Oprichnina - ngokwesabekayo ngenxa yalokho?

Iminyaka oprichnina zazithonya abalulekile kwi ukubunjwa nokuthuthukiswa kwezinhlangano isimo Russian. Tsar Ivan Grozny senzeka sayo esihlalweni sobukhosi ngo-1547, ngesikhathi yawo vicissitudes zezombusazwe zangaphakathi nezangaphandle. Esikhathini Maphakathi nekhulu XVI, izwe kudingeka kugucuka emikhulu. Nokho oprichnina - akuyona ngesilinganiso esidala kwezombangazwe zembulunga yonke u-Ivan IV sobukhosi. It kwandulelwe ukugunyazwa okwenziwe kungekho kubalulekile ngaphansi inkathi wezwe womsebenzi iPhalamende akhethwe.

Izinguquko Abakhethiwe Rada

Igama elinikeziwe iqoqo inombolo yabakhulu, abefundisi nezikhulu zikahulumeni ababevela 1547 kuya 1560 uhulumeni non-esisemthethweni langempela esimweni. Ngokuyisisekelo, zonke izinguquko ukuthi uhulumeni abangu okuhloswe ngazo ekudaleni sama uqine ngokwanele kuleli zwe, uhulumeni, oda zomthetho nezokuphatha, nokunye. Empeleni, i-yinye kwamandla kwakudinga isikhathi ngokwaso. Ngemva absolutizing monarchies esikhathini esifanayo, kwathatha indawo kulo lonke elaseYurophu futhi kwaba ngaleso sikhathi into ezithuthukayo.

INGEMUVA oprichnina

Nokho, umsebenzi kanye khona nje wePhalamende kuqokwa, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kuphambene ngenxa yezizathu eziningana nezifiso Ivana Groznogo. Break yokugcina phakathi nkosi nabangane bakhe kwathi 1560, okuholela futhi waqala oprichnina. Lokhu kwakungenxa ngenxa yesizathu esilandelayo. Inkosi nje akazange ivumelane kancane, nemvelo kancane kancane ekhethiwe Rada kabusha. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kwabonakala kuye ukuthi boyars ukubambezeleka yinye kwamandla ngamabomu ukugcina izinsalela kwehlukana amakhosi asendulo, futhi ndawonye nabo namandla abo ezindaweni. Ngakho, ngo-1560 embeka icala amalungu amabili ejensi sakhe uhulumeni ukuthi uhlose ukuba agxilise ezandleni zabo bonke amandla isimo. inhlansi Final ukuthi ekugcineni engaloli inzondo enkosini Boyar Izicukuthwane, kwaba ukwedlulela omunye amalungu zangaphambili uhulumeni, Andreya Kurbskogo ekamu we nabasePoland phakathi neMpi Livonian. Izizathu okwaholela lokhu wohlanga olukhulu, kwaba nje futhi anganeliseki ukungavumelani yokuthi inkosi abanyathela amalungelo lasendulo kanye kwenkululeko we boyars. Ivan Grozny yena, wabona lokhu njengobufakazi bokuthi uhlobo okhohlisayo we boyars. Kwakungemva leli phuzu yayiqhuma oprichnina. Lokhu kwenzeka ngo-1565. UMbusi mathupha kwamiswa esilalelayo ukulwa amabutho, okuyinto manje akufanele ngempoqo ukusungula oda isimo.

kwekuhlela kabusha oprichnina

Kusukela maphakathi nawo-1560s e Muscovy kwaba kokuqala kanzima liner ku ngokwesabekayo emikhulu ngokumelene ukhomba ngophakathi. Oprichnina - ke Okokuthola angokoqobo ekubhujisweni ngokomzimba Boyar ungqimba. Ngenxa yalezi zinhloso, lezi Izwe lahlukaniswa laba izifunda ezimbili zokuphatha, futhi omunye walaba izingxenye iba phetho siqu umbusi, futhi yabizwa ngokuthi i-oprichnina. Ingxenye yesibili wabizwa ngokuthi zemshchina futhi eziqhutshwa le Boyar Duma. Ukulinganiselwa ifa siqu u-Ivan IV njalo uyanda futhi hlala insimu eyengeziwe kuleli zwe. Nokho, inkosi yenza amalungelo ngokungathandabuzi bona nemvume boyars ', angababaza ezinqumela ababulawa futhi equliswa hlaza umuntu bona babheka ngumkhapheli. Kufanele Ngaphinde tshela demarche Andreya Kurbskogo inkosi yasibona inhlanekela amambuka futhi abakhi bozungu yonke indawo phakathi Izicukuthwane eliphakeme.

Imiphumela oprichnina

Phakathi neminyaka embalwa eyalandela, amakhulu boyars imikhaya baxoshwa emazweni patrimonial. Ukwesabeka yafinyelela umvuthwandaba ngo-1570, lapho owokugcina isikhulu izinduna eRussia uVladimir Staritskiy wabulawa. Ngakho, kanye nzise izinsalela feudalism iye yasuswa, okuvumela eMoscow ekugcineni ukuqoqa ngaphansi kokubusa kwakhe emazweni isiRashiya, i-mthetho sama-ngempumelelo, zokuphatha nakwezempi uhlelo, kanye ukubeka isisekelo esizayo yoMbuso wase-Russian.