Afghanistan: umlando kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo kuze kube namuhla

Afghanistan - leli zwe eminyakeni engaphezu kuka-200, yisici isithakazelo abadlali ezibaluleke kakhulu kwezombusazwe emhlabeni. Igama layo kahle aqiniswa uhlu ezidonsela esiyingozi kakhulu kuyiplanethi yethu. Nokho, abambalwa kuphela ukwazi umlando Afghanistan, okuyinto watshela kafushane kulesi sihloko. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abantu bayo zeminyaka eziningana idale isiko ocebile ukuthi iseduze Persian, okuyinto okwamanje ziyawohloka ngenxa ukuntengantenga okuqhubekayo tembusave netemnotfo imisebenzi amaphekula ezinhlangano olukhulu Islamist.

Umlando Afghanistan Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo

Abantu bavela okokuqala endaweni yezwe eminyakeni engaba ngu-5,000 edlule. Abacwaningi abaningi bacabanga ukuthi lokhu lapho kokuba imiphakathi yokuqala sedentary ukulima emhlabeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kucatshangwa ukuthi namaZoroaster yabonakala indawo samanje Afghanistan ephakathi kwengu-1800 no-800 BC, kanye umsunguli we inkolo, okuyinto omunye omdala, wachitha iminyaka yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe, washona ngo-Balkh.

Ngo phakathi 6th ekhulwini BC. e. Achaemenids ungafakanga lokhu emazweni eMbusweni WasePheresiya. Nokho, ngemva kweminyaka engu-330 BC. e. wabe lathunjwa yibutho Aleksandra Makedonskogo. Njengengxenye enkulumeni yakhe Afghanistan kwamhlaba kuze wokugoqa, bese baba ingxenye yoMbuso yozalo lukaSeleucus, lapho abatshalwé nobuBuddha. Khona-ke, esifundeni waba ngaphansi dominion of umbuso yamaGreki Bactrian. Ekupheleni kuka-2 leminyaka BC. e. Indo-amaGreki enqoba ibutho amaSkithe e ekhulwini lokuqala leminyaka AD. e. Afghanistan iwine uMbuso Parthian.

Ephakathi

Ekhulwini 6th, insimu yezwe yaba ingxenye yoMbuso Sassanid, futhi kamuva - the Samanids. Afghanistan ke, umlando okuyinto cishe wayengazi ukuthi izinkathi ezinde ukuthula, zasinda ekuhlaseleni Arab, okwaphela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lesi-8.

Ezalandela 9 namakhulu eminyaka edlule, ezweni ngokuvamile lidlule isuka kwesinye isandla iye ngokuphelele kwaze kwaba sekhulwini le-14 akuzange kufakwe Empire Timurid. Phakathi nale nkathi Herat elaba isikhungo isimo yesibili. Ngemva 2 eminyaka lokugcina Timurid lwamakhosi - Babur - wasungula umbuso igxile e Kabul, baqala ukwenza uhambo neNdiya. ngokushesha Wathuthela India, Afghanistan futhi le ndawo yabizwa ngokuthi ingxenye yezwe Safavid.

Ukuwa kwe-isimo ekhulwini le-18 zaholela ekwakhekeni khans amakhosi asendulo futhi ukuvukela Iran. Ngesikhathi esifanayo kwakheka Gilzeyskoe ubukhulu nenhloko-dolobha yalo e emzini Kandahar, yahlulwa 1737 ibutho Persian ka Nadir Shah.

Durrani isimo

Okudidayo ukuthi, Afghanistan (umlando wezwe endulo usuwazi) usezuze geqe kuphela 1747 lapho Ahmad Shah Durrani wasungula umbuso dolobha yalo Kandahar. Ngaphansi indodana yakhe, Timur Shah, idolobha elikhulu isimo wamemezela Kabul futhi ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19, leli zwe waba umbusi Shah Mahmud.

ukunwetshwa waseBrithani wamakoloni

Umlando Afghanistan Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo kuze kube ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19, ophethe eziningi eziyimfihlakalo, ngakho eziningi Amakhasi ayo kufundvwe elithe kabi. Kungokufanayo ayikwazi ishiwo isikhathi ngemva ayehlasela insimu yalo kwezinhloko zamaviyo aseNdiya. "Abanikazi abasha" Afghanistan walithanda oda futhi ibhalwe ngokucophelela yonke imicimbi. Ikakhulukazi, imibhalo lokusinda nezincwadi ezivela amasosha aseBrithani izikhonzi ukuba nemindeni yabo uyazi imininingwane, hhayi kuphela izimpi nokuvukela bendawo, kodwa futhi indlela yalo yokuphila namasiko.

