Magellan avuleke kanjani? Opening of Magellan. uhambo Magellan sika

Khumbula ukuthi uNeil Armstrong esashiwo ibinzana abadumile, ukushaya isinyathelo sakhe sokuqala phezu kwenyanga, igxathu elikhulu esintwini? Kodwa esikhathini eside ngaphambi kokuba sezakhiwo ezinjalo wenza abahambi enkulu Ephakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, okutholakele Magellan waba ukwanda kokukhiqizwa kweqiniso ngendlela abantu iplanethi yakhe, bantu abayizihlubuki futhi wabenza embuzweni bangasephula we nezimfundiso zeSonto lamaKatolika. Ngakho owayeyindoda owaba ukuthi umhlaba nxazonke, evulekile, lapho Strait of Magellan kumephu? Imiphi imiphumela kwadingeka wokuvula yayo sokuthuthukiswa isayensi? Ukuze sithole izimpendulo zale mibuzo, kubalulekile ukuba simazi ne amaqiniso angokomlando, futhi iningi labo baziwa Antonio Pigafetta - Umhloli wamazwe wase-Italy owaba nengxenye ukuvakasha yezwe yokuqala.

Ferdinand Magellan: Biography

Ngeshwa, akekho ongasho ngokuqinisekile namuhla, lapho kudabuka khona isihambi abadumile, umLungu wokuqala obognuvshy nezwekazi South America. Nokho, abacwaningi abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi lokhu senzakalo senzeka Okthoba 17, 1480 ku Porto, noma Sabroza. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngokuvumelana izincwadi zomlando, entsheni Fernand wakhonza njengephayona ikhasi sase Queen Eleanor ka Viseu, ngakho kucatshangwa ukuthi wayenobuhlobo umsuka zasebukhosini.

Lapho Magellan eneminyaka engu-25, waya India ku isigaba, Francisco Almeida. Wakhonza iminyaka yabo 5, uFerdinand ezama ukuphindela ekhaya, kodwa ngengozi eshukumiseleka ukuba bahlale e-India, ngizincengela kubaphathi baleli koloni, nokuthola udumo okukhulu imvelo lempi. Ngale ndlela, Ngokuzayo kuvela ukuthi isihambi elikhulu e Lisbon kuphela ngo-1512. Futhi yini ehilelekile empini Morocco, phakathi kwesikhathi lapho izenzo zakhe autocratic amthukuthelisa King Manuel Okokuqala. Phakathi izilaleli, Magellan ucela imvume le nkosi ukuya bomkhankaso oluhle ngemikhumbi yempi, kodwa senqatshelwa. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uManuel lokuqala umnikeza ukuqonda ukuthi wayengeke abe nandaba uma uyokwenza ukukhonza kwenye wazo. Ngokuthakazelisayo, ukwazi ke Inkosi yasePortugal, ukuthi okutholakele esizayo of Magellan khazimulisa Spain, ukuthi wayeyomnika yena iseluleko esinjalo?

Yini kwandulelwe ukuvakasha yezwe yokuqala

Magellan abathukuthele eshiya ikhaya futhi iya Spain ukuthenga indlu Seville, ishada, unendodana. Thatha ukuxhumana ewusizo, Magellan iba ngezimali Izinhlangano zasolwandle mikhankaso - "Indlu Izinkontileka", kodwa kukhona wenqaba ukwaba imali ukuqaliswa project yakhe ukuze uthole umzila olusentshonalanga waya Spice Islands. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, isithakazelo somuntu siqu ubonisa Juan de Aranda esidinga 1/8 ingxenyenamba yenzuzo kungenzeka, futhi iNkosi uCharles I waseSpain sinikeza imvume ukuhlomisa imikhumbi emihlanu. Manje ngoba sewuyazi ukuthi uluhlobo luni lomuntu kuze kube uhambo lwakhe oludumile of Magellan. Akuthola, ke uzobe kuchazwe ngemuva kwalokhu.

