Monopoly: definition nezinhlobo. Kuyini esinakho yemvelo?

Kuyini esinakho? Kungaba yini? Yiziphi umehluko phakathi kwezinhlobo zawo ezahlukene?

ulwazi olujwayelekile

Ngakho, ake siqale ukuchaza kahle yilokhu esinakho. Ngakho sikubiza isikhundla enqubeni kwezomnotho kanye isimo nge khona umthengisi olulodwa, okuholela nokungabikhona kokuncintisana bangempela (umncintiswano) phakathi abahlinzeka ngemisebenzi kanye imikhiqizo ehlukahlukene.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi kukhona ezimbalwa izinhlobo zawo ngempela, kuye ngezimo. Isikhundla ekahle esinakho - isimo lapho azikho imikhiqizo esikhundleni (esikhundleni). Nakuba practice zihlale khona, konke nje nokuthi ngempumelelo bebanengi kangakanani, kuphindwe ukuthi ukusiza ukuhlangabezana nesidingo zamanje.

Yiziphi izinhlobo monopolies?

isayensi Economic ihlukanisa lezi zinhlobo:

1. okunguye yedwa Kuvaliwe. Linikeza okwesikhathi okunomkhawulo kulwazi, imithombo, amalayisensi, ubuchwepheshe kanye nezinye izici ezibalulekile. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kukhona wokuvula yayo.
2. okunguye yedwa Yemvelo. Ukunqunywa wakhe ozayo - sesimweni ohlinzekela ukuncintisana kanye nokuncintisana, ukuze izindleko isilinganiso isezingeni ubuncane bayo ezimweni lapho inkampani ukhonza yonke emakethe. Kodwa ngenkathi kukhona lapho kuphela ngenxa yezimo ezihlukahlukene kuyazuzisa ukwakha into kuphela ngaphakathi ifemu bengashadile kunokuba eziningana.
3. Vula esinakho. Isimo lapho inkampani kuba umphakeli ematheni amasevisi noma imikhiqizo, futhi lokhu ngeke kube nomthelela noma yimiphi imikhawulo ekhethekile ngokohlelo lokuhlelwa mncintiswano. Njengoba isibonelo, intuthuko endaweni ethile ngokudala umkhiqizo omusha esiyingqayizivele. Ungasebenzisa futhi isikhundla sha.
4. Monopoly intengo ukubandlulula. Kwenzeka lapho ukubeka amanani ahlukene for amayunithi ezahlukene umkhiqizo ofanayo. Kubonakaliswa zokwehlukanisa amaqembu lomthengi.
5. Resource esinakho. Linikeza ukuthi kungenzeka okulinganisela ukusebenzisa izimpahla ezithile. Kwencazelo "isisetshenziswa ayitholwa" kungaqondakala kalula, usebenzisa isibonelo esincane: kunesidingo ehlathini. Kodwa ngokushesha kunalokho forestries ukhulile, uthole izinkuni ngeke zisebenze. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona imikhawulo ethile ensimini.
6. okunguye yedwa Pure. Kulesi simo, kukhona umthengisi eyodwa kuphela, futhi kwezinye izimboni akukho eduze. Definition of ayitholwa okumsulwa inikeza umkhiqizo esiyingqayizivele.

Evamile, kungenziwa zonke izinhlobo yizigaba ezintathu eziyinhloko: zemvelo, kwezomnotho kanye nezokuphatha. Lezi esizoyicabangela manje.

okunguye yedwa yemvelo

Kwenzeka ngenxa ithonya yezizathu inhloso. Kusekelwe, njengoba umthetho, kukhona izici ezithile kwamakhasimende noma ubuchwepheshe.