Ngakho, umlando empini e-Afghanistan, okuyinto lwenziwe yibutho aseNdiya kwaqala ngo-1838. Ngemva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa yokwenza iqembu 12000th of amabutho aseBrithani bahlasela Kandahar futhi Kabul futhi kamuva. Emir kugwenywe ukungqubuzana Umphikisi aphakeme, waya ezintabeni. Nokho, abameleli bayo baye njalo wavakashela inhlokodolobha, futhi 1841 e Kabul waqala injabulo phakathi bendawo. umyalo waseBrithani wanquma ukunciphisa siphumele India, kodwa indlela amasosha babulawa abashokobezi Afghan. Impendulo kwaba kuphangwa ngesihluku ingajezisa.

Okokuqala Anglo-Afghan neMpi

Isizathu sokuba kokugqashuka ubutha ku ingxenye WaseBrithani kwaba ukuthumela uhulumeni waseRussia e 1837 uLieutenant Witkiewicz e Kabul. Kwadingeka ngihlale umhlali at ekuthatheni izintambo ku-dolobha e-Afghanistan angithi Muhammad. Kugcine ngaleso sikhathi kakade Bole iminyaka engu-10 elwa eduze kwakhe isihlobo, Shuja Shah, kusekelwa London. AmaNgisi wayebheka umsebenzi njengoba injongo Witkiewicz waseRussia ukuba bathole ukusizakala e-Afghanistan, esikhathini esizayo ukungena India.

Ngo-January 1839, ibutho lwaseBrithani 12,000 amasosha futhi abasebenzi 38,000 at 30 000 amakamela, wawela Bolan Pass. Apreli 25 ngaphandle kokulwa, wakwazi ukuthatha Kandahar, futhi uqalise kuhlaselwa Kabul.

Nokho ukumelana eqinile British kwadingeka kuphela inqaba Ghazni, futhi waphoqeleka ukuba lidele. Into Engakwenza Kabul uvulekele, umuzi wawa 7 Agasti 1839. Phezu kwesihlalo sobukhosi ngokusekelwa wokubusa British Emir Shuja Shah futhi Amir angithi Mohammad abalekela ezintabeni neqembu elincane lamasosha.

IBhodi protege British akuzange kuhlale isikhathi eside, njengoba izinduna zendawo ihlelwe yezinxushunxushu kuzo zonke izingxenye zezwe laqala ukuhlasela abahlaseli.

Ekuqaleni 1842-British kanye nema amaNdiya savumelana nabo ku kokuvula umhubhe lapho umuntu ayengathola khona siphumele India. Nokho, Jalalabad Afghan wawashaya saseBrithani, futhi kusukela 16.000 amadoda ngisindile, umuntu oyedwa kuphela.

Besabela kuleso simemo, kulandele mikhankaso ingajezisa, futhi ngemva nokucindezela kwavukelwa eBritish wangena izingxoxo angithi Mohammed, ukuncenga ukuba ayiyeke rapprochement ne Russia. Kamuva, dweba thula vumelwane sasayinwa.