uhambo lokuya nokubuya olucishe of Magellan: izinzuzo olulindelekile kwezomnotho

Nakuba kokutholakala Melika uColumbus wenza Spain ukubangisana kwemibuso emikhulu, kodwa umgomo oyinhloko le eviyweni, okungukuthi ekuzuzweni kwemiPhumela olusentshonalanga yeNdiya ngo, ayizange izuzwe. Kodwa-ke wathembisa izinzuzo elikhulu kwezomnotho! Ikakhulu, ngakho ngabe kube nobufakazi bokuthi abadumile Spice Islands, wamuka Portugal iSivumelwano Tordesillas, basesimweni "Spanish" ulwandle eningizimu. Lokhu-ke kwasho ukuthi ukuvulwa kulindeleke of Magellan kungenzeka kakhulu ukwandisa kwelifa loonyana uCharles the Okokuqala, futhi ukuze aqede kuya ayitholwa yohwebo isiPutukezi izinongo, abese zenani singekho.

Izikhangibavakashi eBrazil Patagonia

I nobuqhawe ulwandle yeqhawe Magellan eqala Septhemba 20, 1519, lapho 5 imikhumbi, umthombo wokudla kwama iminyaka engu-2 kusengaphambili aphume San Lucar. Sekukonke, bomkhankaso wathatha ingxenye abantu 280, 100 zazo ayenendawo amasosha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, le mikhumbi ifakwe 10 kwaqhuma futhi arquebus 50. The main umkhumbi - "Trinidad" - lo caravel futhi "Santiago," obuswa Magellan nomunye isiPutukezi, Joao Serrania. Asele imikhumbi emithathu washiya emkhankasweni, eholwa Spanish umnumzana ephezulu ozalwa, bavumile ukuhlela nokwambuka, uma kubonakala sengathi Commander Fernand astray.

Njengoba ayenqobe kwakubucayi Atlantic Ocean, uhambo 29 Novemba Magellan sika lifika ngasogwini Brazil futhi waqala ukuhlola coast Rio de la Plata, enethemba lokuthi lokhu strait, lapho ungakwazi ukuya "South Sea". Eqiniseka ubuze besimo lokhu ukucabangela, le isigaba wabe okwengeziwe kuze kube seningizimu, nasogwini lonke izwekazi laseNingizimu Melika, uhlangabezana endleleni penguins, bacabanga ukuthi abomdabu. Wandering waqhubeka kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kuka-March 1420, lapho Magellan unqume ukumelela ebusika, futhi iwukunciphisa izabelo nezisebenzi. Ebusika abaseSpain wahlangana bendawo ngubani wahamba nilimaza phezu hay umlenze. Futhi thina wababiza Patagonians (bolshenogimi), futhi izwe labo olusePatagonia.

Strait of Magellan

Okthoba 21, 1520 imikhumbi uhambo ngaso strait emincane. Ukuhlola imikhumbi etholakalayo, "San Antonio" futhi "Concepción", okuyinto kugwenywe ngokuyisimangaliso ukufa ngesikhathi isivunguvungu okungazelelwe isiphepho. Nokho, njengoba besho, sasingeke sibe khona isibusiso esingalindelekile. Ngesikhathi lapho isimo wathwala umkhumbi ogwini, sangena ukudlula encani okuyindlela ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi ngamanzi anosawoti, kanti eziningi awufiki ogwini. Bobabili imikhumbi wabuyela Magellan futhi kubika izindaba ezinhle ukuthi indlela yasolwandle ukuze "South Sea" itholakala, futhi eminyakeni eminingi kamuva kwathiwa eyabizwa ngokuthi Strait of Magellan kumephu jikelele. Ngeshwa, ekutholakaleni kwanoma imiphi isikhashana emlandweni, akukho emakhulwini eminyaka kamuva ayikwazanga abalethanga inzuzo esintwini kusukela iphuzu kwezomnotho umbono, njengoba lokhu indlela yinde kakhulu futhi kuyingozi ukuthutha izimpahla. Nokho, wabakhuthaza omkhulu ekuthuthukiseni wesayensi ezifana ekudwetshweni kwamabalazwe nokuma kwezwe.

