Ukukhetha Dynamic. Isibonelo ukushayela Ukukhetha ifomu

Ngo-1859, usosayensi oyiNgisi uCharles Darwin enyathelisa incwadi yakhe eliyisisekelo "The Origin of Species Ngokuhlakanipha of Natural Selection". Le ncwadi yaqale washayelwa Umbono ukuziphendukela kwemvelo namuhla. amandla ayo ukushayela - ukuzihlela nokuzivumelanisa kwemvelo, okuyinto yena, ihlukaniswe izinhlobo eziningana, kuhlanganise Ukukhetha ashukumisayo. Izibonelo lo mbono, idatha "Origin of Species:", wabonisa nendlela lo mshini sokuthuthukisa ukuphila emhlabeni.

SUMMARY Ukukhetha ashukumisayo

ashukumisayo Ukukhetha isimiso wukuthi abantu abamukele umehluko kusuka imithetho ezivamile ezamukelwe ngu zilwane, kukhona sesimweni kunenzuzo futhi ekugcineni le mpi ukusinda. Kuyinqubo eside ngokungenakulinganiswa neyinkimbinkimbi ngokungaphezulu. ukushintshashintsha intraspecific sithinta bonke izakhiwo kanye izindikimba ngalunye oluphilayo. Lusebenza kokubili imfanelo ambalwa (khona noma ukungabi khona ukwahluka) nekhwalithi (ubukhulu, letibalekako).

Umlando yentuthuko mammalian unika abacwaningi izibonelo eziningi yefomu ukushayela kokukhethwa. I oluyingozi kakhulu izimpawu - isibalo izinwele per unit endaweni, mass kwezitho ahlukahlukene, inani kwamangqamuzana egazi abomvu. Phakathi kwemvelo ubukhulu anda ubuchopho bomuntu. Inani elikhulu of ukuhlukahluka izici okunamathiselwe ihlukile imisipha isakhiwo kwesihlahla bronchial kwamaphaphu, ifomu isibindi.

zinhlobo ngabazeka

A sebuningini amafomu ethize Lesisemkhatsini elakhiwe Ukukhetha ashukumisayo. Izibonelo leli qembu kwaholela Darwin ngokwakhe. Lokhu obomvu grouse British, ezenzeka kusukela ngo kwezinhlobo Norwegian, izinambuzane of Madeira, izinyoni we Galapagos Islands. Bonke lingachazwa ngokuthi "izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ngabazeka." Yiziphi izici zabo main? Leli fomu kufana kakhulu ukubukeka, kodwa iyafana namanye izinhlobo noma esihlobene nabo ngokusebenzisa izinyathelo Lesisemkhatsini ukuze ososayensi bezinto eziphilayo ungazazi njengoba izinhlobo ehlukile.

Lezi izidalwa eziphilayo - lawa izixhumanisi kwemvelo. zinhlobo ngabazeka - eqinisweni abasafufusa amasha. Namanje hhayi njengoba ahlukaniswe kahle kusukela kokhokho babo, kodwa kwakuqale le nqubo yokuzihlukanisa. Lena isibonelo Ukukhetha ashukumisayo ezilwaneni. Kuphakama ngenxa emzabalazweni yokuphila. Njengoba okuningi iwubala kungenzeka izinguquko ngezikhathi ezithile efomini, uma nganoma iyiphi indlela eziwusizo, ngokungangabazeki, uzohlala futhi uzobe ngofuzo inzalo.

Ukukhetha ashukumisayo wezilwane

Ukulwela ukukhipha khona - Ngokuyinhloko ukushikashikeka ngenxa yokudla. Uma umbono akakwazi bahlanganise isikhundla salo eziwukudla, ngeke ngempela uzoqothulwa. Izibonelo ukushayela uhlobo kwemvelo imidwebo kuyofikwa ku izilwane iphango.

Cabangela izinhlobo ezimbalwa izinyoni. Tit Big usuku olulodwa ukudla ukudla okuningi izinambuzane, isisindo okulingana ngomzimba wakhe siqu, kanye Tit eside tailed kuletha okuphakelayo amakhulu ayo izikhathi ngosuku, e libe linye prihvatyvaya 5-6 amacimbi. Pied Flycatcher feeds inzalo amakhilogramu alibi nazo izimpethu futhi mabhungane emavikini amabili. Wren ungadla ngoba ngonyaka 10 million izinambuzane ngonyaka. kestrels American phakathi nenkathi efanayo-ke kuyadingeka ukuze uhambisane ukuze amagundane 300 kanye inqwaba izinyoni ezincane. Okuphakelayo amatshwele starlings zilethwe Ungagcwalisa ezintathu eyizidleke.

