Ohlanga Ikhanyisiwe eRussia

"Nkosi Ikhanyisiwe" eRussia ngokuthi inqubomgomo isimo, okuyinto lwenziwe ngabacwaningi Umbusikazi uCatherine II, owabusa e 1762-1796 GG. Ngo isitayela kobuholi bakhe izwe igxile amazinga ke Western. Sasiyini inqubomgomo absolutism ukukhanyiselwa? Prussia, le Habsburg ohlanga, France - zonke lezi amazwe, njenge-Russia, is ke baye banamathela Yiqiniso. Wawunamabhodi ekufezeni guqula ngcono uhlelo isimo nokuqeda ezinye survivals amakhosi asendulo.

Amandla wahlala ngokuphelele ezandleni umbusi autocratic yezwe. Lesi sici ukuphikisana main esihlukanisa inqubomgomo absolutism ukukhanyiselwa. Habsburg ohlanga, eRussia nakwamanye amandla eziyinhloko zaseYurophu waqhamuka indlela wezinguquko ngenxa kuyanda capitalism. Izinguquko uvalwe elawulwa kusuka phezulu, ngakho-ke akazange abe egcwele olusebenza

yizimbaxa

Russian ohlanga ukukhanyiselwa wafika ngaphansi kwethonya isiko isiFulentshi, kwakheka ukubukwa of uCatherine II, nethimba lakhe futhi ingxenye enkulu abantu abafundile yezwe. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kwaba fashion kule nenhlonipho ahlukile, ingubo European, zezinwele izigqoko. Nokho, ukuthambekela French zazibonakala sezulu ezingokomoya yezikhulu.

abathengisi Rich nabathengisi, kanye nezikhulu eziphezulu waqala bajwayelane western European zezenhlalakahle isiko, umlando, ifilosofi, art nezincwadi ngaphansi uPetru I. ngenkathi Catherine inqubo izikhathi eziningana zafinyelela eqophelweni ezimatasa. Lakhiwa ebukhosini - kuyinto base yezenhlalakahle yokubusa kwamakhosi esikhathini absolutism ukukhanyiselwa. Izincwadi nezivakashi zakwamanye amazwe ukuba izikhulu wabeka imibono ezithuthukayo. Isicebi kumele bahambe njalo eYurophu, ukuhlola izwe, ukuqhathanisa oda Western nokuziphatha nge Russian.

Catherine "Iziyalezo"

UCatherine II waqala ukubusa ngo-1762. Wayengumngane German ngokuzalwa, waba imfundo European futhi imikhuba kwakuhambisana zefilosofi enkulu French. Lokhu "wemithwalo nongqondongqondo 'abathintekayo isitayela uhulumeni. UMbusikazi wafuna ukuguqula isimo bese zenza kube iyashelela futhi yesimanje. Ngakho kwaba khona amakhosi ohlanga ukukhanyiselwa Catherine 2.

Kakade okufanayo 1762 Nikita Panin Empress umeluleki Wamupha izinguquko uhlaka we-Imperial Council. Statesman wagomela ukuthi simiso esidala uhulumeni alusebenti ngenxa yokuthi ivumela ukuvela abaholi abanethonya futhi wakuthola. Inguquko kusuka absolutism ukuba ohlanga ukukhanyiselwa walala yokuthi Catherine kusukela aphikisanayo ababusi wangaphambili inkathi postpetrovskoy lapho ezombusazwe ibusa yizikhonzi ahlukahlukene.

Ngokuvamile Panin ezihlongozwayo ukudalwa isigungu esibunjwe. Catherine sinqatshelwe lowo msebenzi wakhe wokwakha, wanquma ukwelekelela le dokhumenti. Ngakho wazalwa kabusha uhlelo oluphelele umthetho wangaphambili. Into eyinhloko engangikufuna ukufeza iNdlovukazi - ngokulandelana elawula izwe. Ngenxa yale njongo-ke kwakudingekile ukuba sibuyekeze ngokuphelele imithetho emidala futhi amasha.

