Kuyini organelle? Sakhiwo umsebenzi organelles. Organelles yeseli isitshalo. Organelles lamaseli isilwane

Cell - kuyinto ezingeni yenhlangano lokuphila ndaba, Indlela le yokuzibusa yemvelo, okuyinto has izici eziyisisekelo wazo zonke izinto eziphilayo. Ngokwesibonelo, kungase ukuthuthukisa, nande, ukuhambisa, nezimo futhi ushintsho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, noma yimuphi umuntu azalwa nalo amaseli umzimba, isakhiwo ethile, izakhiwo ukuhlela imisebenzi.

Isayensi okhuluma cwaningo kwamaseli - kuyinto Cytology. kuncike Its iyunithi isakhi izilwane ezinamangqamuzana amaningi nezitshalo, eziphilayo owumphumela - bacterium, lenyama kanye ulwelwe, ehlanganisa kuseli eyodwa.

Uma sikhuluma inhlangano jikelele amayunithi isakhi eziphilayo, bona aqukethe ulwelwesi kanye nucleus ne nucleolus. Futhi, ziqukethe organelles we cytoplasm cell. Kuze kube manje, izindlela ezihlukahlukene ucwaningo athuthukile, kodwa endaweni ehola kuhlala microscopy, okuvumela omunye ukufunda isakhiwo kwamangqamuzana futhi ukuhlola izakhi zalo eziyisisekelo kwesakhiwo.

Kuyini organelle?

Organelles (bebizwa organelles) - unomphela abamelwe izakhi kwanoma iyiphi amaseli ezenza kube ephelele futhi ekufezeni imisebenzi ethile. Lesi sakhiwo, okuyizinto kubaluleke kakhulu ukuze ngilondoloze umsebenzi wayo.

Ngu organelles zihlanganisa i-nucleus, lysosomes, reticulum endoplasmic futhi apharathasi Golgi, vacuoles kanye vesicles, mitochondria, ribosomes, futhi iseli isikhungo (centrosome). Lapha futhi zihlanganisa izakhiwo akha iseli cytoskeleton (microfilaments futhi microtubules) melanosomes. Kufanele futhi ukugqamisa ukunyakaza organelle. It cilia, flagella futhi pseudopodia myofibrils.

Zonke lezi zakhiwo basuke esihlobene futhi unikeze ehlukaniswe amaseli. Yingakho lo mbuzo: "Uyini organelle" - uphendule lowo wumkhakha ukuthi kungenziwa akhiwa isidumbu amaningi.

ngezigaba organelles

Amaseli ayahluka ngobukhulu kanye shape, kanye nemisebenzi yabo, kodwa ezifanayo isakhiwo zamakhemikhali isimiso inhlangano eyodwa. Umbuzo ukuthi kuyini futhi yini isakhiwo organelle, ingxoxo okwanele. Ngokwesibonelo, lysosomes noma vacuoles ngezinye izikhathi kubhekiselwa kuzo organelles njengoba yeselula.

Uma sikhuluma ngezigaba kwamaseli kulezi zingxenye, ezicezile non-ulwelwesi kanye ulwelwesi organelles. Non-ulwelwesi - isikhungo cell kanye ribosome. Organelle ukunyakaza (microtubules futhi microfilaments) nazo ophucwa ulwelwesi.

Isakhiwo ngesisekelo organelles membranous amanga khona ulwelwesi begazi. Odnomebrannye dvumembrannye organelles futhi camera nge isakhiwo iyunifomu, esakhiwa ungqimba double phospholipids namaprotheni-molecule. It ehlukanisa cytoplasm kusukela imvelo bangaphandle, kuyasiza silondoloze iseli ukuma. Kubalulekile nokukhumbula ukuthi isitshalo amaseli ngaphezu ulwelwesi namanje lapho futhi yangaphandle cellulose bezinhlamvu, okuthiwa odongeni cell. It wenza umsebenzi asekelayo.

Ngu ulwelwesi organelles zihlanganisa EPS, lysosomes futhi mitochondria futhi plastids futhi lysosomes. ulwelwesi yabo angahluka kuphela iqoqo amaprotheni.

