Petr Berngardovich Struve: Biography, imibono, umnikelo kwabantu

Petr Berngardovich Struve (1870-1944) - one of the evelele kunazo zonke Russian abaqavile emphakathini nabezombusazwe. izithakazelo akhe ahlanganisa ezomnotho, journalism, umlando kanye nefilosofi.

Petr Berngardovich Struve: Biography emfushane

Njengoba ayezalelwe emkhayeni Berngarda Struve, owayeneminyaka umbusi Perm, uPetru wathola imfundo yekhethelo.

esikoleni sakhe sokuqala kwaba esikoleni esiphakeme Petersburg. Ngemva le nsizwa zanquma ukulishiya ikhaya sabazali futhi behlala emzini AM Kalmykova esikhundleni nonina, waya e-University emzini ofanayo. Ekuqaleni, uPetru ehambela wezifundo natural sciences ke (ngemva konyaka owodwa) lidlule uMthetho.

Uthando lwakhe theory kaMarx sasinamandla kangangokuthi, okuholele inhlangano umbuthano thematic. Le nyuvesi Petr Berngardovich Struve wafundiswa kuze 1894, futhi phakathi naleso sikhathi wayevakashele Austria, lapho eseneminyaka Uprofesa wesayensi yokuhlalisana kwabantu L. Gumplowicz. Kukulo muzi lapho uPetru abeyinqumile wanquma ukuba oyisazi sezomnotho.

Qala imisebenzi lesibonwa

Isihloko yokuqala, ayibhala futhi ishicilelwe Petr Berngardovich Struve, eyanyatheliswa ngo-omunye German amaphephandaba Social-Democratic ayezidinga lapho Austria.

Kufinyeta imisebenzi Struve njengoba isikhulumi, kungashiwo ihlukaniswe okulandelayo nomunye izigaba ezimbili:

1. Oku-wamavukelambuso. Ukuxhumana, izihloko kanye eseyi, eyabhalwa ngaphambi kuka-1907, baba yingxenye yesikwati sika cwaningo kanye nokugxeka mbono kaMarx. nabo abonisa ukuvela imibono uPetru emkhakheni wezomnotho kanye kwabantu.
2. Post-wamavukelambuso. Imisebenzi Struve kule nkathi kwaba umzabalazo ukulondoloza ubunye yeRussia. Futhi ukugxekwa sobala okuhloswe ngazo maximalism wamavukelambuso.

Ngokuvamile, izindaba zamanje isebenza ngale sibalo ukumela umsebenzi esikalini, ezichaza nekuhlatiya izinqubo zangaphakathi ezenzeka emphakathini Russian ngaleso sikhathi, kusukela umbono wesayensi yokuhlalisana kwabantu.

ukubukwa bezombangazwe Struve futhi ukuziphendukela kwaso

He is i Admirer oshisekayo Marxism ebusheni bakhe, Struve Petr Berngardovich ngemva kwezenzakalo-mbuso ka-1907 rose yokuma liberalism olandelanayo. Inqubo ukuguqulwa zezombusazwe besprimeren, kodwa kube nokulingana izimfanelo zezombusazwe ka uPetru yena waze umsebenzi wakhe kwezomnotho, yokuhlalisana kwabantu, kolimi nefilosofi. Ekhuluma ngaye siqu, Petr Berngardovich Struve waphawula ukuthi indawo yayo ayikwazi ukucaciswa gxila meridians party nezombangazwe.

Ngenxa izinkolelo zombusazwe kanye yobushoshovu V I. Lenin wanika Struve ukuhlolwa esibi kakhulu lapho abathintekayo idumela layo eminyakeni. Ezikhathini zaseSoviet, sibalo sokunconywa ukuphathwa ku-social sciences ubelokhu kuphela ngendlela engafanele, futhi umsebenzi alikakashicilelwa. Isimo sashintsha e kweSoviet Union iminyaka yokugcina, futhi namuhla kungenziwa ngokugcwele embozwe zentuthuko yawo kanye umnikelo ubukhulu ifa bokusungula nezombusazwe zezwe lethu.

Kusukela Marxism ukuhamba ovulekile

Isigaba ngemibono ukuba esikhundleni umbono kaMarx iza ukukhohliseka zefilosofi conservatism nesandla esivulekile, eyaba ngolaka ukuvikela Struve Petr Berngardovich. Biography sibalo sihlanganisa eziningi amagama abadumile ukumsiza e ukuyilahla umbuso Russian. Kuze kube yimanje, indlu ukushicilela "Contemporary Buyekeza" lahlelwa ngo-1900. umsebenzi wayo lomkhulu kwaba ukushicilelwa imibhalo ehlukahlukene okuyinto engase yonakalise umbuso okhona.