Kuyini esinakho yemvelo? Ukunqunywa lesi simo ngeke ibe ephelele ngaphandle izibonelo. Hlangana naye kungaba emkhakheni ugesi, ezokuxhumana, amasevisi ngocingo, nokunye. Kulezi izimboni, emelelwa inombolo encane izinkampani (futhi ngezinye izikhathi kuyenzeka ngezinye izikhathi ukuthi kukhona ebhizinisini likahulumeni eyodwa kuphela). Futhi ngenxa yalokhu banayo esinakho emakethe wezwe. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuhlola umkhathi. Ngisho amahlanu edlule kwakungase kuphela ukubhekana nesimo ngoba yezizathu ezihlukahlukene. Kodwa manje kukhona omunye inkampani yangasese enikeza amasevisi ayo.

Administrative (isimo) ayitholwa

Kubonakala ngenxa yethonya neziphathimandla. Ngakho-ke, ungaboniswa yokuthi izinkampani ngabanye ukunikeza ilungelo elehlukile afeze uhlobo oluthile lomsebenzi. Njengoba isibonelo, futhi isakhiwo senhlangano ye bezinhlangano eziphethwe uhulumeni, elihlanganiswa futhi kuncike ezihlukahlukene izinhlangano, zezinkonzo, noma umkhuzi abakhulu.

Lendlelanchubo yakhiwe ngokuvamile esetshenziselwa ngokuhlanganisa ngaphakathi umkhakha efanayo. Ezimakethe, bayobe besebenza njengethuluzi yomkhakha owodwa kwezomnotho, okusho nokungabikhona kokuncintisana. Ngo elaliyiSoviet Union inganikelwa njengesibonelo. Yilokho lo ayitholwa isimo. Incazelo engabondli abakubo Esimweni esinjalo kuphela kulo lonke izwe.

Ngokwesibonelo, cabangela izinkondlo, imboni lempi. Kufanele kuqashelwe uma kukhishwa ukuthi ilungele zonke izinhlobo kabi ezingalindelekile. Futhi uma kudlule ezandleni yangasese, izingalo umkhakha ungase ubangelwe umonakalo omkhulu kunabo bonke. Futhi lokhu akufanele bavunyelwe kunoma isiphi isimo. Ngakho-ke, ngaphansi kokulawula isimo.

okunguye yedwa kwezomnotho

Lona isigaba ezivamile. Uma sicabanga ukuthi lokhu esinakho, kwencazelo umlando, ukuthuthukiswa ukuthambekela umphakathi, kufanele kuphawulwe engavamile: imithetho sokuhambisana umkhakha wezomnotho. Into emqoka Kulokhu odluliswayo. Kungaba uthole isikhundla ayitholwa ngezindlela ezimbili:

1. ekukhuleni kahle inkampani, njalo okwandisa nobukhulu bayo esebenzisa ukuqoqelana kwezimali.
2. Ukuhlanganisa nabanye abantu njalo yokuzithandela (noma iyavuleka yimali).

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi Wafinyelela obungaka ukuthi sikwazi ukukhuluma lapho ukubusa emakethe.

Njengoba kahle kukhona esinakho?

ezomnotho Modern ikhomba izindlela ezintathu eziyinhloko yale nqubo:

1. Ukuthola emakethe izinkampani ezizimele.
2. Isiphetho sivumelwano.
3. Ukusetshenziswa umkhiqizo kwamangqamuzana.

Indlela yokuqala - esinzima kakhulu. Ubufakazi lokhu iqiniso lokuthi wedwa zokwakheka ezifana. Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo kubhekwa ehloniphekile kakhulu futhi ngenxa yokuthi emakethe impumelelo senzeka ngesisekelo ukusebenza futhi athole inzuzo yokuncintisana phezu kwezinye izinkampani.

Okuningi ezivamile isivumelwano phakathi izinkampani ezinkulu eziningana. Ngalo kudala isimo lapho abakhiqizi (noma nabathengisi) aphume ashone "united". Kulokhu, ukuncintisana kuyehla kube lutho. Futhi okokuqala kwezithelo zonke ngaphansi isibhamu luyimfanelo intengo nokuxhumana.

