Trotyl - yini lokhu? Ukubunjwa namandla wezindaba

Namuhla, inqwaba yeziqhumane ezihlukahlukene zinikezwa izinsizakalo zesintu. Phakathi kwabo, indawo ekhethekile ihlala yi-TNT. Lesi sakhi samakhemikhali sithandwa kakhulu kulezo zindawo lapho kudingeke khona ukudilizwa kwensimbi, ukhonkolo noma izitini. Lokhu kuqhuma kubhekwa njengezinhlamvu ezinkulu ebuthweni.

I-TNT yayitholwe nini?

I-formula ye-trinitrotoluene (C ₆ H ₂ (NO ₂ ) ₃ CH ₃ ) yathathwa ngo-1963. Umsunguli we-explosive yi-chemist waseJalimane uJulius Vilbrand. Kusukela ngo-1891, ukukhiqizwa kwezimboni ze-TNT kuye kwasungulwa. Ngo-1902, amabutho aseJalimane naseMelika emishini yokuthungatha imishini athatha i- picric acid nge- TNT. Isitshalo se-Okhtinsky saseRussia, besebenzisa ubuchwepheshe beJalimane, ngo-1909 futhi saqala ukukhiqizwa kwezimboni zalokhu kuqhuma. Imikhiqizo ye-petrochemical ethuthukisiwe isishukumisele ukukhiqizwa okukhulu kwe-TNT.

Iziqu

I-Trotyl iyisibhamu (isibhamu), esibizwa nangokuthi:

• I-Trinitrotoluene;
• Okunamandla;
• I-Trinitic;
• I-Nitrotol.

Inhlanganisela yokuxuba ikhethwe yizifinyezo:

• TNT;
• TNT;
• T.

Iyini into?

I-Trotyl ngumkhiqizo owenziwe ngenxa yokuphendula kwamakhemikhali we-nitric ne-sulfuric acid nge-toluene. Esimweni esivamile, i-TNT iyisici esiqinile sokukhipha umbala ophuzi, okwazi ukukhenta ngo-81 ° C, futhi ku-+310 ° C ukushisa. I-Trotil ayinaki isenzo sokusebenza. I-Trinitrotoluene ichitheka nge-pyridine, i-acetone ne-chloroform.

I-Trinitrotoluene inayo yonke impahla ye-antibiotic. Yayisetshenziselwa ukwelashwa njengommeli we-antifungal. Ngenxa ye-toxicity ephakeme, i-TNT ithathwe esikhundleni seminye imithi ephumelelayo.

States

I-Trotyl iyisiqhumane, esingase sibe sesine sithi:

• Ikhanseliwe.
• Powdery. Efaniswa nobuzwe obuphezulu emathonyeni angaphandle, ikakhulukazi emlilweni.
• Ukucindezelwa noma ukuphonswa. Ungashisa ngomlilo ophuzi. Ngaphandle kokuba khona kwefrida ejwayelekile noma i-capsule detonator ayiqhubeki. Efaniswa nobuzwe obuphezulu ekuthomeni.
• Ifakwe. Njengase-scaly, yalesi simo se-TNT, kunomthelela ophansi wokutholwa. Ukuze usebenze i-trinitrotoluene ifakwe, kubalulekile ukuthi ube nama-detonators aphakathi. Ngalesi sizathu, i-trotyl egxilile ifanelekile.

Umkhiqizo ukhiqizwa kanjani?

Ifomu elinyanyisiwe liyisici se-explosive esanda kwenziwa.

Inqubo yokukhiqizwa kwe-TNT iqhubeka ngezigaba ezimbili:

• Ukwelashwa kwe-toluene. Ngemuva kokuphendula kwe-nitration ye-nitric, i-sulfuric acid kanye ne-toluene, izinhlayiya ezincane zakhiwa ngendlela yokukhanya okuphuzi okwesibhakabhaka, okulandelayo okuhambisana nemiphumela ehlukahlukene yokusebenza. Kule nqubo, i-sulfuric acid isetshenziswa njenge-agent yokukhipha amanzi.
• I-nitrate ne-oleum iphendula nge-mono- ne-dinitrotoluene. Esigabeni sesibili i-oleum isebenza njenge-agent yokususa amanzi. Ama-acid amaningi kakhulu asetshenziselwa isigaba sokuqala sokukhiqizwa kwe-TNT.

Ngenxa yendlela yokwelapha, i-TNT evela emzimbeni we-scaly idlulela endaweni ehlanganisiwe, ephoqelelwe noma eyimpuphu eyodwa.

Incazelo

• I-Trinitrotoluene ibhekene nozwela obuthakathaka kumathonya angaphandle asebenzayo: impembe, izinhlamvu ze-bullet, izinhlansi, ukuxubana.
• Ukuzivikela emathonyeni amakhemikhali.
• I-kilogram ye-TNT inamandla okuthola amandla ka-1010 kcal.
• Nge-caponle ejwayelekile ye-detonator, i-TNT iphendula ngesivinini samamitha angu-6 900 ngomzuzwana.
• I-Trinitrotoluene ayifuni ngezinkuni, amaplastiki, ukhonkolo, izitini.
• Ukungenawo emanzini.
• Ngemuva kokushisa okude isikhathi eside, ukumanzisa emanzini nokuqhaqhazeka, i-TNT ikwazi ukugcina izindawo zayo eziqhumayo.
• Kuvame ukubumnyama ngenxa yelanga.
• Iyakwazi ukushisa njengomphumela wokuvezwa komthombo ovulekile womlilo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-TNT ivutha ngelangabi eliphuzi, lisusa isobho.
• I-Trotyl ingahlala esimweni sokusebenza ngisho nangemva kokugcina isikhathi eside. Izimo ezihlukahlukene zokuboshwa (umzimba, amanzi, umhlaba noma izinhlamvu) aziphazamisi izindawo eziqhumayo ze-trinitrotoluene.