Ngokushesha Catherine esungulwe Commission for kudalwa Ikhodi entsha. Ngenxa ukuncoma kwe-Empress wakhe waqamba "Igunya". Kwakukhona izihloko ezingaphezu kuka-500, okuyinto washayelwa izimiso eziyisisekelo uhlelo ngokomthetho eRussia. Catherine idokhumenti wabhekisela emibhalweni ongqondongqondo olukhulu isikhathi: Lakho, Beccaria, uJustu, Bielefeld. Ngo ingxenye ethi "Iziyalezo" kubonakala konke khona ohlanga ukukhanyiselwa eRussia. Izici, okuqukethwe, ukubaluleka kwale dokhumenti wabuyela amafilosofi eziseqophelweni ukuKhanyiselwa.

Catherine agumenti theory zazingakapheli ovulekile kakhulu ngakhoke azisebenzi eyayingavamile ngaleso sikhathi ngokoqobo isiRashiya, njengoba buhlungu izithakazelo yezikhulu nelungelo - main amandla isimo ukwesekwa. Ngandlela-thile, kodwa abaningi-agumenti zenkosi wahlala kuphela ngaphakathi izilokotho ezinhle. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuleli "Iziyalezo" Catherine yathi iRussia - amandla European. Ngakho yena ukuqinisekisile inkambo okufanele, eyasungulwa ngu-Peter I.

Izendlalelo labantu Russian

UCatherine II babekholelwa ukuthi ohlanga ukukhanyiselwa eRussia esekelwe division ikilasi emphakathini. isimo Ideal waqamba imodeli absolutist. Empress wachaza ngobuqotho bakhe ilungelo "kungokwemvelo" ukuba abuse yedwa, nabanye - zingalawulwa. Catherine postulates walungisiswa ukubhekisela umlando eRussia, lapho autocracy kwaba izimpande eminingi yasendulo.

Monarch nje kuphela ngokuthi umthombo wamandla, kodwa futhi sibalo ukuthi kuthuthukise zonke izinhlaka zomphakathi. Akazange abe yimiphi imikhawulo, ngaphezu zokuziphatha. Umbusi, wacabanga Catherine, kwadingeka asebenzise nonembe ukuqinisekisa "lo sindiso ka ngamunye." ohlanga Ikhanyisiwe luhlose umkhawulo nenkululeko abantu, futhi isiqondiso amandla nemisebenzi yabo ukuze abafinyelela ukuchuma ezivamile.

Empress ihlukaniswe umphakathi Russian ku ezintathu kwezakhi main: kwamadoda asebukhosini, onxiwankulu ezincane kanye abantukazana. Freedom waqamba kuhle ukwenza lokho luphakathi umthetho. Ithuluzi eliyinhloko wamemezela imithetho isimo. Bakhandwa eyakhiwe washayelwa ngokuvumelana "umoya wabantu", okungukuthi yokucabanga. Konke lokhu kwaba ukunikeza amakhosi ohlanga ayesenakho engxenyeni ngekhulu XVIII yesibili. UCatherine II kwaba ababusi bokuqala Russian wakhuluma ngesidingo ukuze uhlobanise umthetho lobugebengu. Wacabanga iwumgomo oyinhloko isimo akusona isijeziso izigebengu, kanye nokuvimbela ubugebengu yabo.

umnotho

izinsika Economic lapho waphumula i ohlanga ukukhanyiselwa, wayenelungelo lokwenqaba ukuba impahla kanye nezolimo. Isimo esiyinhloko ukuchuma wezwe Catherine ngokuthi umsebenzi onzima zonke izigaba Russian. Ishayela ezolimo ngesisekelo emnothweni, iNdlovukazi akazange dissemble. Russia engxenyeni kwekhulu XVIII sesibili kwakukhona izwe ezijulile kwezolimo, lapho umkhakha kakhulu ngemuva European.

uma uya ezindaweni eziningi ngesikhathi sokubusa uCatherine II kwathiwa idolobha, kodwa eqinisweni babe wonke amadolobhana efanayo ne umsebenzi ofanayo futhi ukubukeka. Kulesi ukungqubuzana itholakala Russia kanye nezokulima kanye nokutholakala wezinzalamizi. Ngisho kanye nemizi ngamehlo engqondo kwemiphakathi yasemadolobheni yezwe Kwakungekhona ngaphezu 5%.

umkhakha isiRashiya, efana nezolimo, izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali amakhosi asendulo. Izimboni kanye manufactories kabanzi esetshenzisiwe ophoqelelwe, ngoba abasebenzi zabasebenzi abangekho empini abiza izinkampani oda ngaphezulu. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, e-England, sekuvele waqala the Industrial Revolution. Russia akhishelwe khona imikhiqizo ikakhulu semi isiqediwe futhi ngezinto zemvelo eluhlaza. Iphele izimpahla umnotho cishe akazange enze emakethe angaphandle.