Lesi siqhingi Tierra del Fuego, ukuvulwa Magellan

Found eningizimu Strait bomkhankaso umhlaba sekuqhamuke lapho ebusuku izibani wokhela. Magellan ngephutha bazitshela kwaba enhla nenyakatho Terra Australis Incognita - South zaleli zwekazi - wawuqamba Tierra del Fuego. Kwabe sekuvela ukuthi, kwakuyizwi leziqhingi 40 000 neziqhingana. Ngakho, imibuzo: "? Wawusho uFerdinand Magellan", "? Yini evulekile" Kungenzeka ukuthi impendulo kufanele ngokuthi nezwe umlilo. Namuhla wonke umuntu uyazi ukuthi bavela ezwekazini ngu Strait of Magellan ehlukanisa leli qoqo leziqhingi laqala, kanye, isiqhingi esingesesibili ngobukhulu bayo - Isla Grande - lingumuzi eningizimu nezwe - Ushuaia.

Ukuvulwa kwe-Marianas

Ukunqoba Strait izinsuku 38, imikhumbi uhambo ngomkhumbi olwandle futhi wahlamba mayelana 17 000 km phambi kweJeshimoni esiqhingini lokuqala, owahlangabeza endleleni yabo. Itilosi bamangaliswa, ngoba ngaphambi kwathiwa bazitshela ukuthi Melika akuyona kude ugu lwase-Asia. Khona-ke Magellan waqaphela ukuthi phendla izwe ubuhlobo bangempela phakathi komhlaba kanye olwandle futhi wanika abantu umqondo wokuthi usayizi Earth. Hit phansi kwakungenakwenzeka, futhi baqhubeka nohambo lwabo baze bayofika esiqhingini Guam elingelakwaJuda iqembu we Mariana Islands. Kwavela ukuthi abendawo ngangingazi ukuthi impahla kwangasese, futhi ngaleyo wazama ukuthatha kude imikhumbi nanoma yiziphi izinto ziwela ngaphansi ingalo yabo lokho. Yingakho abantu abaningi baseSpain ngokuthi isiqhingi Landrones, okuyinto uhumusha njengoba izigebengu. Kube abahambi yafakwa ukudla namanzi okuphuza, futhi ahamba indlela yawo.

Ukuvulwa kwe-Philippine Islands

Njengoba kwakusobala ukuthi iqembu elathatha uhambo isivele Eastern Nenkabazwe, Magellan, funa lokuhlangana ne-Portuguese wazama ukuhlala kude amanzi, oludlula ngokusebenzisa nemifula zasolwandle. Ngokushesha imikhumbi yakhe ifinyelele iziqhingi engaziwa. Kwanqunywa ukuba aqambe zokuxhumana ziqhingi. ULazaru, kamuva aqanjwa igama Philippine Islands. Landing wakhethwa Homonhom, ngakho uma uphendula lo mbuzo: "Uhlangene ngani wena biza esiqhingini lokuqala evulekile Magellan e-Asia," kufanele kuboniswe ku kuye.

Ukufa isihambi

Namuhla, wonke umuntu uyazi ukuthi umhlaba wavula Magellan. Nokho, bambalwa bayasazi imininingwane sokufa kwakhe.