Uma sikhuluma ikhono ukusebenza organelles, ezinye zazo bayakwazi synthesize izinto ezithile. Ngakho, synthesis organelles ezibalulekile - mitochondria, okuyinto ukukhiqiza ATP. plastids Ribosomes (chloroplast) kanye anolaka reticulum endoplasmic obhekene amaprotheni zamagama, EBL bushelelezi - I-synthesis lipids kanye carbohydrate.

Sakhiwo umsebenzi organelles kabanzi.

core

Lokhu organelle kubaluleke kakhulu, ngoba uma isusiwe amaseli ziyeke ukusebenza futhi bafe.

I-nucleus has a ulwelwesi double, okuyinto has a sebuningini ikhule ezimbotsheni. Ngawo la mazwi it is Ihlobene ngokuseduze reticulum endoplasmic futhi cytoplasm. Lokhu organelle yakhiwa chromatin - Ama-chromosomes e ukuthi ngamaphrotheni eziyinkimbinkimbi ne-DNA. Unalokhu engqondweni, singasho ukuthi umnyombo organelle ukuthi unesibopho kulondolozwe lemali eziyisisekelo zofuzo.

Le ngxenye liquid ikhenela ngokuthi karyoplasm. Liqukethe izakhiwo core imikhiqizo ukuphila. I densest endaweni - nucleolus, okuyinto iwuMnyuziyamu ribosome amaprotheni eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi RNA, kanye potassium phosphate, magnesium, i-zinc, i-iron ne-calcium. Nucleolus ubalekela phambi cell division , futhi kwakhiwa futhi sekugcina inqubo.

reticulum Endoplasmic (reticulum)

EPS - organelle odnomembranny. Kuthatha isigamu cell ivolumu futhi sihlanganisa ijabulise futhi amathangi, ezixhunywe ndawonye, kanye ulwelwesi cytoplasmic futhi udonga lwangaphandle nucleus. Ulwelwesi yaleli organelle has sakhiwo lesifanako njengoba plazmalema. Lesi sakhiwo okuhlanganiswe futhi akawuvuli phakathi cytoplasm.

reticulum Endoplasmic abushelelezi futhi luyimbudumbudu (anolaka). On the igobolondo sangaphakathi EPM luyimbudumbudu ibekwe ribosome lapho amaprotheni asezingeni zamagama senzeka. Phezu bushelelezi endoplasmic reticulum ribosomes bengekho, kodwa lapha uya synthesis carbohydrate kanye amafutha.

Zonke izinto okuyinto akhiwa kule reticulum endoplasmic, zidluliselwa uhlelo of tubules futhi Amapayipi ukuba izindawo lapho zanqwabelana futhi kamuva asetshenziswa izinqubo ezihlukahlukene kwamakhemikhali.

Sikhishwe ikhono Kuhlanganisa EPS reticulum band elise amaseli umsebenzi walo oyinhloko - kumiswa amaprotheni bushelelezi - kumaseli Kuhlanganisa carbohydrate kanye amafutha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, reticulum bushelelezi buthelela calcium ion ezidingekayo ukuze ukusebenza evamile amaseli, noma wonke umzimba.

Kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi EPS siyindawo kumiswa apharathasi Golgi.

Lysosomes, kanye nemisebenzi yabo

Lysosomes - kukhona organelles yeselula okuyinto ethulwa anezikhwama odnomembrannymi enzyme oyindilinga kanye hydrolytic wokugaya ukudla (proteases, lipases futhi nucleases). Ukuze uthole okunye okuqukethwe isici imvelo azibukhali lysosomes. idatha ulwelwesi zokwakheka babahlukanisa kusukela cytoplasm, ekuvimbeleni ukubhujiswa nezinye izakhi isakhi amaseli. Lapho ngidedelwa ejele, ama-enzyme uHlelo Lwesiqondisi Kungena Esilula phakathi cytoplasm yengqamuzana self-ukubhujiswa kwenzeka - autolysis.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi enzyme ngokuyinhloko kwemiqondo ku emangelengele reticulum endoplasmic, wabe esedlulela apharathasi Golgi. Lapha basuke modified, zahlanganiswa ngo ulwelwesi vesicles futhi baqala ukuhlala ngokwahlukana futhi abe izingxenye esizimele iseli - lysosomes, okuyizinto zamabanga aphansi naphezulu.

lysosomes Primary - izakhiwo okuyinto abahlukene apharathasi Golgi, kanye yesibili (vacuoles wokugaya ukudla) - lezo akhiwa ngenxa Fusion lysosomes eyinhloko futhi vacuoles endocytotic.