Ngemva kokuba yingxenye ukuboniswa mass uPetru athunjiwe, kwadingeka aye Tver. Ukusebenzisa umshicileli ezezimali D. E. Zhukovskogo, owayeyilungu fan yakhe, Struve wakwazi ukuhlela okukhiphayo we umagazini "Liberation" eJalimane. Ukuze uthole imvume yokuphuma intatheli bacela usizo kusukela kubangani abanethonya futhi wakuthola.

Nokho, amazwi akhe aphathelene alikwazanga ukuvimbela ngokubhala izincwadi lapho kutadishwa izisekelo yefilosofi izinqubomgomo ovulekile. Amazing emihlanu nje ubudala lapho usebenzisa eyodwa abalandeli, ngoba wanikwa ushwele ngamacala zezombusazwe wadedelwa Struve Petr Berngardovich. Biography wesazi sefilosofi kanye intatheli iminyaka eyishumi ezayo wokuphila, uchaza umsebenzi wakhe ngesikhathi Polytechnic Institute Petersburg. Ekuqaleni uthisha, womfundisi noprofesa okungavamile, ekugcineni aba kwenhloko yomnyango wezomnotho kwezombangazwe.

Phakathi nale nkathi, it lalotshwa umsebenzi main kwezomnotho of Peter ( "Umnotho kanye nentengo"), amavolumu ezihlukahlukene ezaba enkosi yayo zobudokotela.

Umzabalazo wekulwa Bolshevism

KwamaBolshevik revolution kwadingeka Struve sengqondo esingaqondile kakhulu. Maduzane, ngemva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa le micimbi, uPetru Struve futhi Berngardovich G. N. Trubetskoy waya Don. Lapho bobabili wayekade amalungu Right Centre (nhlangano engekho emthethweni ibekela). Isisebenzi wahileleka kakhulu ukwakheka Zinikele Army. Lapho, uPetru waba ilungu kuqokwa we the Don umkhandlu yombango, okuyinto wasebenza njengomfundisi umhlangano zezombusazwe futhi lasetshenziswa esengaphansi Alekseev.

Ngemva ibutho waphoqeleka ukuba enze lo okuthiwa Ice umkhankaso, Struve efika e-dolobha ngasese. Wayefanele izinyanga ezingaphezu kweziyisithupha ukuphila isimo emthethweni. Ngalesi sikhathi, uPetru nengxenye inqubo yokudala kwezinkulumo ezinamandla kakhulu anti-kwamaBolshevik inhlangano komhlaba ngokuthi "National Center". Indawo yomsebenzi yaba igatsha eMoscow kasoseshini.

Zenzeka ukwesaba obomvu, cuphuluza umzamo kokubulawa on Lenin, umholi baphoqeleka ukuba bayishiye inhloko-dolobha. yokucasha wakhe indawo kwaba ngokunembile Alyatino e Vologda.

Umsebenzi eYurophu

Kamuva, ngemva kohambo oluya emazweni enyakatho yeRussia, Struve wakwazi ukuya Finland. Lapha yena AV Kartashov (elinye ilungu isikhungo) wahlangana Jikelele N. N. Yudenichem futhi babambe izingxoxo mayelana inhlangano imisebenzi ngokuhlanganyela. Ngenxa yalo msebenzi ehlelekile futhi ngobuhlakani amalungu amaqembu anti-kwamaBolshevik, Yudenich kwaholela isikhungo samasosha zezombusazwe eFinland.

ukunakwa kaPetru waba futhi yaklonyeliswa "iKomidi wenkululeko Russian." Le nhlangano yasungulwa ngo 1919 futhi kusetshenzwe ngayo ukuvuselelwa Russia, kanye ukhulisa sitfunti salo phakathi kwezinye izifundazwe. Ikomidi kwaba kumagazini nsuku semaphepha ephrintiwe ezibonisa izenzakalo zangempela eRussia. Ukusungula ukuxhumana Admiral A. V Kolchakom nakuhulumeni wakhe nomthelela ukwabiwa uxhaso ngenxa "National Center".

Struve ezingengaphansi asebenzayo ayesebenza ngesikhathi ngihlala e France wasebenza amalungu "umhlangano zezombusazwe Russian."

Ukuze imizamo yakhe, isazi sefilosofi umbhali, ugwetshwe yinkantolo we RSFSR ekufeni. Naphezu kwakho konke lokhu Eqinisweni, UPetru uyaqhubeka ubudlelwano bayo ne ojenene White nemisebenzi asebenzayo lesibonwa.

Peter Struve wafa Paris ngo-1944, lapho ayehlala khona nomndeni wakhe kusukela ngo-1942.

ukubukwa sefilosofi ku imibono yezombangazwe

Struve kwaba kummeleli okuthiwa Marxism ngokomthetho eRussia. Leli gama ngokuvamile okuthiwa ukunyakaza social, kusuka iphuzu theory yokungakholelwa umbono, ibona ngokunemba Marx imfundiso yakhe komnotho wenarha yabo boke kwesiphetho womlando wohlelo zama-Capitalist.