Inkantolo Nenkolo

Izahluko lokugcina "Iziyalezo" Catherine ziye enikelwe izinkantolo. ohlanga Ikhanyisiwe eRussia, ngo okufutshane, ayikwazanga uxhumana nomphakathi ngaphandle lokhu unompempe. IziNyathelo wawubalulekile, okuyinto ayikwazanga iyehluleka ukuqonda iNdlovukazi. Catherine unikezé imisebenzi eziningi izikhungo. Ikakhulukazi, inkantolo kwadingeka ukuvikela isimiso senkululeko yenkolo Yokuphepha isebenza kuzo zonke izakhamuzi zaseRussia. Isihloko wenkolo Catherine abathintekayo futhi izincwadi zakhe. Wayeyintandane owayephikisana wokuguqula abantu ngempoqo ebuKristwini, abantu abangewona ama-Russian yezwe.

ohlanga Ikhanyisiwe - iyisimo ebambelela ngokuqinile ukunamathela iziqondiso nemithetho. Yingakho iKhomishana usezivalile Laid Catherine ubambe ukulalelwa eziphuthumayo. Empress futhi bamelana nokucindezelwa nenkululeko yokukhuluma. Nokho, lokhu akuzange kuvimbele wakhe ukuceka ekujezisweni ku labo, ngokombono wakhe, izincwadi zakhe encroached ku ekuhlelekeni komphakathi.

umbuzo ongumlimi

Inkinga eyinhloko ezibhekene kwamakhosi ukukhanyiselwa eRussia, kwaba ikusasa serfdom. Ngenkathi uCatherine II isikhundla oyisicashalala of abalimi futhi kungakaziwa ukuthi kukhanselwe. Kodwa yabekwa serfdom ukugxekwa kakhulu imikhakha okuqhubekayo umphakathi. Lokhu okubi yezenhlalakahle ubelokhu into Nikolaya Novikova omagazini satirical ukuhlaselwa ( "isikhwama", "Drone", "umdwebi"). Thanda Radishchev, akazange ulinde izinguquko ezinkulu aqaliswe kusuka phezulu, futhi wayeboshwe Schlisselburg inqaba.

Ubuze besimo serfdom uJesu akabanga nje ngonya inceku isikhundla we abalimi, kodwa ukuthi kukwenza ungakwazi ukuthuthukiswa kwezomnotho ezindaweni zombuso ezikude. Freedom izigodi kwakudingekile ukusebenza ukuze kuzuze bona. Sebenza for umninindlu, ukuze asuse sokuvuna kanye nomholo, a priori alikwazanga ngempumelelo. I kwandzisa abantukazana kwaba kuphela ngemva kokukhululwa kwakhe ngo-1861. nkosi Ikhanyisiwe Catherine 2, ngamafuphi, akazange alinge ukuthatha lesi sinyathelo ukuze silondoloze ukuzinza yangaphakathi, iyona engekho ukungqubuzana phakathi kukahulumeni kanye bamazwe. Ukuguqula asele Empress Village abese ehlala kwenkundla kuphela. Kwakuphakathi wokubusa kwakhe - inkathi ukugqilazwa kunabo bonke abalimi. Kakade indodana Catherine uPawulu mina iyisibusiso kwancipha, abe wezinsuku ezintathu.

I ukugxekwa autocracy

rationalism French Yokukhanyiselwa imibono bakhomba nemibi amafomu izinduna kahulumeni. Yavela kanjalo-ke ukugxekwa lokuqala autocracy. Nokho, amakhosi ohlanga ezinolwazi, kwaba nje uhlobo onamandla angenamkhawulo. States usamukele izinguquko, kodwa kwadingeka ukuba zivela phezulu futhi musa kuthinte Into esemqoka - the autocracy. Yingakho ngenkathi uCatherine II nabantu bangesikhathi sakhe ngokuthi inkathi absolutism ukukhanyiselwa.