Ngayinye yalezi zimo - isibonelo ifomu ukushayela kwemvelo. Izinguquko esiswini, amathumbu ngoqhwaku yezinyoni kancane kancane washintsha. Abanye bakhula nezinhlobo eziqinile ezakha kwande, abanye baye baba uma ibona izilwane eziyingozi enkulu, futhi abanye baye bafa, washiya ngaphandle kokudla noma yaphenduka ukudla komakhelwane.

zinhlobo evelele

Okunhlobonhlobo ekhiqizwa uma kwenzeka ukuthi isilwane noma isitshalo isakazeke emhlabeni wonke. Darwin futhi sikubiza izinhlobo evelele. Kwakuvamile ukuthi aphendule kuqala kunazo yabo inike Ukukhetha ashukumisayo. Isibonelo - abahlala ezingxenyeni ezihlukahlukene ezintaba zase-Eurasia impungushe abavamile. It yakha izinhlobo eziningana ngokwebalazwe, njalo esikhundleni nomunye. Izimpungushe ukuthi ahlala enyakatho, inkulu kakhulu kunangendlela izimpungushe ezihlala eningizimu, ezonini ye emaqeleni kanye lulwimi ezingwadule. Emincane kakhulu babo bahlala e-Asia Ephakathi, ikakhulukazi e-Afghanistan.

I ezahlukene zomhlaba impungushe - umphumela kwemvelo, okuye kwenziwa lakhetsiwe ashukumisayo. Isibonelo isobala: enyakatho izilwane kudingeka ukuba ilukhuni ngaphezu kwezintambo eningizimu. Lokhu kuhlobene izimo zezulu bese nomakhelwane yingozi. Phakathi ukufuduka, fox eningizimu, isizukulwane esisha ngasinye ekubeni ezincane ngenxa ukuhlukahluka ezincane zemvelo. abantu okusha baba bazivumelanisa emaqeleni kanye ezingwadule futhi aqhubeka anqobe ezindaweni ezingajwayelekile.

Ukukhetha Dynamic kanye kokudla

Zonke izibonelo kwemvelo abonisa ukuthi esimweni ngasinye uhlobo igcina ibhalansi yemvelo. Ngisho uma ezihlukahlukene entsha asizakale futhi iba evelele, e kokubusa kwawo siyohlale mkhawulo. Lomgomo kuzibonakalisa umcimbi ukuthi umuntu uzama ukuba angenelele izinqubo zemvelo.

Ngo-1911, i-Pribilof esiqhingini esiseduze Alaska, walethwa 25 izilwane reindeer. Ziyakwazi kahle elijwayele endaweni entsha - ngo-1938, baba yizinkulungwane ezimbili. Abantu wazibonakalisa kakhulu, ngenxa yalokho iye kwaluqeda kokudla futhi kuso sonke isibalo sabantu wafa. Ngo-1950, kuphela 8 ezinyamazane kwesokunxele esiqhingini. Izimpawu Ukukhetha ashukumisayo futhi izibonelo ezibonisa ukuthi, uma zilwane ezimweni ezinhle kakhulu, esandisa bakamalalahlengezela, ubhubhisa lesi ukudla kudingeka bona, futhi ekugcineni esezibulala.

Isimo siyefana Arizona ithafa Keybab lapho abantu bezama ukubuyisela isibalo salezi zinyamazane umnyuzi futhi esingu zonke coyotes futhi Cougars nokuzingela uvinjelwe. ukuminyana ngokweqile inani labantu laliphakathi esizoqala ukushabalala sabantu.

nezilwane ngokuguqula izakhi zofuzo

ashukumisayo Ukukhetha indlela esebenza ngezinga elingafani. Darwin bengaqondi ukuthi izinguquko zokulawula, abasafufusa izizukulwane ezintsha yezinto eziphilayo. Ososayensi kwekhulu XX wafinyelela esiphethweni ukuthi kukhona izici ezintsha ezitshalweni nasezilwaneni ngenxa nezilwane ngokuguqula izakhi zofuzo. Abakwazi avele ngokuqonda futhi buthule zinyamalale, kodwa uma ushintsho olunjalo okunenzuzo ukuba ngamunye, kugcinwa futhi esitholakala ngofuzo kubantu inzalo.

Australia wavula baseYurophu alethwe kuleli zwekazi bee abavamile, okuyinto ngokushesha yesulwe izinyosi bomdabu has Udosi kancane. Leli cala yokufakelwa. NGAPHAKATHI AKHE BANGA nomsebenzi womuntu. Kodwa kuba isimiso esifanayo siyasebenza kwemvelo ashukumisayo.

umzabalazo intraspecific

I wokulwela ukuphila uhlale anenkani, kodwa ukushikashikeka ngenxa yokuphila phakathi kwabantu nezinhlobonhlobo zohlobo olulodwa kabili ukumelana. Kuthinta ukufana imikhuba kanye Ukuklanywa komzimba.