Isisebenzi wavuma indlela kosozimali ukuthuthukiswa komnotho njengoba sokuqomisana ukuchuma kwezomnotho eRussia. Ukuqaliswa ngempumelelo yezinguquko kwezenhlalo kanye nemibandela ukutshalwa lapho umuntu kungaqala, lezi yizici ezibalulekile ukuthi badingiswa Struve Petr Berngardovich. Imibono kwalesi sibalo ukhathazekile izimiso lenhlangano nohulumeni wobunxiwankulu. Struve wamthatha indima eqakatheke khulu, ebiza "umhleli we-oda", elikwaziyo ukuqeda izingxabano bemvelo nomphakathi, kanye ulungise emphakathini ngokuya kwezomnotho nakwezombusazwe.

Ukuqamba Peter Struve

Indlela Yokwenza Struve sinqatshiwe izingxenye ezintathu eziyisisekelo ezazikhona enkulu emibonweni yabantu nasendleleni ka wezomnotho kwezombangazwe :

• Umshikashika imfundiso yokuziphendukela value.
• Imfundiso yokuziphendukela Umbuso onganakiwe.
• School zomlando.

Lesi sibalo wayengomunye walaba wokuqala owasebenzisa uhlelo futhi indlela liqine isisekelo okwakhelwe kuso yakhiwe imikhakha wezomnotho kwezombangazwe. Wasikisela uhlelo ezintathu-uqimba of ubudlelwano:

• ZaseNdlunkulu.
• Off-ipulazi.
• Socio-elikhiqizayo.

Wabuye kungokwalabo egomela ukuthi izinguquko ungahambi esiphikisayo emasikweni ophilayo abantu kanye namagugu amasiko alo. Kufanele ukwakha phezu kwaleso sisekelo.

Petr Berngardovich Struve: umnikelo kwabantu

Kuwufanele ingasaphathwa uhlelo kwezenhlalo kanye nezomnotho, esichazwa sefilosofi. Kusekelwe imiqondo ezifana ne- "intengo", "inzuzo yezomnotho", "imali" futhi "Inani." I engavamile kohlelo wukuthi "intengo" esigabeni inikezwe isimo esiyisisekelo. Kuhloswe ukuze kwakhiwe yonke ngokoqobo kwezenhlalo noma kwezomnotho. Futhi kulesi sigaba Struve yakhelwe njengoba isisekelo sazo zonke izimo zenhlalo yomphakathi nezomnotho bhala-off, ngesikhathi, njengoba Marx asetshenziselwe le nhloso, imfundiso enaleni value.

Ukuqondanisa isidingo "revolution olandelanayo" eRussia - omunye imibono esemqoka athuthukile Petr Berngardovich Struve. Sociology ifundiswa amanyuvesi yesimanje, ukutadisha theory yeningi emphakathini isiRashiya, lesi sibalo ezihlongozwayo. Ngokusho kwakhe, kwakudinga izinsiza ezilandelayo:

• isisetshenziswa Siqu.
• ingxenye yokuhlola.
• ingxenye Ngenhloso.
• ukuphila subjective.
• izinsiza zamasiko nezomlando.
• isisetshenziswa Functional.

Struve ukuze imisebenzi sokuthuthukiswa imfundiso yokuziphendukela isiko

Ligalelo isisebenzi ensimini owethulwa ngokusebenzisa ukuhlaziywa semantic, usebenzisa ematheksthi etemibhalo. Thixo akhe angamalangabi UNikolai Leskov, Nikolai Gogol, F. Dostoevsky nabanye abalobi abavelele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Struve ngaphansi kokuhlolisisa kanye nomsebenzi wobuciko Pushkin, embiza umuntu ekahle-aspect setepolitiki zokuphila.
Isazi sefilosofi ababethi isimiso kokubonwa isivikelo inkululeko yabantu, kanye nokugcina umyalelo esitebeleni zezombusazwe futhi amandla eqinile isimo. Sathi indoda isiko Russian - isixhumanisi futhi izindlela kokuhlanganisa futhi uwohloka isimo splochayuschee isizwe. Culture ke kunenjongo ayo: ukusebenzisa izici zabo yokudala futhi wobunye esaba. Struve ayekholelwa ukuthi zonke izindawo (zabasebenzi, zezombangazwe, ubudlelwane yobuhlanga) kungeniswa ngetindlela isiko.

ifa etemibhalo

Omunye imisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu tetemibhalo zidalwe Petr Berngardovich Struve - 'izihlakaniphi futhi Revolution "(1909). Empeleni, lo msebenzi isihloko ukuthi lifakwa incwadi "Intuthuko".

Ukuqoqwa Struve, kuhlanganise Izibuyekezo yayo yonke imicimbi ebalulekile ezombusazwe nezamasiko ezenzeka eRussia nakwamanye amazwe, yanyatheliswa ngo-2004 futhi waba isihloko "The Diary of ezombusazwe."