Paris Underground. Catacombs Paris: incazelo, umlando kanye izibuyekezo zezivakashi

Abantu abaningi bacabanga ukuthi romantic kakhulu futhi olusankondlo edolobheni laseYurophu - Paris. Catacombs - edumile kakhulu futhi ezidumile eyingqopha wakhe, kodwa kuphela ingxenye encane elikhulu multi-level emigodini, esisuka amakhilomitha angaphezu kuka-300 ngaphansi.

Indaba

Endulo esizeni dolobha France yesimanje behlaliswe settlement Roman - Lutetia. Ukuze ukwakhiwa kwaleli gama ezemidlalo Arenas futhi udale eziqoshiwe, okuyinto kungabonwa namuhla Quarter Latin futhi Ile de la Caphuna, waqala ukukhipha limestone zendawo Gypsum, futhi lokho lapho kwakukhona inkwali kuqala. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, iSonto LamaRoma Lutetia Paris waphendukela isiFulentshi, ngoba idolobha esande kwakudingeka zokwakha ngaphezulu. I inkwali is hhayi kuphela uyanda, kodwa futhi lujule. Ekhulwini XII, wemigomo lehamba embili eLuhlelweni intuthuko kwezomnotho French isibe ukukhiqizwa limestone kanye Gypsum. Ngu xv ngasezinkwalini lwethi babé ezimbili-level, futhi eduze kweminyango ahlelwe ekhethekile, ifakwe ngamawinji, imithombo ukukhulisa kobuso amabhlogo omkhulu zamatshe. Ngekhulu XVII, inethiwekhi Imigudu komhlaba ezimayini elise ngaphansi kwazo zonke izitaladi eParis. Cishe wonke umuzi, "lalingaphezu" phezu ezenziwe umuntu wadala ngingenelisekile kahle ngaphakathi.

Inkinga futhi Isixazululo

Ekhulwini XVIII kwakukhona usongo kokuwa beshiya phansi emigwaqweni eminingi waseParis labangela ukuqala komkhakha. Futhi emva washaya 1774 nhlekelele - egodini imitha-30 zigoqiwe ingxenye yomgwaqo d'Enfer yizakhiwo, abantu kanye nezinqola - oda senkosi yase France, Louis XVI, inhlangano ekhethekile yasungulwa --General Inspectorate ka ngasezinkwalini, ukhona futhi isebenza namuhla. Kubasebenzi bayo banesibopho isimo lapho kukhona catacombs ngaphansi Paris, ukuqinisa futhi ukulungisa imigudu ngomshoshaphansi. Naphezu kwazo zonke lezo ezathathwa, ingozi kuhlasela kugcinwa njengoba komhlaba ulingeke ukuba uqinise base nemihume.

umlando wanamuhla

Practical French emihumeni esetshenziswa ukulima amakhowe, isitoreji iwayini, kanye neminye imikhiqizo. Phakathi neMpi Yezwe II, lapho amabutho aseJalimane matasa Paris, catacombs komhlaba zazisetshenziswa njengezibonakaliso fighters the French Ukumelana futhi amaNazi. Phakathi nekhulu leminyaka eledlule, ukufinyelela imigudu komhlaba kungavunyelwe, kodwa katafily - komhlaba waseParis labangela ukuqala komkhakha abathandi ukuphila - futhi manje bayakwazi ukungena catacombs, lapho bachitha khona ephathini, upende izithombe bese nezinye izinto art.

Ezigunyaziwe kanye livulekele wonke amazinga komhlaba Paris - Metro kanye omkhulu esinezitezi ezine umnyango esitolo, "Forum", etholakala ngaphasi kwesikwele, lapho ngaphambili wayechazwa Emilem Zolya emakethe - "isisu Paris".

Paris ongaphansi komhlaba

Metro eParis ingenye endala kakhulu emhlabeni - ke njalo seliphindeke izikhathi ezingaphezu kweminyaka eyikhulu. Izindlela zakhe iphothene ngemigqa izitimela kagesi, futhi yakhiwa imigqa ezingaphezu kuka-14 futhi iziteshi 400, aphakathi nendawo kanye zokulala okuhle exhunywe amavesi emazombezombe, elamiswa esizeni catacombs laseParis lasendulo. I Paris kaMasipala lihlukile wonke amanye Iphunga emnandi. Ezindaweni zokwamukela izivakashi izibuya nyangazonke ukumboza ekhethekile amahlathi wax-olunephunga elimnandi kanye nezimfunda.

Ngiyithola kanjani kubo?