Luhlobo luni lweziqhumane ezingajoyina?

I-Trotil ingasetshenziswa kokubili ngendlela ehlanzekile futhi ixubane nezinye iziqhumane. Phakathi kwabo okuvame kakhulu yilokhu:

• I-Hexogen;
• I-Tetril;
• Teng;
• Amabhomu ama-Ammonia-nitrate.

Ukwengezwa kwe-TNT kuya kwe-hexogen, i-tetril ne-tethene imiphumela yehliswa ezindaweni zayo zokuqhuma. Ngemuva kokungezwa kwe-TNT ezinqamuzaneni ze-amine-selitic, ukwanda kwamakhemikhali abo ukumelana nokuncipha kwe-hygroscopicity kubonakala.

Ukusetshenziswa kweziqhumane zezimboni

Imisebenzi nemayini yizindawo eziyinhloko zokusetshenziswa kweziqhumane. Ngokuvamile ngenxa yezimo ezinjalo, iziqhumane zenziwa ngokuqondile kwisayithi. Ukwakhiwa kwe-trotyl okwenzelwe ukumba izimayini kuhlanganisa izingxenye ezilandelayo:

• I-granulated ammonium nitrate;
• I-diesel fuel: 3%;
• Amapayipi amalahle: 5%.

Okudingekayo kuqala ukutholakala kwe-TNT (8%). Ukwakhiwa kwezinto ezintathu ze-TNT kuqinisekisa ukuphumelela okukhulu kwe-detonation. Ukusetshenziswa kwalokhu kuqhuma akulimazi imvelo.

Iqhuma kanjani?

Ukuqothula ngemuva kwe-detonation kushiya ithuba lokusinda kuphela kulabo abade kakhulu ne-epicenter of the explosion. Lapho i-trinitrotoluene ivuliwe, kukhululwa inani elikhulu lamandla, elikhula libe yingxenye enkulu eyingozi BB - umsakazo wokushaqeka. Ngesikhathi sokuhlaselwa kwamaphekula, ngaphandle kwakhe, ukugcwaliswa kwezixhobo zokuqhuma kubhekwa njengengozi . Izakhi ezingalungile kule njongo ziyizipikili, amantongomane, ama-bolts kanye nezicucu zokuqiniswa.

Ukuze unqume amandla okuqhuma, i- TNT efanayo iyasetshenziswa: amandla akhishwe yiziqhumane eziqhumayo alingana nobukhulu bawo. I-kilogram ye-TNT echithekile iveza amandla okwanele okubulala umuntu kusuka epicenter kude namamitha amathathu. Ekuqhumeni, 4.19x106 J ikhishwa. Ngokuphepha, kungaba kude namamitha angu-15. Ithani le-TNT lishiya 4.19x109 J lamandla.

Uphi okusetshenzisiwe namuhla?

Ngaphezu kokumbiwa kwemayini, i-trinitrotoluene ithole isicelo sayo ebuthweni. Lokhu kuqhuma emaqenjini aseMbusweni waseRussia kunamacobolondo, imikhosi, amabhomu asemhlabathini, amabhomu, amabhomu obunjiniyela kanye nemithi. Imishini yabo, i-TNT efanayo. Ezimweni ezihilela izikhali zenuzi, izibalo zenziwa ngama-kilogram kanye namathani. Amapharamitha alungisiwe asetshenziselwa imishini yokuhambisa:

• Ama-grenade wesandla ibalwa kusuka ku-75 kuya ku-400 amagremu we-TNT;
• Kumabhomu ase-antitank kukhona ikhilogram eyodwa nesigamu;
• Ngoba imishini yezimayini ihamba ukusuka ku-4 kuya ku-7 kg weziqhumane;
• Elinye ibhomu liqukethe amathani angu-5 we-TNT;
• Imayini yolwandle - kusuka ku-50 kuya ku-300 kg.

Izindleko ze-trotyl zithuthukiswa ngokusetshenziswa kwe-sawdust ensimbi kusuka ku-hexogen noma i-hexogen ene-aluminium.

Igcinwa kanjani?

I-trotyl igcinwa esimweni esicindezelwe ku-checkers ekhethekile noma e-rectangular. Ngaphandle kwephepha lika-trinitrotoluene i-paraffin yokugubha iphepha ezinezidleke ezikhethekile ze-detonator capsules.

Namuhla, ngaphezu kwe-TNT, iziqhumane ezinamandla kakhulu zenzelwe amacala okuqhuma. Naphezu kwalokhu, i-trinitrotoluene isalokhu isadingeka kokubili ezimayini nasemasosheni.