Ukuhlolwa Ultrasonic amalunga ashiselwe, futhi izindlela zokuvimbela ubuchwepheshe

Kukhona cishe akukho umkhakha ezazingathandi wayifeza umsebenzi Welding. Iningi izakhiwo steel zixhunywe kahle futhi oxhumene by welds. Yiqiniso, izinga lomsebenzi anjalo esikhathini esizayo akuxhomekile nje kuphela esimweni ukuthembeka izakhiwo esakhiwe, izakhiwo, imishini noma yimuphi iyunithi, kodwa futhi ukuphepha abantu abangekho ngandlela-thile ukuhlanganyela nalaba kwaqanjwa. Ngakho-ke, ukuze uqiniseke ukuthi ezingeni elifanele of ukusebenza le misebenzi isicelo welds ultrasonic, lapho omunye angathola khona noma ukungabi khona izici ezahlukene kwalapho kuhlangana khona imikhiqizo metal. Ukusebenzisa le ndlela eziphambili lokulawula kuzoxoxwa ngakho esihlokweni sethu.

Umlando nesenzakalo

Ultrasonic ukuhlolwa njengoba enjalo yasungulwa ngawo-30s. Nokho, idivayisi wokuqala wangempela zokusebenza wazalwa kuphela ngo-1945, sibonga yenkampani Sperry Imikhiqizo. Eminyakeni engamashumi amabili ezayo, ukulawula ubuchwepheshe bamuva lithole ukuqashelwa emhlabeni wonke, landa kakhulu inani abakhiqizi imishini.

Ultrasonic icala umtshina, intengo zazo namuhla iqala kusukela 100000 ayizinkulungwane -130000, ekuqaleni abazalwa equkethwe cleaner amashubhu. Amadivayisi anjalo avame ukuba isisindo nzima futhi ezisindayo. Basebenza kuphela amandla kagesi AC. Kodwa kule 60s, ne obhekwe Semiconductor izifunda icala kakhulu kwehle ngobukhulu futhi bakwazi ukusebenzisa ku amabhethri ukuthi ekugcineni ivunyelwe ukuthi isebenzise uhlelo kudivayisi ngisho emkhakheni.

Isinyathelo embusweni digital

Esikhathini kusaqalwa amadivayisi echazwe zisebenzisa i-analog signal processing, ngenxa okuyinto, efana namanye amadivayisi eziningi ezifanayo singangena ukuzulazula ngesikhathi Samandla. Kodwa kakade 1984 inkampani Panametrics wanika isiqalo empilweni ungowokuqala ephathekayo icala digital umtshina ngokuthi Epoch 2002 Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, amayunithi digital babé imishini enokwethenjelwa kakhulu, kuhle ukuhlinzeka ukuzinza ledzingekako Samandla nezilinganiso. Ultrasonic icala umtshina, intengo zazo kuncike ukusebenza yayo kanye brand ye umenzi, futhi sithole idatha ngemvume umsebenzi futhi amandla okudlulisela ukufundwa PC.

Ezimweni zanamuhla, izinhlelo abaningi ngokwandayo nesithakazelo afanayo ikhishiwe, olusebenzisa multi-elementi izakhi eziyinkimbinkimbi ubuchwepheshe-based piezoelectric odala imisebe iqondiswe futhi kwakha isithombe transverse, efana yezokwelapha ultrasound.

Ububanzi

Ultrasonic ukulawula indlela sisetshenziswa ukuphendukela kunoma iluphi uhlangothi embonini. Ukusetshenziswa Its iye yabonisa ukuthi kungenziwa ngokulinganayo wayisebenzisa ukuskena cishe zonke izinhlobo emalungeni ashiselwe ekwakheni, okuyinto abe ukushuba we ashiselwe metal isizinda engaphezu kuka 4 kwangu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, indlela kabanzi ukuhlola emalungeni uxhumano igesi kanye amafutha ahamba, futhi amanzi izinhlelo ezahlukene wokubacindezela. Futhi ezimweni ezifana isilawuli emalungeni ezinkulu ukujiya okuholela electroslag Welding, ukuhlolwa ultrasonic - kuphela indlela eyamukelekayo lokulawula.

