Rocks Igneous

Kuze kube manje, amadwala magmatic kukhona kwezinhlobo ezivamile, okuyinto bakha mayelana 65% umthamo isamba uqweqwe eMhlabeni. Lezi izinto akhiwa kusukela magma liquid zibangelwa crystallization yayo.

Igneous amatshe kanye indlela kumiswa zabo

Kuyinto imfihlo ukuthi emathunjini omhlaba kuyinto magma - ikhemikhali viscous, equkethe eziyinkimbinkimbi silicate izakhiwo, amagesi ahlanganiswe bese evala amanzi. izindawo oncibilikisiwe magma lokushisa kungenzeka 1200 degrees Celsius. Ngenxa yalokho izinqubo ezihlukahlukene Geological (isib kwehlukana khona izingqimba zomhlaba, ukuqhuma kwezintaba-mlilo) ihamba magma oncibilikisiwe kwamanzi.

Njengoba ukwanda lokushisa we ketshezi uwela magma - ngakho zikhona izinqubo crystallization kanye kumiswa namaminerali entsha. Ngokuyinhloko acacisa unesimo high ukuma - ke amphibole futhi pyroxene. Lokhu kwenzeka nje lonke mass magma ingavuli eweni ukumelana.

rocks Igneous nokwakheka kwawo

Amadwala zihlukaniswa isakhiwo sabo, okuyinto sincike ijubane ngawo eqina magma ngokuyinhloko. Uma imfuyo is selehlile kancane, ukhuphuka uvela emhlabeni, kuholela ekwakhekeni amakristalu ezinkulu. Kodwa indlu okusheshayo has nomphumela ohlukile - akhiwa zinhlayiya ezincane.

Kodwa kaningi kakhulu avuke kanye nokupholisa magma kuyinto edidayo. Kuye ngobukhulu amakristalu, igneous rocks zihlukaniswe zibe:

• ravnozernistuyu kokuba isakhiwo - bona aqukethe zinhlayiya maqondana usayizi ofanayo (isib plutonic);
• inequigranular kokuba isakhiwo - ziqukethe zinhlayiya ezinobukhulu obuhlukahlukene.

Ukwahlukanisa amatshe igneous ngu inqubo kuqhuma kanye nokupholisa magma:

1. Solid - akhiwa lapho magma uphonswa ukusakaza okuqhubekayo. Phakathi kwalezi zilwane lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo:

• ezijulile - the magma epholisa at ukujula. Lezi zihlanganisa diorite negwadle;
• effusive - magma is selehlile at umhlaba (porphyrite, le-basalt).

2. Vulkanooblomochnye zohlobo - igama ngokwalo libonisa ukuthi magma siphuma Ingaphakathi eMhlabeni. ancibilikile yaqhuma ifomu yemifafazi futhi Splashes, sebeyaphola emoyeni. Ziyakwazi:

• rock okuxekethile (isihlabathi nomlotha wentaba-mlilo);
• waqinisa (tuff isib wentaba-mlilo).

rocks Igneous kanye nokusungulwa mineralogical

Kuze kube manje, kunezinhlobo ezine eziyinhloko zokuqonda le namaminerali. Cishe noma yimuphi idwala igneous sakhiwa kubo. Ziyakwazi:

• Quartz - mineral ehlanganisa Silica crystalline. Lokhu zinhlayiya opaque nge ejwayelekile ingilazi ayebuthaka. Into lukhuthazelela umthelela imvelo kanye awanandaba acid (ngaphandle hydrofluoric acid).
• Feldspar - iqembu elikhulu amaminerali, izimpawu aphansi (uma kuqhathaniswa ne asebenza ngebhethri) ubulukhuni futhi cleavage ephelele. Basuke ababethi shades elikhanyayo anemibala ehlukene. Feldspars zihlukaniswe plagioclase futhi orthoclase. Lezi namaminerali badlula kalula, ukuvula ngobumba.
• Mica - amaminerali ne cleavage ephelele kanye ubulukhuni ongaphakeme. Laba bameleli be-ezivame kakhulu kuleli qembu - muscovite (mica ngale) kanye biotite (black). Uma idwala yakhiwa inqwaba mica, izakhiwo zalo mechanical ziwohloka kakhulu.
• Pyroxene futhi amphibole - namaminerali rock-obumba, okuyinto abe efanayo amakhemikhali ukwakheka. Ngokuvamile, lokhu magnesium silicates noma nosawoti double calcium ne-magnesium.

rocks Igneous zihluke kakhulu ezincwadini sedimentary ikakhulukazi ngezithako zawo chemical: basuke akhiwa silicates noma aluminium silicates.