A yi esingokwemvelo sazo zonke izinto lokhu - umthengi uthola yezimo kwangabi bikho ophikisayo. Kukholakala ukuthi okokuqala Esimweni esinjalo baqala ukuvela ngasekupheleni yekhulu nesishiyagalolunye. Nakuba uzokwenza kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi ukuthambekela okunjalo monopolistic baqala ukuvela ngesikhathi izincwadi eziningi zasendulo. Kodwa umlando wakamuva zalesi simo evela bomnotho e 1893.

nomthelela omubi

Monopoly ngokuvamile beqonda ngendlela engafanele. Kungani becabanga kanjalo? Lokhu ngokuyinhloko ichaza ukuhlanganisa emkhatsini zinhlekelele futhi monopolies. Kwakungenzeka kanjani ukuba bonke kwenzeke? Kukhona izinketho ezimbili yilezi:

1. Monopoly yasungulwa ngesikhathi kunezinkinga amabhizinisi eziningana ukuze ingaziki. Kulokhu, kulula ukuba usinde ezikhathini kanzima.
2. inkampani monopoly idale izimo le nhlekelele ukuba azixoshe kusuka emakethe yabadlali amancane ecoca yawo emakethe njengamanje.

Kuzo zombili lezi zimo ayitholwa kukhona izakhiwo ezinkulu lapho ukwabelana lemali pripadaet abalulekile zokukhiqiza. Ngenxa yesikhundla sabo alawula emakethe, bakwazi ukuthonya inqubo zamanani, ukuqinisekisa intengo esihle uqobo nokuthola inzuzo enkulu.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi isikhundla esinakho - isifiso futhi iphupho zonke ibhizinisi kanye nenkampani. Lokhu kukuvumela ukuba balahle inqwaba izingozi nezinselele mncintiswano kuletha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zingabantu Kulokhu anesikhundla nelungelo emakethe futhi wagxila ezandleni zabo amandla kwezomnotho. Futhi lokhu kuvuleke indlela ukuphoqelela izimiso zabo counterparties ngisho umphakathi.

Ngokucacile of monopolies

Kufanele kucatshangelwe futhi imininingwane ethile kwezesayensi kwezomnotho ukuthi study lo mphumela. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi le akuyona isayensi yezibalo kanye nokusebenzisa kunemibandela eminingi ungaba ukutolika ahlukene, futhi abanye - ayibonwa kwezinye izincwadi / ngaphansi kukahulumeni.

Cabangela nasi isibonelo. Ekuqaleni isihloko okukhulunywa kwencazelo ayitholwa okuhlanzekile, kodwa akusho ukuthi konke kanjalo nje. Kungenzeka ukuba uthole ulwazi ukutholakala izici ezengeziwe noma incazelo athe ukuhluka kancane eside obakhathalelayo. Lokhu akusho ukuthi omunye wabo akulungile. Vele kungekho sivunyelwe ngalesi imiqondo ezingeni likazwelonke / ngamazwe. Ngenxa yalokho, kukhona ukutolika ezahlukene.

I Kungashiwo okufanayo, kungakhathaliseki sacabangela ayitholwa yokufakelwa. Incazelo leli gama kunganikeza lokhu: isimo lapho izimo zidalwe ngoba izinkampani ngabanye, ithinta wonke emakethe. Ingabe lokho kulungile? Yebo kunjalo! Kodwa uma sithi ayitholwa yokufakelwa - iyona lokuhlushwa imithombo, nokukhangiswa ngesandla esisodwa ngumuntu Cartel noma ithemba, kuyiqiniso!

isiphetho

incazelo yegama "okunguye yedwa" lokho uphiwe. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi lena ngesihloko sihlanganise indawo ebanzi kakhulu futhi ezithakazelisayo. Kodwa ubukhulu sihloko lilinganiselwe. Umuntu wayengabona ukuthi ngisho ukhulume mayelana ezicini zokuphila monopolies ezingxenyeni ezahlukene zomhlaba, cabangela isimo esaba khona endaweni ezweni elaliyiSoviet Union, wathola ukuthi eNtshonalanga Yurophu ne-USA. Indaba ngale ndaba kukhona ezihlukahlukene. Njengoba isisho sibonisa, lowo odinga bayothola.