Revolution Unomphela: yencazelo, wemiqondo eyisisekelo abalobi nabasekeli. Leon Trotsky

Uyini Permanent Revolution? Owabhala ngayo? On zale mibuzo kanye neminye sizobe ngayo kulesi sihloko. Kukholakala ukuthi leli gama yethulwa Leo Trotsky. Kodwa ngo isiRashiya, le nkulumo weza sibonga G. V. Plehanovu, owabhala cishe "revolution unomphela" kuyi-12 "Datebook Social-Democrat" (June 1910). Lo muntu wasungula ukunyakaza Social-Democratic eRussia. Emibhalweni yakhe, esebenzisa elithi noKarla Marksa (iminyaka 1918-1883) - die Revolution e Permanenz (revolution ungaphazanyiswa) ukuthi necebo.

ukubukeka

Amazwi athi "revolution unomphela" kanjani? Ngezinye Trotsky lokuqala ngo-1905 wabhala mayelana "continuum wamavukelambuso 'futhi" ukwanda kokukhiqizwa okuqhubekayo "(" The Beginning "iphephandaba, mhlaka-8 Novemba). Inkulumo ethi "revolution unomphela", waqala ukusebenzisa emva Februwari 1917, lapho le ncwajana, "Kazi kuzokwenzekani?" Kushicilelwe isiqubulo of "Icebo lika unomphela ngokumelene ekuhlatshweni unomphela!". Ngo-1932 wakhipha umqulu incwadi yakhe cishe lesi simo, futhi igama elithi abasha baqala ukuxhumana kuphela igama Trotsky.

Njengoba ukubhuqa, ibinzana kusho inqubo isikhathi eside wezinguquko, ushintsho nokunye.

ithiyori

Uyini umbono wolwazi lokuziphendukela revolution unomphela? Le mfundiso yenqubo kumiswa isihlubuki emazweni ampofu futhi neuropathy. Waqale ehlongozwayo ngu Engels futhi Marx, kamuva nekuchazwa Lvom Trotskim, uVladimir Lenin, u-Ernest Mendel kanye namanye amafilosofi kaMarx (lekufaka leto letitsatfwe abalobi Trotskyist like Dzhozef Hansen, uMichael Levy, Livio Majtán).

ulimi

Njengoba ukwanda kokukhiqizwa unomphela sahunyushelwa by abasunguli Marxism? kakhulu Isithombe zalesi simo wayechazwa Fridrihom Engelsom futhi Karlom Marksom kudala njengoba 1840 ku "Manifesto Communist" futhi "Umyalezo leKomiti Central we Communist League." Abadali Marxism babekholelwa ukuthi ukuqaliswa revolution yeningi-wobunxiwankulu, abasebenzi akazange ayeke zokufezekiswa imigomo elula.

Kuyaziwa ukuthi onxiwankulu uhlose ngokushesha ukuqedela kulokhu kuvukela. Futhi isigaba sabasebenzi buthakathaka ubophekile ukuba enze lokhu lechubekako nje amakilasi banezimfanelo ngeke asuswe ebhodini kuze abasebenzi akazange ukunqoba amandla isimo. Friedrich Engels futhi Marx waphikelela ngokuthi nokuvumelana ukunyakaza wamavukelambuso abalimi nenguquko yesigaba sabasebenzi.

isikhundla kukaLenin

By Igama elithi "revolution unomphela" futhi isithakazelo Lenin. Lenin wagomela ngokuthi isimo e Russian wobunxiwankulu-yeningi revolution angakhula abe ukuvukela sezenhlalo. Lokhu ehilelekile kungenzeka uma kucatshangelwa izimo ezithile kuleli zwe capitalism - ukutholakala ezimbili uhlobo umehluko kokubili phakathi ukwakheka ekuthuthukiseni le-capitalism kanye serfdom izinsalela, futhi ngaphakathi kohlelo uqobo.