Okwesibili Anglo-Afghan neMpi

Isimo kuleli zwe yaqhubeka iba ngcono, uma kuqhathaniswa, kuze 1877 kungaqali impi Russian-Turkish. Afghanistan, omlando wakhe - kungcono uhlu olude zinqobe, kwaphinda sona leso, sabanjwa crossfire. Iqiniso liwukuthi lapho London uzwakalise ukunganeliseki impumelelo amabutho Russian ukuhambisa ngokushesha ukuze Istanbul, Petersburg isinqumo ukudlala ibalazwe Indian. Ngenxa yale njongo, mission wathunyelwa Kabul, okuyinto sivunyiwe nge-honours Emir Sher Ali Khan. On iseluleko osomaqhinga Russian, lona wamuva wenqabile ukungidedela ukuba izwe British Embassy. Lokhu kwaholela ekubeni ukungena amasosha aseBrithani Afghanistan. Athatha inhlokodolobha yase iphoqwa emir entsha Yaqub Khan basayina isivumelwano, owawuthi uhulumeni wakhe awusenazo ilungelo ukuqhuba inqubomgomo angaphandle ngaphandle kwaloba Uhulumeni waseBrithani.

Kodwa ngo-1880, u-Emir baba Abdurrahman Khan. Wenza umzamo ukungena zinqobe amabutho isiRashiya e Turkestan, kodwa wahlulwa ngoMashi 1885 endaweni yokuqala Kushka. Ngenxa yalokho, eLondon Petersburg ndawonye ichaze imingcele ngaphakathi okuyinto Afghanistan (umlando kwekhulu lama-20 lapha ngenzansi) isasekhona namuhla.

Ukuzibusa ngaphandle WaseBrithani

Ngo-1919, ngenxa lokubulala Emir Habibullah Khan kanye Ukuketulwa etat sobukhosi wazibonakalisa Amanullah Khan, owamemezela ukuzimela wezwe eBrithani futhi bememezela jihad ngokumelene nalo. Bagqunywa yokugqugquzela kanye India wathutha ibutho 12000th sha avamile, kusekelwa eziyikhulu ibutho senkulungwane abashokobezi abayimizulane.

History of the impi e-Afghanistan, British ukuze silondoloze usithonye umkhankaso, iqukethe ireferensi ngowokuqala emlandweni airstrike wezwe omkhulu. Lapho behlaselwa RAF yabekwa Kabul. Ngenxa ukwesaba iphutha lezakhamuzi ezihlaselwa yenhloko-dolobha, futhi ngemva ambalwa izimpi elahlekile Amanullah Khan ebuzwa mayelana nezwe.

I dweba thula vumelwane sasayinwa Agasti 1919. Ngokusho kwale dokhumenti, izwe wathola ilungelo lobudlelwano bangaphandle, kodwa engalali selekelelo yonyaka lwaseBrithani 60,000 amakhilogremu zezinga eliphezulu, okuyinto kuze 1919 kwaba cishe isigamu semali engenayo isabelomali Afghanistan.

umbuso

Ngo-1929, Amanullah Khan, okwathi ngemva evakashele eYurophu neSoviet Union kwaba sesizoqala kwekuhlela kabusha olukhulu, waxoshwa ngo-ukuhlubuka Habibullah Kalakani ngelika Bacha Saqao (indodana ka amanzi yenethiwekhi). Ukuzama bazithole esihlalweni sobukhosi emir wangaphambili, zenziwe amasosha aseSoviet, kwakungelona impumelelo. Sasizakala eBritish, ngubani egumbuqela Bacha Saqao wambeka esihlalweni sobukhosi Nadir Khan. Nge ekumisweni kwayo waqala umlando kwakamuva kwe-Afghanistan. Ohlanga e Afghanistan wabizwa ngokuthi yasebukhosini, emirate uyekwa.

Ngo-1933, Nadir Khan, owabulawa a ubusosha ngesikhathi kubukiswa ku Kabul, salandelwa sobukhosi indodana yakhe, Zahir Shah. Wayengumuntu wezinguquko kanye elalibhekwa njengelinye lamazwe ababusi baleli zwe bakhipha ukukhanyiselwa kakhulu futhi okuqhubekayo Asian isikhathi sakhe.

Ngo-1964, Zahir Shah wakhipha umthetho-sisekelo omusha, yayihloselwe umbuso wentsandvo yelinyenti Afghanistan kanye nokuqedwa kobandlululo olubhekiswe kwabesifazane. Ngenxa yalokho, abefundisi ngokuphelele ngezifiso waqala ukuveza futhi anganeliseki imatasa destabilization we isimo kuleli zwe.

