Uhulumeni Afghan, umholi wezombangazwe party Hafizullah Amin: Biography, izici imisebenzi kanye amaqiniso athakazelisayo

Hafizullah Amin - omunye izibalo impikiswano kunawo umlando Afghanistan. Abaningi bakholwa ukuthi imbangela eyinhloko yochungechunge ngezimpi ezweni, okwaqala ngo-1979 futhi kuyaqhubeka kuze kube manje, kanti abanye bacabanga ukuthi - yisisulu acebe izingobe. Ngakho owayeneminyaka Hafizullah Amin? Biography of Undunankulu wase-Afghanistan kanye Sizoxoxa yokutadisha kwethu.

Ukuzalwa futhi ekuqaleni iminyaka

Hafizullah Amin wazalwa ngo-August 1929 esifundazweni Paghman, eduze Kabul, Afghanistan, embusweni. Uyise wayengumGreki induna omunye emajele wezwe. Wayelethwa owehla evela esizweni sabantwana Pashtun-Ghilzais uhlobo Haruta.

Ngemva kokuphothula umatikuletsheni, Hafizullah Amin wabhalisa ekolishi ukuqeqeshwa uthisha. Emva kokuqeda i-ukuqeqeshwa lapho, engayeki. Amin iziqu ngempumelelo Kabul University futhi wathola iziqu ezifundweni zakhe e-physics.

Khona-ke waqala ukufundisa esikoleni inhlokodolobha eziphakeme, lapho kuhlelwe ukuya phezulu isitebhisi umsebenzi. Amin kuqhathaniswa ngokushesha wahamba indlela kusukela elula umqondisi uthisha.

Ukuze andise izinga yabo ziqu, Amin nezifundo zakhe e-United States, Columbia. Waya lapho namathathu banesifo esibi ekuseni.

Izinyathelo zokuqala kwezombusazwe

Nakuba ukufunda eyunivesithi, Hafizullah Amin wabonisa ezingeni kunalokho lelisetulu lelwati, eholwa umphakatsi welibhola letinyawo Afghan, kanye okokuqala bajwayelane imibono kaMarx. Kancane kamuva waba ilungu "club of Progressive Socialist." Nakuba, ngokusho kwabanye ongoti Soviet, ngokuqondile ngesikhathi wayethethelela ukubuthwa CIA.

Ngo-1965, wathola iziqu zeMasters futhi wabuyela e-Afghanistan, Hafizullah Amin iqala ngenkuthalo wenze imisebenzi yomphakathi. Ufundisa kwi-University of Kabul. Nakuba-ke baba nedumela elihle njengoba ubuzwe Pashtun, ngo-1966, Amin eba yilungu iphiko kaMarx ngaphansi kobuholi umholi Nur Muhammad Taraki - Yabantu Democratic Party yase-Afghanistan, eyasungulwa ngonyaka ongaphambili.

Ngo-1967, empeleni iqembu ahlukaniselwe yamaqembu amabili - "Khalq", ogama umholi Taraki futhi "Parcham", eliholwa Babrak Karmal. Iqembu "Khalq" sasisekelwe ikakhulu abahlala yobuhlanga Pashtun emizaneni, wabavoti main "Parcham" kwaba labantu multi-yobuhlanga ezisemadolobheni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ababesekela "Khalq" kwahluka ukubukwa eziwukweqisa. Kuyinto kule ingxenyenamba futhi wathola Amin. Nokho, kakade ngo-1968, emhlanganweni we iqembu "Khalq", isimo awo sehliselwe isimo nembangi ubulungu PDPA. Ngokusemthethweni, lesi sinyathelo kuyinto ukubukwa ezingadingekile ubuzwe kugomela ngu Amin.

Kodwa kakade 1969, Amin, kanye eziningana kwamanye amalungu PDPA, waba nengxenye ukhetho ePhalamende. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wayengesona omele ematheni ngamaqembu amabili, okwakubekelwa nokho abaqokelwe endlini ephansi ephalamende imbala.

Izenzakalo wamavukelambuso

Ngo-July 1973, umcimbi umkhankaso lo mshini kugucuka olukhulu kuleli zwe, elithululwa ukuphela yempi yombango okwathatha isikhathi eside kangako. Kwakukhona kokugumbuqelwa ezigcina nge ukuvakasha e-Italy weNkosi Mohammed Zahir Shah, owabusa kusukela ngo-1933, umzala wayo wangaphambili Undunankulu wase-Afghanistan, uMohammed Daoud, okuhleliwe umbuso wezempi. Daoud waqeda ohlanga futhi empeleni esungulwe uhulumeni wobushiqela siqu, nakuba ngokusemthethweni wathatha ihhovisi njengoba umengameli. Abaholi wasekela PDPA Icebo lika. Ngenxa yokuntula ukwesekwa okubanzi phakathi uquqaba sabantu, Dowd waphoqeleka ukuba afune usizo batch. Ikakhulukazi, wenza nabangane nge 'Parcham "iphiko.

Kodwa ngokushesha ubudlelwano phakathi Dawud kanye PDPA razladilis njengoba umongameli uvinjelwe wonke amaqembu ezombusazwe ngaphandle siqu sakhe - Party National Revolution. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, ngo-1977, ngaphansi kwaloba eSoviet Union amaphiko amabili we PDPA sasimunye ibe yinhlangano eyodwa futhi, nakuba ukwehlukana wamaqhuzu akuyona ngokuphelele sekususiwe. UNobhala-Jikelele wakhethwa Taraki futhi Amin waya iKomiti Central we Party. Khona-ke kwanqunywa ukuba ulungiselele kokugumbuqelwa uMongameli Daoud.