Kunikezwe isakhiwo esinjalo bese inhlangano singakwazi ukubona ukuthi umsebenzi oyinhloko lysosomes:

• Ukugaya izinto ezahlukene ngaphakathi engqamuzaneni;
• ukubhujiswa kwezakhiwo kwamangqamuzana awadingekile;
• iqhaza kabusha izinqubo cell.

vacuoles

Vacuoles - odnomembrannye lokhu organelle ukuma eyindilinga, okuyizinto amadamu amanzi futhi wavala therein organic compounds kanye wezinto ezingaphili. Ngo ukwakheka izakhiwo idatha abathintekayo Golgi apharathasi begodu EPS.

Iseli isilwane vacuoles kancane. Amancane futhi hlala akukho kuka 5% we umthamo. indima yabo eyinhloko - ukuhlinzeka ezokuthutha izinto ezweni cell.

Vacuoles zezitshalo amaseli zinkulu futhi kuthathe 90% ivolumu. Ngo yeseli ovuthiwe has vacuole eyodwa kuphela, okuyinto usesikhundleni emaphakathi. ulwelwesi wayo ibizwa ngokuthi tonoplast nokuqukethwe - cell ubisi. Imisebenzi esemqoka isitshalo vacuoles - ukuhlinzeka zinamandla cell ulwelwesi, ukunqwabelana compounds ehlukahlukene amaseli liphuphe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi organelles isitshalo cell ukunikezela ngamanzi adingekayo ukuze inqubo ye-photosynthesis.

Uma sikhuluma yokwakheka ubisi cell, ke ifaka izinto ezilandelayo:

• esikhundleni - acid organic, carbohydrate amaprotheni, ezithile acid acid;
• compounds okuyinto akhiwa ngesikhathi umsebenzi cell futhi yandiswa therein (alkaloids, phenols futhi tannins);
• oluyingozi futhi isitshalo hormone;
• zemibala, lapho izithelo, izimpande kanye amacembe zipendwe umbala ezifanele.

Golgi eziyinkimbinkimbi

Isakhiwo organelles ngokuthi "Golgi apharathasi" ulula. Ngo plant cells, zivela njengoba ehlukene ithole ulwelwesi kumaseli isilwane ivezwa amathangi, yeNayile nazo Bubbles. Iyunithi isakhi eziyinkimbinkimbi Golgi - ke dictyosome, okumelelwe abangu-4-6 "amathangi" kanye Bubbles ezincane ukuthi wahlukana nabo, futhi nohlelo lwezokuthutha intracellular, futhi abangaba njengoba umthombo lysosomes. Dictyosomes inombolo kungaba isukela omunye angamakhulu amaningana.

Golgi eziyinkimbinkimbi, ngokuvamile etholakala eduze-nucleus. Ngo amaseli isilwane - eseduze iseli. Imisebenzi esemqoka lezi organelles okulandelayo:

• uketshezi futhi inqwaba amaprotheni, lipids futhi saccharides;
• ukuguqulwa organic compounds ngokufaka Golgi kulokulukhuni
• Lokhu organelle isayithi kwetinhlavu lysosomes.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi i-EPS, uHlelo Lwesiqondisi Kungena Esilula, le vacuole, golgi apharathasi begodu ndawonye bakha ijabulise vacuolar-uhlelo ohlukanisa iseli izigaba ehlukile imisebenzi ehambisana. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lesi simiso ihlinzeka update njalo ulwelwesi.