Ubushiqela of Daud

Njengoba umlando Afghanistan, ekhulwini lama-20 (phakathi kuka-1933 no-1973) kwaba isimo kunjengegolide ngempela, njengoba izwe livele umkhakha, imigwaqo ekahle nesimanje ohlelweni lwezemfundo, yasungulwa University, akha izibhedlela nokunye. Nokho, ngonyaka wama-40 ngemva ukubusa kwakhe esihlalweni sobukhosi, Zahir Shah wagudluzwa umzala wakhe - Prince Mohammed Daoud, wamemezela Afghanistan i-republic. Ngemva kwalokho, izwe liye laba enkundleni sokuba itholane phezulu phakathi kwamaqembu ahlukahlukene ukuthi wazwakalisa izithakazelo Pashtuns, Uzbeks, Tajiks futhi Hazaras, nezinye imiphakathi yobuhlanga. Ngaphezu kwalokho, le ngxabano ukuthatha amabutho olukhulu Islamic. Ngo-1975, Bavuka ukuvukela ukuthi ungcwatshwa sifundazwe Paktia, Badakhshan futhi Nangarhar. Nokho, uhulumeni we Daud umashiqela kanzima, kodwa wakwazi ukucindezela.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo wafuna zingenze isimo, futhi abameleli Yabantu Democratic Party izwe (PDPA). Nokho, kwadingeka ukwesekwa okukhulu Afghanistan Sun

dra

Umlando Afghanistan (kwekhulu lama-20) Kuye kwaba nesinye isici senguquko 1978. Apreli 27 kwakukhona lapho kugumbuqelwa umbuso. Ngemva kokuba amandla, Nur Mohammad Taraki Mohammed Daoud futhi wonke amalungu omkhaya wayo abulawa. Senior izikhundla zokuphatha babe Hafizullah Amin futhi Babrak Karmal.

Ingemuva langena Afghanistan a akuxhomekile elilinganiselwe amabutho aseSoviet

Inqubomgomo iziphathimandla ezintsha ukuqeda ukusalela kwaleli zwe namanye kuye wahlangana ukumelana Islamists ezaholela ekumiseni yombango. Ayikwazi ubhekane ngokuphumelelayo nalesi simo, uhulumeni Afghan uye acela ephindelela eMnyango Politburo baseSoviet isicelo ukunikeza usizo lwebutho. Nokho, iziphathimandla zaseSoviet uyeke, njengoba imiphumela Kulindeleke engakhi leso sinyathelo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, bona bandisa nokuvikeleka e-Afghan komngcele endaweni futhi isibalo sezikhungo abeluleki yezempi kuleli lizwe elingumakhelwane. Ngesikhathi esifanayo njalo bafike endaweni-KGB intelligence ukuthi US ngenkuthalo finance amabutho emelene nohulumeni.

Ukubulawa Taraki

Umlando Afghanistan (kwekhulu lama-20) liqukethe ulwazi mayelana nokubulala abantu abaningi zezombusazwe ukugumbuqela umbuso. Esinye isenzakalo esinjalo senzeka ngo-September 1979, lapho ngomyalo Hafizullah Amin waboshwa futhi wabulawa umholi we PDPA, Taraki. Ngaphansi umashiqela entsha yezwe waphenduka ukwesaba esathinta ibutho, okuyinto baye baba ukuvukela kuyinsakavukela futhi ukuhlubuka. Kusukela VC babe ukusekelwa esemqoka ye PDPA, uhulumeni wamaSoviet awuzange wabona kulesi simo usongo kokugumbuqelwa yayo kanye eza emandleni amabutho anonya-USSR. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwatholakala ukuthi Amin has oxhumana imfihlo nge amanxusa American.

Ngenxa yalokho, kwanqunywa ukuba ukuthuthukisa i operation kokugumbuqelwa yakhe futhi esikhundleni umholi, abaqotho ngaphezulu kakhulu neSoviet Union. Lomuntfu esikhulu salokhu indima baba Babrak Karmal.