Eyokuqala ukugxeka obala umbhali autocracy Alexander Radishchev. ODE yakhe "Liberty" kwaba enkondlweni yokuqala wamavukelambuso Russia. Ngemva kokukhishwa kukamagazini i ka "Uhambo kusuka Petersburg eMoscow» Radishchev wathunyelwa ekudingisweni. Ngakho, amakhosi ohlanga ukukhanyiselwa Catherine 2, nakuba isebangeni njengoba isimo lesichubekako, akuvunyelwe ukushintsha isimo sezombusazwe Freethinkers.

kumiswa

Ngezindlela eziningi, aphuma absolutism ukuba ohlanga ukukhanyiselwa kweza umsebenzi ososayensi oluvelele. inkanyiso uMphathi Russian isayensi XVIII leminyaka kwaba Mikhail Lomonosov. Ngo 1755 wasungula eMoscow University. Ngesikhathi esifanayo utopianism zemfundo kugqugquzelwa zokulala Masonic, okuyinto zithandwa kakhulu phakathi kwamadoda asebukhosini.

Engxenyeni kwekhulu XVIII yesibili, inethiwekhi entsha ezikoleni ezizimele lapho izingane zifunda ezicukuthwaneni, abathengisi, abefundisi, amasosha, raznochinstva. Bonke liphinyiselwe Isigaba sezinhlamvu. Lapha, njengakwezinye izindawo, inzuzo lase lithengwe yezikhulu. Kubo wavula zonke izinhlobo izindlu, lapho imfundiso lwenziwe ngezindinganiso western European.

zidilika kwekuhlela kabusha

umsebenzi umthetho uCatherine II ikhomishana engcono ubonisa ubuhlobo obuphakathi imiqondo "ohlanga ngokuphelele" nethi "absolutism ukukhanyiselwa." UMbusikazi wazama ukwakha umbuso lokho bekuyofana nokuphuma labo amamodeli iye yachazwa ongqondongqondo eziyinhloko zaseYurophu kwekhulu XVIII. Kodwa ukuphikisana itholakala lokuthi ukuthi imfundo kanye neNgonyama ngokuphelele akakwazanga luzovumelana. Ukugcina amandla autocratic, Catherine yena sebehlushwa ukuthuthukiswa izikhungo zombuso. Nokho, lapho izinguquko ezinkulu emkhakheni baye engasonjululwa iyiphi nkosi YaseYurophu ukuKhanyiselwa.

Mhlawumbe Catherine, futhi ngingathanda eguquka isetshenziswe, uma kungekhona ezimbalwa izehlakalo ezinkulu zalezi zikhathi Engxenyeni kwekhulu XVIII yesibili. Eyokuqala ezaqubuka eRussia uqobo. Sikhuluma mayelana Pugachev kuvukela aqothula Urals kanye iVolga esifundeni 1773-1775 GG. Riot waqala ngo imvelo Cossack. Khona-ke wayimboza izingqimba kazwelonke kanye nabalimi abancane. Serfs gentry Manor sephulwe, wabulala abacindezeli izolo. Ngesikhathi ukuphakama kwavukelwa ngaphansi kolawulo Emelyana Pugacheva kwakuyimizi enezivikelo eziningi ezinkulu, kuhlanganise Orenburg futhi Ufa. Catherine khona kabi uyesaba we ngobukhulu ekhulwini leminyaka elidlule kuze wokuhlubuka. Lapho amabutho wahlulwa Pugachev, kwavela ukusabela iziphathimandla kanye nekuhlelwa kabusha sebeyekile. Esikhathini esizayo, inkathi Catherine waba "yokuchuma" osesikhundleni, lapho Usufike ngokwezinga esiphezulu ilungelo.

Eminye imicimbi eziye zehlela imibono Empress, babengamakhulu amabili inguquko: empini yase-ukuzimela amakoloni aseMelika kanye French Revolution. Kugcine wagumbuqela ohlanga we Bourbons. Catherine kwaba umqalisi we sokusebenzisana anti-isiFulentshi, okuhlanganisa yonke imibuso emikhulu aseYurophu ngohlobo olufanayo indlela absolutist zokuphila.

Amadolobha futhi izakhamuzi

Ngo 1785 yanyatheliswa Izincwadi emadolobheni patent lapho Catherine ezilungisiwe isimo abahlala ezisemadolobheni. Ayehlukaniswe ngezigaba eziningana isimo sezenhlalo impahla. Ikilasi lokuqala labangu-"izakhamuzi real ezisemadolobheni 'isimo sengqondo ezicukuthwaneni eyayinawo ingcebo, kanye abefundisi nezikhulu zakhona. Lokhu kwalandelwa abathengisi inhlangano, izikebhe ababazi, nonresident bakwamanye amazwe, izakhamuzi Posada. Eceleni labelwe izakhamuzi ovelele. Lawa kwakungamadodana abantu abaneziqu zaseyunivesithi, abanikazi ngosonhlamvukazi abakhulu, abaphathi bebhange, abanikazi umkhumbi.