Mitochondria - amaseli amandla isitshalo

Mitochondria - dvumembrannye organelles induku-like, ifomu eyindilinga noma filamentary, okuyinto synthesize ATP. Banesimiso ebusweni elingaphandle kanye ulwelwesi kwangaphakathi ezibushelelezi emphethweni eziningi, ngokuthi cristae. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi isibalo cristae we mitochondria ingase yehluke kuye ngesistimu izidingo yengqamuzana amandla. Kuyinto ulwelwesi kwangaphakathi eziningi enzyme izakhiwo ukuthi synthesize adenosine triphosphate. Lapha amandla izibopho zamakhemikhali iguqulwe ibe amandla-ocebile zokuxhumana ATP. Ngaphezu kwalokho, e-mitochondria sihamba cleavage of okunamafutha acid kanye carbohydrate ekukhishweni energy, okuyinto kugcinwa futhi lisetshenziswe izinqubo ukukhula kanye zamagama.

idatha Yangaphakathi ngoLwesithathu organelles ngokuthi i-matrix. Ubunjwe indandatho of DNA ne-RNA, ribosome encane. Ngokuthakazelisayo, mitochondria - the organelles lulwimi ezizimele, ngoba incike ekusebenzeni cell, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, singalondoloza ukuzimela ezithile. Ngakho, bayakwazi synthesize amaprotheni yabo kanye enzyme, kanye nokuzala bebodwa.

Kukholakala ukuthi mitochondria iphutha ngenkathi adedelwa aphethe iseli aerobic eziphilayo prokaryotic, okuholela ekwakhekeni eziyinkimbinkimbi iqala ubuhlobo bokubambisana ethize. Ngakho, i-DNA mitochondrial ngokohlaka efanayo DNA amagciwane yesimanje kanye amaprotheni zamagama e mitochondria futhi amagciwane engasenamahloni ngu antibiotic efanayo.

Plastids - the organelles yeseli isitshalo

Plastids kukhona organelles enkulu ngokwanele. Zikhona kuphela isitshalo amaseli bese akhiwa kokumethemba - proplastids aqukethe DNA. Lezi organelles zidlala indima ebalulekile umzimba uhlukaniswe cytoplasm by ulwelwesi double. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bangase ukwakha uhlelo ngaphambilini of ulwelwesi lwangaphakathi.

Plastids ningabaleli ezintathu izinhlobo:

1. Chloroplast - plastids kakhulu eminingi banesibopho photosynthesis lapho akhiwa organic compounds kanye nowe-oxygen khulula. Lezi zakhiwo kufanele isakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi esihambisekayo cytoplasm ngalapho kuvela khona ukukhanya. Ingqikithi oyinhloko ukuthi itholakala chloroplast - chlorophyll, ngawo izitshalo angasebenzisa ilanga Amandla. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi chloroplast zifana mitochondria izakhiwo semiautonomous bebelokhu akanamandla division ezimele futhi zamagama amaprotheni lalo.
2. Leucoplasts - plastids kungekho nto enemibala emihle, okuyinto, ngaphansi isenzo yokukhanya siguqulelwa chloroplast. Lezi zingxenye iseli zimumethe enzyme. Nabo, i-glucose is iguqulwe futhi agcinwe ngendlela isitashi granules. Kwezinye izitshalo lezi plastids zinganqwabelana lipids noma amaprotheni ngesimo zinhlayiya nemizimba amorphous. Inani elikhulu leucoplasts bagxila kule amaseli kwezitho komhlaba zezitshalo.
3. Chromoplasts - amagama ahlobene of ezinye izinhlobo ezimbili plastids. Basuke kwakhiwa carotenoid (nge-chlorophyll ekubhujisweni), okuyizinto obomvu, ophuzi noma orange. Chromoplasts - yokugcina ukuguqulwa esiteji of plastids. Iningi lazo esithelweni, amacembe kanye amaqabunga ekwindla.

ribosomes

Kuyini organelle ngokuthi lo ribosome? Ribosomes abizwa ngokuthi organelle non-ulwelwesi, ehlanganisa kuzicucu ezimbili (subunit ezincane nezinkulu). ubukhulu yabo imayelana 20 NM. Atholakala amaseli esinenkinga naso. Lokhu organelles of izilwane nezitshalo amaseli, ama-bacterium. Letakhi akhiwa nengaphakathi bese zidluliselwa ku-cytoplasm lapho ibekwe okuxekethile noma exhunywe EPS. Kuye izakhiwo Kuhlanganisa ribosome umsebenzi eyedwa noma zenziwe izakhiwo, ukwakha polyribosomes. Kulokhu, la-non-ulwelwesi eboshiwe organelles isithunywa RNA-molecule.