Kulesi simo, onxiwankulu futhi sabasebenzi, eholwa iqembu wamavukelambuso, ungamandla eziphambili zokuvukela umbuso. Abalimi, ofuna ukusiza ukuhlubuka ukuze kuzuzwe iminqopho yayo, ngokuyinhloko ukubhubhisa landlordism, liwumbimbi abasebenzi.

iphuzu kukaLenin umbono kuyinto engavamile ngempela. Wayekholelwa ukuthi okushiwo ukuphambana inguquko wobunxiwankulu-yeningi baba amasosha sezenhlalo kuyinto ukuguqulwa isakhiwo isigaba sabasebenzi emhlabeni ekupheleni inguquko yeningi-wobunxiwankulu. Wagomela ukuthi uma yeningi-wobunxiwankulu sabasebenzi ukuvukela yenzeka umfelandawonye nazo zonke abatshali ke ngokushesha ukudlula inguquko sezenhlalo abasebenzi kumele kuphela abampofu, izakhi nemphakathi ehluphekayo yasemaphandleni kanye nezinye abacindezelwe. Democratic-wamavukelambuso ubushiqela zabasebenzi kanye abalimi eboshiwe ukuthatha isimo sezenhlalo ubushiqela yesigaba sabasebenzi.

Umqondo ukuguqulwa yokuvukela wobunxiwankulu-yeningi e sezenhlalo yadalwa 1905 nge Lenin emisebenzini "ubushiqela yeningi wamavukelambuso zabasebenzi kanye abalimi", "ababili iqhinga sokubusa ngentando yeningi social kulokho kuvukela yeningi" futhi abanye. Lenin ibhekwa revolution sezenhlalo kanye nokuphatha impahla ngobunxiwankulu-yeningi njengoba izingxenye ezimbili eyodwa uchungechunge. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlubuka kwase ezimbili wabaphatha njengoba inkambo eyodwa.

Ithemba ukuvukela emhlabeni

Imfundiso yokuziphendukela revolution unomphela - imfundiso ethakazelisa kakhulu. Kuyaziwa ukuthi ukwakheka Lenin kuhlongozwe sihlubuki ukunyakaza esimeningcondvo yobuhlanga ngombono wamavukelambuso. Wabona ukwakhiwa ephelele zokubusa ngesimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni kungokulalela Yiqiniso anti-lingabacindezeli emhlabeni wonke.

In ngamunye imisebenzi yakhe Vladimir Ulyanov faka Okthoba Revolution ku wamavukelambuso yokuqukethwe komhlaba wonke. Nakuba, njengoba Trotsky wabhala eziningi imisebenzi mayelana Republic Soviet njengoba izwe yezinxushunxushu nesiphephelo.

Social Democrats bheka

Umqondo revolution unomphela, i-Mensheviks babe nesithakazelo Democrats Russian futhi Western kwezenhlalo. Ngokombono wabo kubonakala embonweni wokuthi isigaba sabasebenzi ikhomishana yokuhlubuka sezenhlalo umelana wonke amakilasi non-yesigaba sabasebenzi, kuhlanganise nokuphikiswa abantukazana.

Ngenxa yalesi sizathu ukuze ukunqoba yokuvukela sezenhlalo, ikakhulukazi eRussia, ngemva okufezwayo inguquko wobunxiwankulu-yeningi kumele zithathe isikhathi eside kuze kube iningi labantu ingavuli ku sabasebenzi kanye nabasebenzi ningabi iningi esimweni. Uma abasebenzi akwanele, iyiphi ukuvukela unomphela uzochitheka.

umbono Trotsky sika

Izinto zashintsha umbono ayo nethemba ukuvukela unomphela, Trotsky wachaza wayelunqisa ngo-1905, ngokuhumusha okusha ke. Omunye izingxenye ezibalulekile kakhulu umqondo ayenawo theory yentuthuko kuhlanganiswe. Marxists phambi 1905 abangu ngokuzuzisayo ukuqaliswa yokuhlubuka sezenhlalo emazweni eziphambili zama-Capitalist.

Ngokuhambisana Trotskii, endaweni emazweni angaphezu noma ngaphansi eziphambili ezifana Russia, muva nje lapho sekukhona ngokuphelele sabasebenzi inqubo ukuthuthukiswa kanye nekwakhiwa kwetimboni, kwakunokwenzeka ukuba enze revolution ngenxa zomlando Socialist ubuthakathaka onxiwankulu utakwetfula yeningi-ndawonye bobunxiwankulu bufinyelele izidingo.

Emibhalweni yakhe, Leon Trotsky wabhala ukuthi ukuhluleka zombusazwe onxiwankulu ngqo kunqunywa indlela nokuxhumana kwalo abantukazana futhi sabasebenzi. Sathi ngasekupheleni ukuvukela Russian wayengeyena nje inkinga komlando, kodwa futhi le nkinga ye komphakathi isizwe.