EScotland, ekhulwini XIX, kwakukhona kwesimo phakathi kwe ezimbili zezintuthwane thrushes - kwenyuswa missel inombolo kwaholela ekunyamalaleni ingoma thrush. Isibonelo isinyathelo yefomu ukushayela kwemvelo Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi eRussia, i-Asian iphela amaphela yonke indawo ngelinye izihlobo zabo ezinkulu.

interspecies umzabalazo

Kubalulekile ukuthi isakhiwo zonke eziphilayo nokuba nomthelela eziphawuleka kakhulu kwamanye izidalwa eziphilayo eceleni. Njengomthetho, kuba izimbangi ngubani nsuku zonke ayelwa ukuze baphile. Ngakho, izimuncagazi ezihlala eduze amahlosi, uvele slinging ejwayelekile. Kwakumelwe elula ukuba banamathele noboya izilwane zasendle.

Izibonelo Ukukhetha ukushayela ezitshalweni kungabuye kubhekwe esimeningcondvo interspecies emzabalazweni. Ajwayelekile zonke dandelion has pappose hoholkami-. Bathwala imbewu futhi zihlobene kakhulu ezindaweni ezinabantu abaningi, lapho kukhona isitshalo. isakhiwo esinjalo kwenza kube hhayi kuphela ukuba iqhubeke iphila kodwa futhi anandise ngamanani amakhulu. Imbewu yokwaziswa kude singasakazeka emoyeni uwele ingakamiswa ezithathwe phansi.

ukunwetshwa

Uma uthi nhlá, izimpahla ukudla imbewu izitshalo eziningi ayinakho maqondana nezinye izitshalo. Kodwa eqinisweni, banalo ukubaluleka kubalulekile. Ihlala kule yisithombo ukukhula rate, ophoqelelwe ukubhekana ezungezile izimila ngaphandle. Ngo kusaqalwa amahlumela ithuthuka ngokushesha ezisencane uphizi noma ubhontshisi. Ngokuhamba kwemvelo yayo imbewu yabo yaqala ukuthola izincwadi supply elikhulu ukudla, eyabasiza ukuba athathe niche emikhulu emhlabeni organic. izimbangi Lesitshalo uphizi nobhontshisi, akatholanga lokhu inzuzo, balahlekelwa interspecies umzabalazo kwanyamalala ebusweni bomhlaba.

Isibonelo esingenhla sibonisa i umthetho obalulekile. Lapho izilwane kanye nezitshalo iwela ezweni elisha futhi phakathi kwabantu abangabazi phambi mncintiswano, izimo zokuphila kuyahlukahluka, ngisho noma isimo sezulu ayiguquki. Ukuze sizuze isizinda ensimini entsha, uhlobo kufanele hlanhlatha ekuthuthukisweni yabo kusukela kokhokho babo.

uyephuza Ukukhetha

Ukukhetha Dynamic usebenza njalo ngehora nsuku zonke. He khulula ehle esikhundleni sakhe izinguquko ewusizo, kanjalo ngcono nenhlalakahle organic, kuncike kule mibandela zokuphila kwakhe. Ukukhethwa ihamba kancane futhi imperceptible ukuba iso womuntu, kodwa inexorable. Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo akukwazi kubhekwe ezizukulwane eziningana. Ukuze wenze lokhu, ososayensi kumelwe sitadishe lonke nangenkathi Geological nezikhathi ehlala njalo izinkulungwane noma izigidi zeminyaka.

Ukukhethwa zingase zingasebenzi ngenxa izimpawu, kubonakala ngempela kuyinto engasho lutho. Ngokwesibonelo, izinambuzane ezidla amaqabunga, ezahlukene oluhlaza kanye nokudla emagxolweni izihlahla libhekene grey nezinala. Uma ushintsho umbala, lezi zidalwa kuzobonakala futhi sengozini uma ibona izilwane eziyingozi. Ngokufanayo, ngenxa wezimvu nomhlophe kanye namawundlu khona ebulalayo ngisho nasezintweni ezincane black indawo.

Ukuhlanganisa futhi lithathelwe

Izimpawu yezidalwa esinemizwa ziyashintsha hhayi kuphela ngenxa izakhi zofuzo, kodwa futhi ngokuvumelana nesimiso of ukuhlanganisa. Kuyini essence yayo? Uma uguqula eyodwa ingxenye yomzimba, kuyoba nakanjani kuyoholela izinguquko kwezinye izingxenye. Ngokuvamile ngalinye lala masonto esonta zihlukile yokuziphendukela kwemvelo izakhiwo ezingalindelekile neze.

Umsebenzi oyinhloko ushintsho - kudivayisi. Zingase kwenzeke ezigabeni ezihlukahlukene zokuphila. Ngokwesibonelo, nentshe amaphuphu ku Uqhwaku engenhla kokuba nobuntu uhlevane Horny, obizwa nangokuthi nestling amazinyo. Ezinsukwini zokuqala ngemva ukuchamisela kusukela iqanda, bangancibilika futhi zinyamalale. inhloso yabo kuphela - ukusiza iphuphu ukuba aphule igobolondo. Lokhu okuthiwa kudivayisi sombungu. Kuvumela ingqondo yakho ukwandisa izinga lokuzalwa nesebenza kangcono ukulwa ukuze siphile. Ngenxa izici obonakala ungelutho leyo misebenzi Ukukhetha ashukumisayo.