A ribosome iqukethe 4 molecule p-RNAs, okuyinto umthetho luhlaka, kanye amaprotheni ahlukahlukene. Into esemqoka ye organoid - lokuqoqa iketango polypeptide, okuyinto esigabeni sokuqala amaprotheni zamagama. Labo amaprotheni ukuthi akhiqizwa ribosomes we reticulum endoplasmic, ingasetshenziswa wonke umzimba. Amaphrotheni izidingo ngabanye yeseli kuthiwa kuhlelwe umqondo ngu ribosomes, okuyinto zitholakala cytoplasm. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ribosomes atholakala mitochondria futhi plastids.

iseli cytoskeleton

I cytoskeleton cell kwakhiwa microtubules futhi microfilaments. Microtubules kukhona cylindrical kumiswa 24 nm ububanzi. Ubude wabo 100 mm-1 mm. The main izingxenye - iprotheni okuthiwa tubulin. Akabe esakwazi ukwenza inkontileka futhi zingadilizwa isenzo colchicine. Microtubules asezindaweni hyaloplasm futhi enze le misebenzi elandelayo:

• ukudala nezimo, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, amaseli eqinile skeleton, evumela ukuba agcine eziningi ezakheke;
• iqhaza ukusatshalaliswa cell Ama-chromosomes e;
• ukuhlinzekela ukunyakaza organelles;
• eziqukethwe isikhungo cell, kanye flagella futhi cilia.

Microfilaments - lokuluhlaza ezibekwe ngaphansi ulwelwesi plasma bese sakhiwa amaprotheni actin noma myosin. Bona zingancishiswa, futhi umphumela waba ukuthi kukhona ukuhamba cytoplasm futhi cell ulwelwesi protrusion. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi zingxenye zinengxenye kumiswa okhalweni ngesikhathi cell division.

Cell isikhungo (centrosome)

Lokhu organelle yakhiwa centrioles emibili tsentrosfery. Centriole ukuma cylindrical. Izindonga zayo ezakhiwe microtubules ezintathu, okuyinto uhlangane nomunye nge crosslinks. ngazimbili Centriole ahlelwe at engele unelungelo nomunye. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi amaseli ngaphezulu isitshalo bantule lezi organelles.

Iqhaza eyinhloko isikhungo iseli - ukuqinisekisa ngisho ukusatshalaliswa wama-chromosomes ngesikhathi cell division. Uphinde maphakathi inhlangano cytoskeleton.

organelle ukunyakaza

Ukuze afeze ukunyakaza organelles ka cilia futhi flagella. Lokhu neziqu ezincane ngesimo izinwele. Umsila 20 ihlanganisa microtubules. Isisekelo sakhe Itholakala cytoplasm njalo sibizwa ngokuthi lomzimba basal. Umsila obuphelele 100 m noma ngaphezulu. Flagella, okuyizinto microns 10-20 kuphela, okuthiwa cilia. Esishelelayo microtubules ka cilia futhi flagella bayakwazi oscillate, okubangela ukuhamba iseli. I cytoplasm ingaqukatha fibrils contractile obiziwe myofibrils - ke organelles amaseli isilwane. Myofibrils kuvame afakwe imisipha amaseli - imisipha amaseli, kanye amaseli zenhliziyo. Zakhiwa imicu ezincane (protofibrils).