Ngakho, siye kakade wathola ukuthi Trotsky - umsekeli imfundiso yokuziphendukela revolution unomphela. ngokushesha kakhulu waqala ukuthuthukisa ngemva Okthoba ukuvukela 1917. Trotsky ikuphikile eseqedile umlingisi sezenhlalo wokuvukela, echaza kuphela njengoba esigabeni sokuqala endleleni ukuhlubuka sezenhlalo eNtshonalanga futhi emhlabeni wonke. Wathi socialism zingenza in Soviet Russia kuphela lapho ukuvukela sezenhlalo babe unomphela, ukuthi bakwazi ukungena emazweni main Yurophu, lapho sabasebenzi iyona Yokuwina West kuzosiza isisebenzi Russian axazulule ekulweni azifundele aphikisanayo, bese sizokwazi ukwakha ubukhomanisi nezimboni Ngokwezinga lomhlaba wonke. Wabona lokhu kuhlubuka umphumela ngenxa yenani elincane sabasebenzi Russian futhi ukhona eRussia mass elikhulu sonxiwankulu abancane ngokwemvelo okusanhlamvu abatshali.

Indima izakhamizi zasemaphandleni

Ngokuvamile imfundiso yokuziphendukela revolution unomphela Trotsky bagxekwa yokuthi umbhali kusolakala oyithatha kalula indima abantukazana. Eqinisweni, wayesesondele kakhulu emibhalweni yakhe kakhulu uthi abasebenzi ngeke bakwazi ukufeza ukuvukela sezenhlalo, hhayi ngokusekelwa abalimi. Trotsky ugomela ngokuthi, ngokuba kuphela ingxenye encane umphakathi isiRashiya, isigaba sabasebenzi kungaholela ukuvukela kuya Ukukhululwa we abantukazana nokuzosiza bathole imvume abalimi njengengxenye inguquko, ekusekeleni ngalo bathembele.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo sabasebenzi ngenxa izithakazelo zomuntu siqu nezibopho ukwenza ngcono izimo zabo befuna ukwenza izinguquko ezinjalo wamavukelambuso, okuyinto ngeke kuphela ukufeza umsebenzi revolution wobunxiwankulu, kodwa futhi kungaholela ekwakhekeni kwamandla okusebenza.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, Trotsky ugomela ngokuthi sabasebenzi ziyophoqeleka ukuba wenze le ngxabano ekilasini edolobhaneni, ukuze kungaba ukwephula alowo mphakathi kwezinhloso zenzuzo, okuyinto nakanjani etholakalayo kubo bonke abalimi, kodwa ibanga kuqhathaniswa emincane. Abasebenzi kufanele esikhathini sokuqala wokubusa kwakhe, afune usizo kule ngxabano ka nemphakathi ehluphekayo yasemaphandleni yasemakhaya ocebile, sabasebenzi wezolimo - hlebopasheskoy onxiwankulu.

Kulahlwa kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela eU.SSR

Ngakho, usuwazi ukuthi umbhali inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela inguquko unomphela eRussia - Trotsky. ESoviet Union, zamangala ngokufundisa kwakhe isahlulelo ngaleso sessions plenary of the Central Control Commission of the RCP (B) IKomidi Central nokuxazululwa kwezinxushunxushu ngendlela yokukhuluma Trotsky sika, eyamukelwa ngo-1925, ngo-January 17 kanye kule "sokuphrinta phezu imisebenzi ye-Russian Communist Party (amaBolshevik) kanye Comintern", bamukela 14 Iseshini yesi RCP (b) "ngo fronderskom Bloc ku CPSU (b)." izixazululo Okufanayo seyemukeliwe wonke amaqembu semi olusemthethweni wamaKhomanisi, ekubeni ilungu Comintern.

Inqubomgomo ale nhlangano eChina imbangela eqondile yesitatimende oluthathwa wemfundiso Trotsky sika ayenawo unomphela nokugxeka nencazo uStalin we "izigaba ukunyakaza izinguquko." Kuyinto kuleli zwe, amaShayina Communist Party oda eMoscow wazama ukwakha umfelandawonye Abantu onxiwankulu - lokuqala nge kobuholi Kuomintang (inhloko yabangamashumi Chan Kayshi), kodwa ngemva Shanghai ukucekwa 1927, okwenzeka ngenxa iphutha lakhe, - Van Tszinveyem ( "Kwesokunxele KMT").

amathemba ye-USSR

Njengoba ukwanda kokukhiqizwa unomphela zingathinta ukuthuthukiswa ye-USSR? Inchazelo yale nqubo uye waholela abaningi ukucabanga. Abasekeli yokuvukela unomphela ayebhekwa ukwakhiwa zokubusa ngesimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni ngendlela "abantu eyodwa emaceleni" olulodwa isiRashiya, sokuhamba kusukela ukubukwa eyisisekelo ubumbano yesigaba sabasebenzi.