Ngo-April 1978 Saur Revolution okwenzeka, okwaphumela Mohammed Daoud wagudluzwa futhi abulawe ngokushesha, kanye nobuholi yezwe ne ukusekela ezempi athumba party PDPA. Ngokusemthethweni, izwe Yaphinde yaqanjwa ngokuthi i-Democratic Republic of Afghanistan. Inhloko isimo siba Taraki, okuyinto oluthatha izikhundla eliphakeme - Usihlalo Revolutionary Council, uNdunankulu yezwe. Isekela Usihlalo Revolutionary Council iba elinye ilungu iqembu "Parcham" - Babrak Karmal. Amin wathola yiPhini uNdunankulu kanye noNgqongqoshe Wezindaba Zangaphandle. Ngo-March 1979, Taraki, inhloko yezwe njengoba uSihlalo Revolutionary Council ezisele, lesula uNdunankulu futhi adlulisele kubo Hafizullah Amin.

Rise ukuze amandla

Kodwa ngokushesha ngokushesha njengoba wabaholi liqala ukubusa, izingxabano waqala khona phakathi kwamaqembu ahlukene wabo. Baqala nokubacindezela ngokumelene ukuphikiswa nabenza amaqembu eqenjini ongahambisani emgqeni jikelele. Ikakhulu, i-"Parcham" amalungu iqembu sekukaningi hit. Kodwa ngisho ngaphakathi iqembu "Khalq" akuhambanga kahle konke. I yokuqala yagqashuka ubutha siqu phakathi Taraki futhi Amin, okuyinto sishisiswe ngu izifiso siqu lakamuva. Ekugcineni, ngemva nokudubulana phakathi konogada osopolitiki ngo-September 1979, Amin, July ngawo lowo nyaka, ungqongqoshe wezokuvikela, ngaphambilini lezempi ukulawula ukufaka ezisemqoka zikahulumeni.

Emhlanganweni plenum we Party Taraki okungavamile wabekwa icala lokuzama ukubulala u-Amina, le usurpation kwamandla kanye nekusungulwa cult zobuntu. Ngemva ukuqiniseka kwayo, nowake waba yinhloko Afghanistan waklinywa ngemiyalo yezikhulu Amin. Kusukela abantu ekuqaleni wafihla kwakwenzekani, ethi Taraki ayebulawe yilesi sifo.

Ngemva nokuqedwa Taraki, kusukela ngo-September 16, 1979, Amin baba uNobhala Jikelele we-PDPA futhi Usihlalo Revolutionary Council, ngesikhathi esifanayo, njengasekuqaleni, uhlala undunankulu kanye wezokuVikela.

ukufa

Kwake kwathi ngo-amandla, Amin hhayi kuphela buthaka nokubacindezela, kodwa ngisho kwabaqinisa, odlulele abaholi odlule yezwe. Ngale ndlela elihlukanisiwe hhayi kuphela amalungu "Parcham" iqembu, kodwa amalungu futhi eziningi ephikweni "Khalq". Enomuzwa wokuthi lesi wayethethelela ukuthi ingase ilahlekelwe ukulawula iziyisikhombisa, okungukuthi Amin wokuqala ohlongozwayo umbono ukuluchitha amabutho aseSoviet Union ekulinganiseni isimo kuleli zwe.

Kodwa uhulumeni wamaSoviet wanquma usekele hhayi u-Amina, ngoba ngicabanga ukuthi zazingeke zisebenze kahle, futhi umholi we iqembu "Parcham" Babrak Karmal, owayeyilungu le-KGB. Ngenxa yalokho wokusebenza olwenziwa imibutho yezokuphepha ye-USSR, Disemba 27, 1979 Hafizullah Amin Kwakukhathaza emzimbeni libhujiswa ngo lesigodlo sakhe

umndeni

Hafizullah Amin enenkosikazi, indodana nendodakazi. Kwenzekeni nomkhaya umholi Afghan sika, ngemva kokuba ebulewe Hafizullah Amin? Izingane babengabaprofethi noyise ngesikhathi Storming lwesigodlo. INdodana wabulawa, futhi walimaza omunye namadodakazi akhe. On isiphetho abasindile amalungu lokushaya umndeni Amin alwaziwa.

amaqiniso ezithakazelisayo

Ngokushesha ngemva kokufa umholi Afghanistan sika kunenkolelo yokuthi Hafizullah Amin - umkhapheli, sezempi ngu CIA. Eqinisweni, it akazange abuthole ubufakazi ngokuqondile isixhumanisi US intelligence ejensi Amin.

Naphezu inkolelo evamile yokuthi kunengxenye amabutho aseSoviet langena Afghanistan aphakanyisiwe Karmal, eqinisweni lo mzamo esenziwa Amin ngokwakhe.

ukuhlolwa ubuntu

Siye safunda incazelo ukuphila aziphila Hafizullah Amin. Biography umongameli Afghan sibonisa ukuthi wayengeyena umuntu kunalokho ubuntu edidayo. Ngo ubuntu bakhe ukushisekela ubuzwe kuhlangene careerism, uthanda ukusungula ubulungiswa emphakathini kuleli zwe kuhlanganiswe izindlela ingcindezelo ezombusazwe njengoba kuqhathaniswa abalingani Amin sika komphakathi nezombusazwe.

Nokho Amin amacala ngokubambisana neNhlangano CIA noma amanye amasevisi ekhethekile angaphandle Okwamanje sivunyiwe.