Umlando wempi Afghanistan (1979-1989): ukuqeqeshwa

Amalungiselelo lokuketula uhulumeni ezweni elingumakhelwane kwaqala ngo-December 1979, lapho acatshangelwe ngokukhethekile "Ibutho Muslim" waba atshalwa Afghanistan. Umlando waleli division ngoba kuze kube manje ngenxa yabaningi kuseyimpicabadala. Esikwaziyo ukuthi igcwele le GRU we-republic elise-Asia Ephakathi, lapho abangu emasikweni abantu abahlala e-Afghanistan, ulimi lwabo futhi indlela yokuphila owaziwa.

Isinqumo ukuba bahlasele senziwa phakathi no-December 1979 emhlanganweni we Politburo. Wayengahlezi asekelwe kuphela Kosygin, ngenxa ayelayo ukushayisana sína uBrezhnev.

Ukusebenza owaqala ngo-December 25, 1979, lapho insimu ka-Democratic Republic of Afghanistan wathatha 781-th ahlukene intelligence Ibutho 108 MSD. Kwabe sekufika ukudluliselwa nezinye Soviet amayunithi lempi. Maphakathi no-sosukwini abakhululwa elawulwa ngokuphelele Kabul ngo-December 27 kusihlwa waqala ukuba ahlasele isigodlo Amin. Yena okwathatha imizuzu 40 kuphela, futhi waziwa emva kokuphothulwa iningi nalabo ababelapho ngibalethe, abahlanganisa umholi wezwe, abulawa.

A ukulandelana kwezikhathi zezenzakalo emfushane izenzakalo esikhathini kusuka 1980 kuya ku-1989

izindaba Real mayelana nempi e Afghanistan - indaba mayelana ubuqhawe of amasosha nezikhulu, abenza akuqondakali njalo, ngoba ubani futhi yini bephoqeleka ukuba afake ukuphila kwawo engozini. Ukulandelana kwezenzakalo ngokohlelo lwezikhathi omfushane simiswe ngalendlela lelandzelako:

• Mashi 1980 - April 1985. Ukuziphatha ubutha, kuhlanganise emikhulu, kanye umsebenzi kabusha Armed Forces of the Dra.
• April 1985 - Januwari 1987. Ukusekela amabutho Afghan Air Force izindiza, ukususa amabhomu amayunithi kanye wezikhali, kanye mpi asebenzayo ukunqanda supply izikhali ezivela phesheya.
• Januwari 1987 - Februwari 1989. Ukuhlanganyela imicimbi inqubomgomo ukubuyisana kuzwelonke.

Ngasekuqaleni kuka-1988 kwaba sobala ukuthi khona amabutho ahlomile baseSoviet abaphenya ensimini Dra okungalungile. Kunengqondo ukuphetha ngokuthi umlando okwesula Afghanistan waqala Februwari 8, 1988, lapho emhlanganweni Bureau Political kwaphakamisa umbuzo ka kukhethwa usuku izindleko zokuhlinzwa kwakho.

Kwakungu-May 15th. Nokho, iyunithi zokugcina kwesokunxele Kabul CA Februwari 4, 1989, futhi saphela ngokukhululwa Ukuhoxiswa isimo umngcele Ukunqamula Februwari 15, uLieutenant-General Boris Gromov.

Esikhathini 90

Afghanistan, umlando futhi amathemba ukuthuthukiswa esinokuthula Ngokuzayo kunalokho awuzwakali kahle eyishumi yokugcina yekhulu lama-20, waphonseka kwalasha a empini yombango enesihluku.

Ekupheleni February 1989 e Peshawar ukuphikiswa Afghan kuqokwa inhloko yabangamashumi "Uhulumeni zesikhashana ka mujahideen" umholi "Alliance of Seven" C Mojaddedi bese uqale elwa kokubusa kweSoviet-wasekela.

Ngo-April 1992, amabutho ukuphikiswa ethumba Kabul, futhi ngosuku olulandelayo, ikhanda lakhe khona osomaqhinga angaphandle ezamenyezelwa uMongameli Islamic State of Afghanistan. umlando wezwe ngemuva "kunikezelwa" wenza esejika maqondana radicalism. Omunye izinqumo zokuqala esisayinwe S. Mojaddedi, umenyezelwa njengezindaba null yonke imithetho ephambene Islam.