Isinqumo sokugcina mayelana nokuthi into efanelekayo noma weld nokuqhutshwa wenza ngesisekelo izinkomba ezintathu eziyinhloko (nenqubo) - amplitude lendabuko, osayizi ezivamile.

Ngokuvamile ukuhlolwa ultrasonic - iyona ndlela okuyinto ukuyedlula ngokuya isithombe ukwakha ngokuhamba ukutadisha umphetho (Yokuxhumana).

izizathu funa

I echazwe ukulawula indlela usebenzisa ultrasound okuhle ukuthi unesikhathi ukuzwela kakhulu kunalokhu futhi ukunemba ukufundwa phakathi ukuthola izici ezifana imifantu, nezindleko eziphansi nokuphepha okusezingeni eliphezulu ngesikhathi ukusetshenziswa njengoba kuqhathaniswa ne amasu radiographic ezivamile. Kuze kube manje, ukuhlolwa ultrasonic ka welds elisetshenziswa 70-80% of amacala amasheke.

transducers ultrasonic

Ngaphandle ukusetshenziswa kwalezi amadivayisi kuyinto ukuhlolwa ultrasonic non-elimazayo kumane engacabangeki. Amadivayisi esetshenziselwa obumba excitation nokwamukela kunyakaza ultrasonic.

Amayunithi zihlukile futhi zihlukaniswa:

• Indlela yokwenza ukuxhumana komkhiqizo ohlolwayo.
• Indlela yokuxhuma izakhi piezoelectric kulombhalo wiring of iphutha kanye dislocation isihlobo electrode kuya Piezo-elementi.
• Acoustic ukuma isihlobo kwamanzi.
• Isibalo izakhi piezoelectric (olulodwa, kabili, multi-elementi).
• Ububanzi band yokusebenza imvamisa (narrowband - ubungako bokudlulisa engaphansi kweyodwa enothini, wideband - ubungako bokudlulisa kweyodwa enothini).

izici Ayephila ukukhubazeka

Ezweni ubuchwepheshe kanye umkhakha zonke kuholela Standard. Ultrasonic ukuhlolwa (GOST 14782-86) kule ndaba iyathinteka. Izinga olulawula ukukhubazeka kuthiwa kukalwa nemingcele ezilandelayo:

• Ilingana endaweni isici.
• I amplitude we isignali echo, okuyinto kunqunywa ucabangela ibanga inkinga.
• Ukuxhumanisa yokuphambana ngilungele Welding.
• usayizi bokuzisholo.
• ibanga okunemibandela phakathi zamehlo.
• Isibalo ukukhubazeka ubude akhethiwe we weld noma ngokuhlanganyela.

nokuxhashazwa umtshina icala

ukuhlolwa Nondestructive, okuyinto inqubo ultrasonic has ukusetshenziswa ayo, othi main nesilinganiso ipharamitha - amplitude we echo etholakele yokuphambana ngqo. Ukuze uhlukanise echo amplitude ngobukhulu is fixed kangaka okuthiwa ukuzwela ukwenqatshwa. Yena, ilungiselelwe usebenzisa isampula ejwayelekile wamabhizinisi (SOP).

Ukuthola icala Kuqalwe kuhambisana sekushoneni kwalo. Ngenxa yalesi ukuzwela embukisweni ukwenqatshwa. Ngemva kwalokho, ngo-inqubo eyenziwa ultrasound eliqhathanisa wathola echo kusukela isici itholwa nge isezingeni elilungisiwe ukungamukeleki. Uma amplitude kulinganiswa mkhulu ezingeni ukwamukelwa, izazi unquma ukuthi isici ayivumelekile. Khona-ke umphetho noma umkhiqizo sinqatshelwe esephindiselwa kubukezwe.