Trotskyists wathi uma esikhathini esizayo esiseduze emva Okthoba izenzo zokuvukela eNtshonalanga busa revolution isigaba sabasebenzi base-USSR baqale "njengoba kuvuselelwa capitalism."

Trotsky wagomela ngokuthi iSoviet Union iphuma inguquko Okthoba njengoba amandla ukusebenza. Phinda azimele izindlela zokukhiqiza yisimo kudingekile ekuthuthukiseni sezenhlalo. Yavula kungenzeka nokukhula ngokushesha amabutho ithele. Idivayisi ukusebenza okwamanje ezweni selande laze laba isikhali ubudlova bureaucratic ngokumelene isigaba sabasebenzi, nokuningi - ku-ithuluzi enkulu yokuhlaselwa emnothweni. Okazonivanie izwe aqhelelene futhi emuva ukusebenza kanye nenguquko kwenchubokuphatsa zibe lombhalo onguMninimandla onke nelungelo iyona eyinselele kakhulu okunengqondo socialism esisebenzayo ezweni elilodwa.

Trotsky lamemezela ukuthi uhulumeni wamaSoviet Ngakho-ke, we izingxabano esesabisayo. Kodwa namanje uhlala ezweni izisebenzi degenerated '. Lona umbono nomphakathi. I simo zezombusazwe bunohlamvu multivariate: noma sama eziphonsa ezweni emuva ne-capitalism, ongqongqozayo phezu izinhlobo ezintsha impahla, noma sabasebenzi ebhubhisa ubushiqela futhi kuvuleke indlela socialism.

Evolution yokufundisa

Kushiwo ngamuphi umqondo ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II? Le mfundiso baqhubeka ukuthuthukisa kwesokunxele theorists eziningi kaMarx emazweni aseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, e-Western Europe, aseNingizimu naseNyakatho Melika, lapho kwakukhona Trotskyist kumiswa. Esikhathini Maphakathi nekhulu XX kwakukhona ukuvelela anti-wamakoloni. Kulesi sigaba lweSine International uhlole ukuvela ukunyakaza yezinguquko emazweni asathuthuka, ikakhulukazi linemibhikisho-Cuban futhi Algeria.

Ngolunye lwalezo congresses lweSine International ngo-1963-ke lathatha isinqumo "Dynamics ayenawo emhlabeni namuhla." abalobi balo babengabantu Ernest Mandel (umholi unit Belgian) kanye Dzhozef Hansen (ilungu labaphathi US Socialist Workers Party).

Isinqumo wawuthi amabutho amathathu evelele inguquko emhlabeni - ukuvukela zezombusazwe e amandla abasebenzi sikhubazekile 'ukuvukela abaphathi bamakoloni kwavukelwa yesigaba sabasebenzi kumazwe isicebi - yakha union dialectical. Ngayinye yalezi amabutho kuthinta nabanye, futhi ukubuya uthola yisisusa esinamandla ukuthuthukiswa yayo esizayo noma braking. Ukubambezeleka we izenzo zokuvukela yesigaba sabasebenzi ku amandla ngendlela yobunxiwankulu, yebo, uvikelwe inguquko koloni ukuba iqale indlela sezenhlalo ngakho uyaqaphela futhi ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka ngaphansi ukucindezela izisebenzi Triumph sikhathi emazweni athuthukile noma enqobile ukuvukela wamavukelambuso. Ukwephuza futhi ebambezela ukuthuthukiswa kwavukelwa zezombusazwe eSoviet Union, kuhlanganise ngenxa yokuthi abasebenzi wamaSoviet wawungafuni ukubona phambi kwakhe isibonelo multivariate yekwakha zokubusa ngesimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni.