Ngawo lowo nyaka wakunikela amandla Ukubuthelela Burhanuddin Rabbani. Lesi sinqumo kuye kwabangela izingxabano zobuhlanga lapho kweziphathimandla zempi wabhubhisa nomunye. Ngokushesha igunya Rabbani buthaka kangangokuthi uhulumeni wakhe uyekile afeze noma yimuphi umsebenzi kuleli zwe.

Ekupheleni kuka-September 1996, i-Taliban ethumba Kabul, ashaqe wagudluzwa uMongameli Najibullah nomfowabo, ngubani ababecashe ekwakheni mission UN, futhi abulawa obala ngokulengiswa kwelinye izindawo enhlokodolobha Afghan.

Islamic Emirate Afghanistan ezamenyezelwa kwezinsuku ezimbalwa, ememezela ukusungulwa kwe-Yesikhashana Yisinqumo Council, ehlanganisa amalungu 6, eholwa Mullah Omar. Ngemva kokuba amandla, "Taliban" ngezinga elithile uhlaliseke isimo kuleli zwe. Noma kunjalo, kwadingeka eziningi nabaphikisi.

Okthoba 9, 1996 emhlanganweni omunye ukuphikiswa main - Dostum - Rabbani futhi izungeze lo muzi ka Mazar-i-Sharif. Kwangena Ahmad Shah Massoud futhi Karim Khalili. Umphumela esasungulwa Supreme Council kanye mizamo ngoba umzabalazo ezivamile ngokumelene "Taliban". I yeqoqo ngokuthi "Northern Alliance". UBooysen wakwazi ukusho ukuthi ukusungula enyakatho ukuzimela Afghanistan ngesikhathi 1996-2001 ,. isimo.

Ngemva ayehlasela amabutho ngamazwe

Umlando Afghanistan yesimanje lavuselelwa emva abadumile Ukuhlasela kwamaphekula ngo-September 11, 2001. I-United States wawusebenzisa njengesiphetho ibhaxa ayehlasela yezwe ngokumemezela inhloso yayo main kokugumbuqelwa Taliban umbuso ukufukamela Osama bin Laden. Okthoba 7 Afghan indawo yabekwa emoyeni omkhulu ukuba buthaka amabutho Taliban. Ngo-December, lapho ahlangana uMkhandlu Yabadala sezizwe zakwa-Afghan, eliholwa Ngokuzayo (kusukela ngo-2004) uMongameli Hamid Karzai.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, NATO kuqede umsebenzi Afghanistan, kanye Taliban baye bathuthela impi yabashokobezi yokufuna. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuze kube namuhla abayeki kwamaphekula kuleli zwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyinto nsuku zonke iphenduka ibe ipulazi elikhulu yokutshala opium poppy. Engingakusho nje ukuthi, ngokusho kombiko ngoludala, abantu abangaba ngu-1 million kuleli zwe kukhona izidakamizwa nasekuthengeni.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, umlando esingaziwa Afghanistan, eyethulwe ngaphandle retouching, babe abaMhlophe noma baseMelika ukushaqeka, kuhlanganise i-amacala ubudlova okwaboniswa amasosha NATO ngokumelene izakhamuzi. Mhlawumbe lokhu kungenxa yokuthi impi yonke kakade kuhle nesithukuthezi. Ukuqinisekiswa lamagama kuyinto, futhi isinqumo Baraka Obamy ukuhoxisa amasosha. Nokho, kuye kwaba isengakasetjentiswa, futhi manje Afghan lokuthi umongameli omusha US ngeke kushintshe izinhlelo, futhi ekugcineni sokushiya kwezempi angaphandle.

Manje uyazi umlando Afghanistan lasendulo futhi yamuva. Namuhla, leli lizwe kwenzekani ebhekene nezikhathi ezinzima, futhi ngeke sikwazi ngethemba nje ukuthi umhlaba wawo ekugcineni eza emhlabeni.