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi izinyanda myofibril aqukethe fibre amnyama - kuyinto akwazi ukugcina anisotropic, kanye avelele - kuba amadiski isotropic. iyunithi isakhi a myofibril - sarcomere. Okuningi okuqukethwe yile ngxenye phakathi anisotropic kanye disk isotropic esesikhundleni actin futhi myosin kwayo. Nge eshibilikayo yabo sarcomere kokunciphisa kwenzeka, okuholela ukuhamba kwawo wonke kwezintambo zesivikelo sesifuba kwemisipha. Lokhu kusebenzisa amandla ATP ne-calcium ion.

Ngosizo flagella lenyama kanye spermatozoa ezihambayo izilwane. Cilia kukhona ukunyakaza komzimba ciliate-izicathulo. Ezilwaneni futhi abantu bamboza yomoya womoya nokusiza ukuqeda emihle particulate ndaba ezifana uthuli. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona pseudopodia ezihlinzeka ukunyakaza amoeboid kuthiwa izici eziphawula izinto eziphilayo eziningi unicellular nezilwane (isib leukocyte) amaseli.

Izitshalo eziningi Awukwazi ukuhambisa emkhathini. ukunyakaza zabo ziyisiliva ekukhuleni, leaf ukunyakaza kanye nezinguquko kule cytoplasm flow cell.

isiphetho

Naphezu kwazo zonke lezo ezihlukahlukene amaseli, zonke zibe isakhiwo esifanayo nenhlangano. Sakhiwo umsebenzi organelles babe izakhiwo ezifanayo, ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza ngendlela evamile kuseli eyodwa, futhi umzimba wonke.

singaveza lokhu iphethini elandelayo.

Ithebula "organelles lamaseli eukaryotic,"

organelle	isitshalo cell	zooblast	imisebenzi eyisisekelo
core	kuyinto	kuyinto	Ukugcina nge-DNA, i-RNA umbhalo kanye amaprotheni zamagama
reticulum endoplasmic	kuyinto	kuyinto	zamagama amaprotheni, lipids kanye carbohydrate, ekuqongeleleni calcium ion, Golgi kumiswa eziyinkimbinkimbi
mitochondria	kuyinto	kuyinto	ATP zamagama enzyme siqu namaprotheni
plastids	kuyinto	kungekho	iqhaza-photosynthesis, ekuqongeleleni isitashi, lipids, amaprotheni, ama-carotenoid
ribosome	kuyinto	kuyinto	lokuqoqa iketango polypeptide (amaprotheni zamagama)
microtubules futhi microfilaments	kuyinto	kuyinto	ukuvumela iseli silondoloze ukuma ezithile ziyingxenye ebalulekile isikhungo cell, cilia futhi flagella ukunikeza ukunyakaza organelles
lysosomes	kuyinto	kuyinto	Ukugaya izinto ngaphakathi engqamuzaneni, wabhubhisa wetakhiwo engadingeki ezihilelekile kule kabusha amangqamuzana abangela autolysis
a vacuole enkulu emaphakathi	kuyinto	kungekho	Linikeza voltage cell udonga aqoqana izakhi kanye nemikhiqizo cell imfucuza, oluyingozi futhi phytohormones, kanye zombala, lamanzi
Golgi eziyinkimbinkimbi	kuyinto	kuyinto	bukhipha futhi aqoqana amaprotheni, lipids kanye carbohydrate, lishintsha izakhi faka cell, unesibopho kumiswa lysosomes
cytocentrum	lapho, ngaphandle izitshalo ephakeme	kuyinto	Kuyinto maphakathi inhlangano cytoskeleton, inikeza iyunifomu chromosome ukuhlukaniswa phakathi cell division
myofibrils	kungekho	kuyinto	ukuhlinzekela nokuncipha kwemisipha izicubu

Uma iziphetho, singasho ukuthi kunomehluko ezincane phakathi izilwane nezitshalo amaseli. Kulokhu izici isakhiwo kanye organelles (etafuleni kuboniswe ngenhla, kuqinisekisa ke) ine jikelele inhlangano isimiso. Iseli imisebenzi njengoba uhlelo ehlelekile nekuhlanganisa. Kulokhu, organelles imisebenzi kuhlobene futhi ezihlose lusebenze kahle nokugcina iseli ukusebenza.