwakunzima ukubhekana nazo emigwaqeni emincane.

Umgudu wesibili wokungqubuzana komgwaqo emadolobheni amakhulu ufika ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, lapho uhlobo lwezokuthutha zomphakathi luvele lufana ne-tram. Kwase kwesikhashana inkinga ye-traffic jam isisombululiwe ema-20-30s ekhulwini lama-20 mayelana nokuklanywa kwezinhlelo zemetro emadolobheni amakhulu. Kodwa-ke, engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu leminyaka lamashumi amabili, le nkinga iphinda izizwe futhi kuze kube yilolu suku ukulwa nokuqhuma kwezimoto emhlabeni kuqhubeka umsebenzi ophuthumayo.

Ukunciphisa okukhulu komgwaqo emlandweni

Umlando wabhala izibonelo eziningi zemigwaqo emikhulu yemigwaqo yasemadolobheni. Siyakunakela abathathu abadume kakhulu kubo:

1. ENew York, ngo-1969. Ubude bezinkukhu ezingu-70 (!) Amakhilomitha. Isizathu: idokodo enkulu edolobheni.
2. Chicago, ngonyaka ka-2011. Kwakukhona ukuwa kwangempela ohlelweni lokuthutha kwedolobha, ukuqhuma kwemigwaqo kwaqhubeka kuze kube amahora angu-12. Isizathu: isiphepho seqhwa.
3. São Paulo, ngonyaka ka-2013. Lokhu kusengumgogodla omkhulu wemoto emlandweni, wafinyelela ubude bamakhilomitha angu-309!

Isizathu esiyinhloko yisici somuntu

Izizathu zalesi simo ziningi kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, isizathu esibaluleke kunazo zonke se-traffic jam yisici somuntu. Emgwaqeni kaningi ungabonana nabantu ngendlela yesitayela "futhi ngizohamba!". Ngenxa yalokho - isimo esiphuthumayo emgwaqweni omatasa, ukuqhuma kwezimoto kanye namakhulu abashayeli abanenkinga yokudangala. Isimo sengqondo esinengqondo nesingenangqondo emgwaqweni singaba nemiphumela emibi kakhulu. Futhi, ukuqhuma kwezimoto kungase kudale futhi ngenxa yokuphazamiseka kwemoto engalindelekile ethrekhi. Lokhu kungenzeka kunoma ubani nanoma yikuphi.

Kodwa-ke, kwenzeka nokuthi ukuhlanganiswa kwakha emgwaqweni omkhulu kakhulu, ngaphandle kwesizathu. Amacala anjalo athakazelisa kakhulu, ikakhulukazi, abacwaningi basezindaweni zasemadolobheni, futhi ukulwa nomgwaqo wokuhamba emgwaqweni kuba nzima nakakhulu kulokhu.

Izimbangela zokuxubana

Izizathu zokwenzeka kwazo zingaba nomgomo futhi ezizithobayo, ezomile noma ezisezingeni eliphezulu. Futhi kufanele kuqaphele ukuthi ukulwa nokuqhuma kwezimoto akulona ukulwa okukhulu nokucindezeleka ngokwayo, kodwa kunzima ukubhekana nezimbangela zabo. Ngakho-ke, lo mbuzo udinga ukutadisha ngokucophelela.

Ake sicabangele izizathu ezisemqoka kakhulu futhi ezisakazekayo:

• Ukuhlukunyezwa ekwakhiweni komgwaqo;
• Ubukhona bezingxenyana ezingahambisani nomthetho;
• Ukungabikho kwamapokethi ezokuthutha zomphakathi kuyeka;
• Ukuphulwa kokukhanya kwe-Traffic;
• Ukutholakala kokupaka ezindaweni ezingenamakhelo zomgwaqo.

Lezi yizimbangela eziqhubekayo zokubambisana. Kuzo izizathu zesimo (noma ezenzakalelayo) kungathiwa okulandelayo:

• Ukuvimbela ithrafikhi yokuhambisa ama-tuples;
• Ukulungisa umsebenzi emigwaqeni;
• Izimo zezulu (iziphepho, iqhwa, izikhumba, njll);
• Ukuhlukunyezwa okukhulu kwemithetho yomgwaqo ngabathintekayo bezimoto ngabanye;
• Izimo eziphuthumayo emgwaqeni.

Imiphumela eyinhloko yokuminyanisa komgwaqo

Imiphumela yokuxubana emigwaqweni ingaba yinto engalungile kakhulu. Ikakhulukazi:

• Ukunciphisa amandla okuhamba;
• Ukulimala komnotho kulo lonke idolobha;
• Ukulahlekelwa isikhathi esiyigugu ngabahlanganyeli bomgwaqo;
• Ukwandiswa kwemikhiqizo eyingozi emvelweni;
• Ukwanda kokusetshenziswa kwephethiloli;
• Ukuthungelwa kokungcola kwemvelo yasemadolobheni;
• Ukucindezeleka okungadingekile kwabashayeli nabahlali bomuzi.