Ngakho, ngahlangana ukufa wale ndoda, umuntu wokuqala owakwazi ukuya emhlabeni izwekazi South America? Lolu shintsho lwaqala ngesikhathi yokuthi umholi esiqhingini Mactan wangafuna ukulalela umbusi engumakhelwane Esiqhingini saseCebu Humabonu ngubani bazithoba kuya okhakhayini iSpanishi, kanye nokubhapathizwa, kanye nomndeni wakhe kanye nezicukuthwane esondele. Magellan wanquma ukubonisa bendawo ukuthi baseYurophu wayezazisa futhi ukuvikela akhonze ngaphansi kwabo, waya uyayidambisa maktantsev abangalawuleki. Nokho, akazange ukubala ukuthi abomdabu kwadingeka isikhathi ukufunda amasu empi baseYurophu hhayi wabaphatha njengoba izakhamuzi ezulwini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, emkhankasweni wempi of Magellan ukuthi asilungiselele, futhi abantu abaningi baseSpain akazange abheke ukuthi imikhumbi yabo ngeke bakwazi ukuthola eduze ngokwanele ogwini. Cishe ngokushesha nje ngemva kokuqala amabutho ukulwa Magellan uye balahlekelwa esindayo njengoba amabutho bomdabu kuhloswe nemikhonto olungavikelekile zempi nomlenze amasosha iSpanishi, futhi lapho ezama ukufinyelela imikhumbi yabo yaqala ukuqeda imicibisholo yabo. Zabulawa ezehlela umlawuli uFerdinand, ngubani, ukuze bamboze ozakwabo emuva, kusukela kwesobunxele kuya ukulwa emanzini nedlanzana amaqhawe othembekile, kodwa walimala umuntu wokuqala, bese wagwazwa spearheads. babhubha Ngakho omunye abahambi omkhulu kunayo yonke emlandweni. Nokho, ngaso sonke isikhathi wabhala igama lakhe emibhalweni yaminyaka yonke emlandweni wezwe, futhi namuhla zonke wesikole uyazi labavulekela Strait of Magellan.

I okunye isiphetho amatilosi uhambo

Ukufa Magellan nabangane bakhe eziyisishiyagalombili libukelwa phansi isithunzi abaseSpain emehlweni abomdabu. Ngakho-ke Humabonu enquma ukubabulala njengabafokazi, futhi ahlele ephathini sedina ngesikhathi lapho ubulala nge ingxenye enkulu izinduna. Ukuhlala nabo kufanele ugijime. Ekugcineni, sifika Spice Islands, amalungu asele le Magellan uhambo ukuthenga izimpahla kanye ngiya emuva, lapho bezwa ukuthi inkosi isiPutukezi limenyezelwe uyimbuka futhi Magellan ngaphambilini nokuvalelwa lezitsha zalo. Ngaleso sikhathi ntanta yimikhumbi ezimbili kuphela, izinduna abanquma ukuya ekhaya ngezindlela ezahlukene. Njengoba umkhumbi "Trinidad" ababeboshwe yi isiPutukezi, futhi amalungu weqembu lakhe ekuzibulaleni ejele e-India. Ehluke sakhiwa isiphetho labo waya eSpain ngenxa "Victoria", iphansi kwesandla sika-Juan Elkanto, nge eCape of Good Hope. Zibiza umzamo omkhulu kangaka owadalwa wakwazi ukuya Seville. Ngakho, ngaphambi kokuba uphendule imibuzo: "Ngubani Magellan", "Yini wavula", kuyinto enengqondo. Phela, lokho kubizwa ngokuthi isihambi lokuqala, obani wahamba ngomkhumbi emhlabeni wonke, akayena ngempela kuyiqiniso. Ngaphezu kwalokho, akazange angishayele ucingo wazimisela umgomo onjalo, isifiso sakhe kuphela kwaba ukuthola indlela entshonalanga, lapho kwakunokwenzeka ukungenisa izinongo ozithola kusuka kuleli imali e-Spain.

Ferdinand Magellan: Ngavula

Ukuphila okunjalo esifushane, okufutshane njengoba engu-40, kodwa lokho Imiphumela esihle! Kuyinto kuphakama lezi imicabango lapho ufunda indaba uhambo ukuthi ukwenze Magellan. Ngavula? Adume Strait, eyethiwa kuye, Tierra del Fuego, Mariana futhi Philippine Islands. Futhi okubaluleke - Magellan wafakazela ukuthi kusukela Yurophu nase-Asia, ungathola hhayi kuphela skirting Afrika, kodwa futhi ezihambayo ohlangothini entshonalanga.