I ukukhubazeka ezivame kakhulu kuleli evele ashiselwe yilezi: ukuntula Fusion, Ukungena akuphelele, ngokuhlaziya, porosity, slag inclusions. Kuyinto lokho kwephula ngempumelelo ikhomba ukuhlolwa usebenzisa ultrasound.

Izinketho ultrasound izifundo

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, inqubo yokuqinisekisa lithole izindlela eziningana eziphumelelayo ukuze ukutadisha emalungeni ashiselwe. ukuhlolwa Ultrasonic inikeza eziningana impela ongakhetha ngaphansi ukucatshangelwa izifundo acoustic metal izakhiwo, kodwa ukuthandwa kakhulu kwaba wathola:

• indlela Echo.
• Shadow.
• Mirror-isithunzi indlela.
• esibukweni Echo.
• Delta indlela.

Inombolo Indlela eyodwa

Ngokuvamile embonini kanye nojantshi esetshenziswa echo ishayela indlela. Kuyinto ngoba abevile ezingaphezu kuka-90% isici kulo, uba kungenzeka ngenxa ukuqopha kanye nokuhlaziywa cishe zonke izimpawu kuvezwa yokuphambana ebusweni.

Ngu uqobo, le ndlela esekelwe ukuzwakala imikhiqizo metal pulses of kunyakaza ultrasonic kanye nokubhaliswa yabo okwalandela.

Izinzuzo le ndlela yilezi:

- kungenzeka ngendlela eyodwa ukufinyelela umkhiqizo;

- ukuzwela kahle eliphezulu yokulimala yangaphakathi;

- aphakeme ukuma ukunemba yokuphambana itholiwe.

Nokho, zikhona nemiphumela ethile engathandeki, kuhlanganise:

- Ukumelana ongaphakeme sokungahloniphi kugqame ebusweni;

- ukwencika enamandla amplitude yengeza izitshengiselo ezivela kwamanye indawo isici.

Ukuhlolwa Kuchazwe kusho ngumuntu iphasela ku umkhiqizo othole pulses ultrasonic. Ukuthola isignali impendulo kwenzeka bona abakhasi efanayo noma lesibili. Isignali zingase zibonakale ngokuqondile zikhubazeke futhi zibe phezu okuphambene imikhiqizo ingxenye (buhlalu).

isithunzi indlela

Kusekelwe ukuhlaziya eningiliziwe amplitude we vibration ultrasonic ngobulili kusukela Transmitter kuya umamukeli. Esimweni lapho kukhona ukwehla le nkomba, kubonisa khona inkinga. Kukhula usayizi yokuphambana kuyoba lincane amplitude isignali eyamukelwe yi-umamukeli. Ukuze uthole ulwazi olunembile kufanele zitholakale coaxially emitter futhi isamukeli ezinhlangothini ezihlukene into yokuhlola. I yokuntula lobu buchwepheshe angabhekwa ukuzwela ongaphakeme Ukuqhathanisa indlela echo nokuba yinkimbinkimbi Uphenyo orientation (piezoelectric transducer) ngokuhlobene ray eyinhloko iphethini ngemisebe. Nokho, zikhona izinzuzo ophezulu ukumelana ukuphazamiseka, ongaphakeme isignali amplitude, kuye ngokuthi indawo isici, akukho zone efile.

Mirror-isithunzi indlela

Lokhu ultrasonic ngokuvamile esetshenziselwa ukulawula izinga zokuqapha ashiselwe ndawonye ukuqinisa amalunga omzimba. Inkomba esemqoka ukuthi isici lutholwa, iyona attenuation we amplitude isignali, lokubonakala ebusweni okuphambene (ngokuvamile ngokuthi phansi). Inzuzo enkulu indlela - a ukuthola ecacile ukukhubazeka ahlukahlukene, dislocation okungukufa weld impande. Futhi, indlela libhekene kungenzeka ngendlela eyodwa ukufinyelela umphetho noma imininingwane.