Ukuhamba kwemigwaqo yesitimela nesayensi

Kuyathakazelisa ukuphawula ukuthi umzabalazo wemigwaqo yezimoto ukukhathazeka hhayi kuphela abamele iziphathimandla, kodwa futhi ososayensi, ikakhulukazi izibalo. Basebenzisa indlela yokwenza izibalo ukuze baphendule imibuzo: "Amaphakheji avelaphi?" Futhi "indlela yokubhekana nayo?".

Ososayensi sebevele bathole ukuthi ukuxhuma kungavela futhi kungabikho imbangela nemibandela eqondile. Ngakho-ke, bafika esiphethweni sokuthi ukuhamba ngezimoto kungase kwenzeke emigwaqweni yedolobha ngenxa yokuhlukunyezwa ekuziphatheni kwabanye abahlanganyeli kulo mhlangano.

Isibonelo sokuqala esingokomlando sesisombululo sale nkinga singabhekwa njengesikhalazo ehhovisi likaMeya waseParis lomsayense odumile uBlaise Pascal ngo-1654. Uhlongoze ukwandisa ukuhamba kwezimoto eduze nenhloko-dolobha yaseFrance. Ucwaningo oluyisisekelo lokuhamba kwezokuthutha luye lwaqhubeka iminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu.

Ukulwa nezingozi zomgwaqo: izindlela zakudala

Ngaphandle kwesisombululo sale nkinga yezingqungquthela, amakhulu emicabango ahlaselwa emhlabeni jikelele. Ngosizo lwezingcingo ezingokoqobo nezifundiswayo, isintu sakwazi ukuthuthukisa izindlela ezilandelayo zokulwa nemigwaqo yezimoto:

• Ukuthuthukiswa kwezingxoxo kanye nemibhikisho, kanye nokwakhiwa kwamasha;
• Ukusungulwa kwezithuthi zomphakathi (lapha isibonelo esihle kunawo wonke emhlabeni jikelele umuzi waseBrazil waseCuritiba);
• Ukusebenza kwamabhande aneziqondiso ezihlukahlukene zokuhamba;
• Lungisa ukulungiswa kwezibani zethrafikhi;
• Ukwandiswa komgwaqo;
• Ukwethulwa kwemali yokungena ezindaweni ezithile (eziyinkinga) yedolobha;
• Ukusabalalisa kokuziphatha okunengqondo emgwaqeni;
• Ukuthuthukiswa kwesitimela, kanye nokuhamba ngebhayisikili;
• Ukusetshenziswa okusebenzayo kwezindlela zekhompyutha nobuchwepheshe.

Ukulwa nokuqhuma kwezimoto ezweni: izibonelo ezithakazelisayo

Iningi lokungqubuzana komgwaqo kubangelwa ama-large megacities: eNew York, eSingapore, eSão Paulo, eChicago, eMoscow nakwamanye amadolobha.

Kuyathakazelisa ukuxazulula le nkinga ngokuxubana e-Athene. Lapho ngezinsuku zamasonto ngisho nezinombolo ezitaladini zivunyelwe ukuba zihambe kuphela kulawo mishini lapho izinombolo zazo ziphela kwinani elifanayo. Ngezinsuku ezingajwayelekile zekhalenda - yonke indlela. Ngakho-ke, imoto ngayinye ingahamba edolobheni nsuku zonke. Uma amaphoyisa ebona imoto edolobheni ephula imithetho, umnikazi wayo kufanele akhokhe imali engu-72 euros. Indlela efanayo isetshenziswa eSão Paulo.

Kodwa eSingapore ne-traffic jams banenkinga yokuqubuka. Njengoba wazi, leli dolobha lihlupheka kakhulu ngenxa yokuntuleka kwesikhala. Ngakho-ke, eSingapore, umshayeli akadingi nje ukuthenga imoto, kodwa futhi ukuthenga isabelo sokusetshenziswa kwayo. Ama-Quotas athengiswa endalini, futhi izindleko ezijwayelekile cishe ngama-8,000.

Kodwa kuthiwani ngokulwa nokuqhuma kwezimoto eMoscow? Okwamanje, umzabalazo wonke uncishisiwe ikakhulukazi ekwakhiweni kwezingxoxo ezintsha kanye neziteshi zametroti. Iphrojekthi ewusizo kakhulu empini yokulwa ne-traffic jams yi-Intanethi ye-intanethi "Yandex-Jam", enolwazi olusebenzayo esimweni sokuhamba kwezimoto edolobheni.

Ngakho-ke, ukuthungelwa kwezokuthutha kungumphumela wokugwema izindawo zokuhlala emadolobheni. Ukulwa nokuqhuma kwezimoto emhlabeni kwenzeka ngezindlela ezahlukene, kanti ososayensi abasebenza ngale nkinga bahlakulela izindlela ezintsha nezisha zomzabalazo onjalo.