Isimo se- engaphansi umuntu amalungelo. Ngokwesibonelo, izakhamuzi ovelele banikwa unelungelo sangasese engadini, izwe egcekeni kanye nomqeqeshi. Njengoba kuchaziwe kulo mthetho-sisekelo abantu nge amalungelo ukuvota. Burgesses futhi abathengisi wathola nakhululwa ezifundisweni zokucathula uhulumeni. Diploma ebekiwe ngesikhathi ukuhlela imihlangano izakhamizi acebe futhi enethonya kunazo eminyakeni 3. Isungulwe izikhungo yokuqokwa zokwahlulela - izimantshi. Isikhundla esiye esakhiwe ngokuhlanganisa ukufunda nokubhala, wadonsa kwaze kwaba ngu-1870, okungukuthi, kuze izinguquko ka-Alexander II.

amalungelo yizicukuthwane

Kanyekanye Charter emadolobheni yanyatheliswa okubaluleke nakakhulu Charter ukuthi izikhulu. Le dokhumenti laba uphawu lonke okuqinisekile of uCatherine II kanye neNgonyama ukukhanyiselwa iyonke. Inkulumo yakhe yayinesihloko imibono eziqukethwe Manifesto inkululeko yezikhulu, esenziwa ngo-1762 ngaphansi uPetru III. Charter noCatherine uthi abanikazi bamazwe - kuphela elite esisemthethweni umphakathi waseRussia.

Knighthood senziwa ngofuzo inalienable futhi isebenza kulo lonke umndeni esihle. Lose Aristocrat yakhe ayengakwenza kuphela esimweni icala lobugebengu. Ngakho Catherine athe njó umkhuba akho embonweni wokuthi ukuziphatha wonke, ngaphandle kokukhetha, izikhulu kwadingeka ukufanisa isikhundla zabo eziphakemeyo.

Ngenxa "abazalwa yizicukuthwane" abanikazi bamazwe zalo emthwalweni kuhlawuliswa ngekushaywa. ubunikazi yabo enwetshiwe ezahlukene impahla kanye, okubaluleke kakhulu, ukuba serfs. Ezicukuthwaneni lingase intando abafuna ukuba namabhizinisi abo, isibonelo, wahlanganyela ukuhweba zasolwandle. Abantu abazalwa yizicukuthwane savunyelwa ukuba siqhube namafemu. On the aristocrats akazange ukunweba izintela siqu.

Ezicukuthwaneni kungase kudale umphakathi yabo - the Noble Assembly, amalungelo abo ezombusazwe kanye izimali zabo. Lezi zinhlangano avunyelwe ukuthumela amaphrojekthi nkosi yezinguquko futhi kugucuka. Lomhlangano usethe nsuku indawo futhi uboshelwe sifundazwe. Lezi ohulumeni babe abaholi yezikhulu, ngenhloso okuyinto athweswe uhulumeni.

Charter ukuqeda inqubo eside zokwethaba kulendawo izindlu. Lowo Mbhalo wangonyaka we waloba ukuthi kwaba izicukuthwane kubhekwe main yisandla emphakathini eRussia. It kusekelwe lesi simiso, zonke ohlanga yasekhaya ukukhanyiselwa. Ithonya yezikhulu kancane kancane aqala ukuncipha kakade ngaphansi owalandela Catherine uPawulu I. Lo mbusi, engilandelayo njengendlalifa, bangqubuzana nonina, wazama ukukhansela konke emisha yayo. UPawulu akazange avumele isicelo ukuhlonipheka kuhlawuliswa wasenqabela ukuba uxhumane naye mathupha. izixazululo Abaningi baye kukhanselwe uPawulu ngaphansi indodana yakhe u-Alexander I. Kodwa entsha XIX leminyaka, iRussia manje wangena isinyathelo esisha sokugcwaliseka kwaso. absolutism Ikhanyisiwe sasifanekisela inkathi - wokubusa uCatherine II.