Bukharin

Igama elithi "revolution unomphela" Bukharin futhi unesithakazelo. Esikhathini ncwajana abazinikele Okthoba revolution, ekuqaleni kuka-1918, wabhala ukuthi kuwa umbuso lingabacindezeli ihlelwe wonke umlando wangaphambilini wamavukelambuso. Wagomela ukuthi lokhu kuncipha kwesikhathi sokuphila futhi ukunqoba isigaba sabasebenzi, kusekelwa abampofu abahlala emakhaya, ukunqoba, okuyinto okwalesi khathizwe kanye ongenamkhawulo yonke le mbulunga, hhayi waqala inkathi organic. Sabasebenzi Russian wazenza ngokucijile njengoba wake, umsebenzi revolution ngamazwe. Lonke eziyinkimbinkimbi of ubudlelwano, zivela eYurophu, okuholela ekupheleni ngenakugwemeka. Ngakho, ukwanda kokukhiqizwa unomphela eRussia uguqulwe ube revolution European yesigaba sabasebenzi.

Wayekholelwa ukuthi Keg luyibhuqu lwezinyawo Europe aphonswe olunegazi isibani elidala Russian ukuvukela obuKhomanisi. Akayena efile. Uyakujabulela. It ikhulisa. Futhi nakanjani uhlangane ngokuvukela kwase omkhulu okunqobayo kwezindaba sabasebenzi emhlabeni.

Eqinisweni, Bukharin kwakusala kude uhlelo sezenhlalo ezweni eNgophezukonke. Wonke umuntu uyazi ukuthi kwaba umhlaziyi eyinhloko ijima lokulwa Trotskyism, ifinyeziwe impi ngokumelene umqondo ayenawo unomphela. Kodwa ekuqaleni, lapho magma ukuvukela wamavukelambuso engakakhuli isikhathi sokwehlisa ngaphezulu, Bukharin, kuvela abamfunanga ukuhlola Icebo lika amagama angafani kunaleyo ngokumelene okuyinto kuba eminyakeni embalwa kwadingeka ukuba ngolaka ukulwa.

ncwajana Bukharin lenziwa Party Central Committee, "Surf." Akekho ngakumemezela zezihlubuki. Kunalokho, wonke wabona kuwo inkulumo ethi ongenambangi futhi ezisemthethweni ngokubona Central Council of the party. Incwajana kuleli fomu zibhaliwe izikhathi eziningi eminyakeni ezayo, futhi ndawonye nomunye incwajana elalinikezelwe Februwari nokwambuka, ngaphansi kwesihloko esithi jikelele "Kusukela lapho kuwa autocracy ekuweni onxiwankulu", liye lahunyushelwa ezilimini isiFulentshi, isiJalimane, isiNgisi kanye nezinye.

Eminyakeni 1923-1924, abaningi baqala Ziphikisana ngokumelene Trotskyism. Lezi izingxabano baye owaqothula ingxenye enkulu kulokho okuye kwabizwa lakhiwa Okthoba Revolution, leaked ukufundwa amakamelo, imitapo yolwazi, amaphephandaba kanye wangcwatshwa inqwaba izincwadi eziphathelene okuqinisekile enkulu ekuthuthukiseni inguquko kanye party. Namuhla, le mibhalo kufanele kabusha izinqamu ngezinqamu, ukukhumbula izinsuku zakudala.

umkhuba

Ngakho, niyazi, ukuthi nethemba revolution izwe kuyinto zikhange kakhulu. Ekusebenteni, imfundiso kaZiqu-Icebo lika unomphela ngumnikazi ukubukeka eyinqaba. Ubukela phansi imfundiso yokuziphendukela Trotsky, Radek (sezombusazwe WaseSoviet) ijoyina wakhe futhi "amacebo, elandela kuwo." Lena kwalokho kubaluleke kakhulu. Vula ingxoxo ka 'Trotskyism' kulo mbuzo imfundiso ngokuhlakanipha kungagcini. Kodwa Radek akwanele. Ubizwa belwa kwamaBolshevik umugqa zamanxusa e China. Ivame ukuba ibala le nkambo imfundiso yokuziphendukela ekuvukeleni unomphela, futhi idinga ukufakazela ukuthi le mfundiso esikhathini esidlule agelezé engalungile umugqa wezindlela.

Radek abafundi babo iyadukisa. Mhlawumbe akazi umlando inguquko, okuyinto zazingakaze abathintekayo mathupha. Kepha ngaleso sikhathi babengasiboni uhlupho hlola umbuzo imibhalo.

Umlando ingahambi emgceni locondzile. Ngezinye izikhathi uthola ku imikhawulo ahlukahlukene efile.