Iningi izivakashi bayakujabulela ukusebenzisa Paris esitimeleni futhi uvakashele giant esitolo komhlaba "Forum", kodwa hhayi wonke umuntu uzihambela France ufuna ukuya catacombs laseParis lasendulo. Trip ku izwe komhlaba inhlokodolobha French - ke umcimbi, njengoba isisho, "amateur". Noma kunjalo, ungathola ngokusebenzisa isakhiwo saseJapane ukuze ekhethekile, amasiko wangaphambili isakhiwo, etholakala eduze Denfert-Rochereau metro station (Denfert-Rochereau). Izivakashi wavula mayelana 2.5 amakhilomitha Imigudu komhlaba nemihume. Ensimini ka ezinye izindawo kungavunyelwa ngokomthetho, iqembu amaphoyisa ekhethekile abehamba catacombs, lokwetfulwa kwemisebenti yayo.

bhokisi

yamathuna French komhlaba esitholakala ngaphansi ezifana ezitaladini wesimanje waseParis labangela ukuqala komkhakha efana Avenue, Dare, d'Alembert futhi Avenue René-Coty, futhi iningi labo abahamba kuwo, ngisho nokuwabona kuyini ngaphansi kwabo. izici yakhe elibuhlungu kukhona catacombs eParis. Umlando zamathambo, noma ngamanye amazwi, emathuneni komhlaba, waqala ngo 1780, ngemva ephalamende idolobha wamenqabela ukwenza yokungcwaba phakathi komuzi. Izinsalela abantu abayizithulu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezimbili, endaweni ngobukhulu yokuphumula ngaphambili emathuneni waseParis labangela ukuqala komkhakha we abangenacala, zisusiwe, disinfected, kusetshenzwe futhi ezase amamitha angu phezu 17 ukujula e ngasezinkwalini ishiywe Tomb-Issoire. Ngakho Paris yaxazululeka yethuna. Catacombs saba yindawo yokuphumula abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi eziyisithupha. Ngo-1876, eParis bhokisi yasungulwa, ehlanganisa zemibukiso isiyingi Inani ubude cishe 800 metres. look zanamuhla wayo catacombs waseParis labangela ukuqala komkhakha atholwe ekuqaleni kwekhulu XIX: imihubhe ngqo egcwele izingebhezi namathambo. Amathuna bokuqala walotshwa Inkathi Merovingian, eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-1,000, futhi yakamuva yayiqhutshelwa phakathi French Revolution.

Kuyini lokhu?

Uma eParis, catacombs kanye nebhokisi kuwufanele ukuvakashelwa ekhasini le "Ngokuphambene" phakathi kokufa nokuphila ukuze babone ubuhle kanye romance yenhloko-dolobha French. Ukuze singene yamathuna ngehlele izinyathelo 130 kuya ewumngcingo metal Kuvunguza ezitebhisini. Labo abaphethwe claustrophobia, inhliziyo okungamahlalakhona, nerve futhi isifo samaphaphu, akukuhle ukuba bathathe uhambo enjalo, hhayi ukulimaza impilo yabo.

Ngaphandle isidumbu embondelene emdulini, ngesikhathi cishe 20 amamitha ukujula kungabonwa efakwe emayini ukuphakela fresh air altare, imifanekiso, izikhumbuzo kanye ukubaza ukuthi ehlotshisiwe okungcwatshwa ngayo emakhulwini eminyaka adlule. Cishe zonke wemboni ephawulwe gravestones, lapho usuku bazingcwabe kabusha izinsalela, kanye esontweni, amathuna, izitolo ziphuthunyiswe. Kwelinye zemibukiso ungabona kahle, ngaphambili esetshenziselwa izimayini limestone, elakhiwa eParis. Catacombs, noma kunalokho, Uphahla lwangaphakathi futhi izindonga lezi zemibukiso komhlaba, "ehlotshisiwe" ukuhlunga ndawonye amathambo namakhakhayi sabafileyo. Kulomuzi ebumnyameni, njengoba French ngokwabo ngokuthi lo Necropolis, izinsalela abadumile ngesikhathi abantu isikhathi like Blez Paskal futhi Fouquet, Marat futhi Lavoisier, futhi Robespierre Sharl Perro, Rabelais futhi Danton.

Izibuyekezo

Namuhla, abahambi abafisa uvakashele catacombs (Paris, France) ingasetshenziswa kuphela udabula mlando hhayi ukuya imikhakha lapho kukhona ecabangela ukungcwatshwa kwami. Eqoshiwe Imigudu komhlaba musa ukuveza umbono ekhethekile - emaphasishi esikoleni ekhanya kanti kwezinye izindawo atholakala izimpawu ezibonisa amagama ezitaladini, elise phezulu. Kodwa bhokisi, Bone isitoreji isikhala, kuthinta abantu abaningi kangaka ubuningi kwesidumbu njengoba amaphethini ahlukahlukene futhi wafika esiphethweni izingebhezi obunamaparele amvikele ngesimo "indlu", "imiphongolo" noma ithempeli. Naphezu kuyisixwayiso emnyango: "Yima! Lapha umbuso ka ukufa! ", A ekhethekile horror akekho ukuhlolwa kanye nabahamba ebona ukuthi Palermo catacombs we Capuchins ukukhiqiza umphumela kucindezele ngendlela efanayo. Ngisho isibalo esingangaleso enkulu izingebhezi ngabanye namathambo akuyona njengoba emangalisa njengoba ezidunjini ezomisiwe Italian balondolozwa. Naphezu kokuvinjelwa esiqinile ngisho uzithinta, izivakashi ezivela emazweni ahlukahlukene uyiphathe ngesandla futhi wenze selfie izinsalela.