Echo-esibukweni indlela

The ningi NEMPUMELELO NGAPHAKATHI okufana thwi ahlelwe ukukhubazeka uzingela. Ihlola wenziwa esebenzisa iphenya ezimbili okuyinto ukuhambisa kanye ebusweni eduze omhlophe kolunye uhlangothi lwalo. Ngakho ukunyakaza kwabo wenziwa ngendlela efana ukulungisa isignali Uphenyo Babechichima kusuka kwenye uphenyo futhi double kubonakala kusukela isici ekhona.

Inzuzo enkulu indlela: ingasetshenziswa ukuhlola izici ukuma, ubukhulu eyeqa 3 mm, futhi baphambuke e indiza mpo ngu degrees ezingaphezu kwezingu-10. Into ebaluleke kakhulu - ukusebenzisa AEDs nge ukuzwela efanayo. inketho okunjalo ngenkuthalo esetshenziswa ultrasound ukuhlola imikhiqizo thick-ngodonga kanye welds yabo.

Delta indlela

Wathi ukuhlolwa ultrasonic ka welds isebenzisa ultrasonic amandla isici reradiated. wave transverse, ewela isici, isibuko ngokwengxenye kubonakala, kancane iguqulwe ibe longitudinal futhi kabusha likhipha igagasi diffracted. Imiphumela iba yinhlanganisela yokukhandleka ukuthunjwa oyifunayo wave uphenyo. A Ububi indlela kungaba ibhekwe shanela umphetho kunalokho eyinkimbinkimbi eliphezulu emagama signal wathola ngesikhatsi kubukwa amalunga ashiselwe a ukushuba 15 kwangu.

Izinzuzo ultrasound futhi ubuqili isicelo yayo

imvamisa welds okusezingeni eliphezulu ucwaningo nge umsindo - is, eqinisweni, ukuhlolwa non-elimazayo, ngoba le ndlela akakwazi zibangele noma iyiphi umonakalo kumasayithi test umkhiqizo, kodwa kahle impela kuthola khona zamehlo. Futhi, ukunaka ngokukhethekile kufanele kube nezindleko eliphansi imisebenzi kanye ngesivinini zabo kuqalisa. Kubalulekile futhi ukuthi indlela nakanjani ephephile impilo yomuntu. Zonke izifundo izinsimbi kanye welds abazenzi ngesisekelo ultrasound in the uhla kusuka 0.5 MHz ukuze 10 MHz. Kwezinye izimo, kungase afeze imisebenzi usebenzisa amagagasi ultrasonic kokuba imvamisa 20 MHz.

Ukuhlaziywa ultrasonically ukushisela kumelwe nakanjani kuhambisane lonke iqoqo izinyathelo wokulungiselela, ezifana yokuhlanza noma ebusweni test weld, ukusebenzisa ingxenye elawulwa loxhumana naye uketshezi oluthile (si izinjongo ezikhethekile, glycerin, uwoyela umshini). Konke lokhu kwenziwa ukuqinisekisa esitebeleni contact acoustic efanele, eyagcina inikeza isithombe oyifunayo kudivayisi.

Ukungakwazi ukusebenzisa nezimo ezingezinhle

ukuhlolwa Ultrasonic nakanjani zingenzeki ukuyisebenzisa ukuze ukuhlolwa Welding metal compounds kokuba isakhiwo indawo (isb, waphonsa yensimbi noma weld austenitic nge ukushuba okukhulu kuka-60 kwangu). Futhi zonke ngoba ezimweni ezinjalo kukhona impela ukuhlakazwa eqinile futhi attenuation of ultrasound.

Futhi, akunakwenzeka elichaza ngokugcwele isici ngokungananazi ezitholiwe (tungsten ukufakwa, kanye slag ukufakwa al.).