Ayengobani amaSkithe? Kuphi bahlalaphi? isiko umSkithe. AmaSkithe: izithombe, incazelo. UmSkithe futhi Sarmatian

"Izwe umSkithe" kwamiswa 1st yeminyaka BC. It wayedabuka emaqeleni ezintaba zase-Eurasia. Lo mphakathi kwamasiko-zomlando kwezomnotho, okuyinto isibe omunye izenzakalo eziphawuleka kakhulu ezweni lasendulo.

Ayengobani amaSkithe?

Igama elithi "amaSkithe" kuyinto imvelaphi yamaGreki asendulo. Ivame lisetshenziswa ekubhekiseleni kuyo yonke i-Nyakatfo abayimizulane Iranian. Mayelana ngubani amaSkithe, singasho ngomqondo emincane futhi ebanzi. Indlela ewumngcingo ibizwa kuphela abakhileyo emathafeni kweBlack Sea North eCaucasus, abahlukanise ezizweni zakwa ehlobene eduze - Asian Sakas, Dahae, issedonov futhi Massagetae, Cimmerians European futhi Savromats-Sarmatians. Uhlu oluphelele zonke izizwe zakwa umSkithe, eyaziwa balolu endulo, liqukethe amagama ambalwa kweshumi. Ngeke uhlu zonke lezi zizwe. By endleleni, abanye abacwaningi bakholelwa ukuthi AmaSkithe lwamaSlav izimpande ezivamile. Nokho, lo mbono engakaze kungase kutholakale, ngakho-ke asikwazi njengomuntu onokwethenjelwa.

Futhi niyikhulume lapho amaSkithe ahlala. Athatha insimu enkulu kusukela Altai kuya iDanube. ezizweni zamaSkithe ekugcineni yayilokhu izidlela nje lezi bendawo. Ngamunye wabo beyiba esithile sawo esingokomoya futhi isiko impahla. Nokho, kuzo zonke izingxenye zomhlaba enkulu umSkithe elihlanganiswe umsuka ezivamile futhi ulimi, amasiko, nakwezomnotho. Ngokuthakazelisayo, babelingana namaPheresiya babekholelwa zonke lezi zizwe yisizwe sinye. AmaSkithe abe negama ezivamile Persian - "Saki". It is lisetshenziswe ngomqondo ewumngcingo ukuze ubheke bahlale Central Asia izizwe. Ngeshwa, asikwazi ukwahlulela kuphela ngesisekelo imithombo engaqondile Zazinjani amaSkithe. Izithombe kubo Yiqiniso, alikho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwaziswa okungokomlando ngazo okungaka.

Ukubukeka amaSkithe

Isithombe vase azitholile Barrow Kul-Oba, wanika abacwaningi umbono wokuqala wangempela abantu babephila kanjani amaSkithe bayilungisa kanjani, bashaywa kanjani behlomile ukubukeka. Lezi izizwe zinamakhosi izinwele ezinde, amadevu nentshebe. Bona telineni noma lesikhumba izingubo: ibhulukwe eside kanye elingenamikhono obhince ibhande. Ngezinyawo zabo base lesikhumba amabhuzu, iqakala ezizibeni ayezifunda. AmaSkithe ikhanda wazizwa ehlanganiswa ofeleba ezinophahla olungunxantathu. Njengoba befuna izikhali, ababenakho iminsalo nemicibisholo, inkemba esifushane, isihlangu square nomkhonto.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, isithombe kulezi zizwe ukuhlangabezana nezinye izinto ezitholakala Kul-Oba. Ngokwesibonelo, skiffs ezimbili, abaphuza kusukela rhytons ethulwa uqwembe igolide. Lokhu isiko twinning, eyaziwa kithina kobufakazi abalobi basendulo.

SeSimbi namasiko umSkithe

Ezemfundo isiko umSkithe zenzeka ngenkathi yensimbi wokusabalalisa. Izikhali namathuluzi wenza lokhu metal esikhundleni sethusi. Uma indlela ivulekile wokwenza steel, yensimbi engu ekugcineni wawina. Amathuluzi ezenziwe ngensimbi, wenze revolution yangempela ezindabeni zezempi, izikebhe kanye nezolimo.

AmaSkithe, endaweni kanye umthelela okwakukhona umxhwele, babehlala Early seSimbi. Lezi Izizwe ephethwe ubuchwepheshe eziphambili eziye zasetshenziswa isikhathi eside. Abakwazi kukhishwe insimbi netshe, bese ukuguqula it steel. AmaSkithe kusetshenziswa izindlela ezahlukene Weld, carburizing, lukhuni, ekwakheni. Kungenxa kulezi zizwe izizwe enyakatho Eurasia bahlangana yensimbi. amakhono Metallurgy baye lathathwa ababazi umSkithe.

Iron in the Nart legends omlingo. Kurdalægon - wensimbi zasezulwini patronizes emachawe heroes. Irhuluphelo indoda kanye neqhawe emelela Nart Batraz. Azalwe okusansimbi, bese sihamba eqeda wensimbi wasezulwini. Nezibhulo, anqobe izitha bese ekuthumbeni emizini yabo, ze namatha kwezine ngensimbi. Ngakho Isi-Ossetic Epos endulo njengoba umkhathi izithombe kwezobuciko, sici for ngasekuqaleni seSimbi.

Kungani abantu abayimizulane?

Esikhathini expanses elikhulu, esisogwini olusentshonalanga ye-Northern Black Sea elise empumalanga Mongolia kanye e-Altai, ezingaphezu kuka-3 ayizinkulungwane. Eminyakeni eminingi edlule basungula uhlobo yasekuqaleni kakhulu emnothweni ayimizulane. Ligcwale ingxenye enkulu ye-Asia Ephakathi naseNingizimu eSiberia. Lolu hlobo ukulima salandelwa sedentary izinkomo-ukukhulisa indlela wezolimo zokuphila. A yezizathu ezihlukahlukene okubangelwa izinguquko ezibalulekile ezifana. Phakathi kwabo - ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu, okwaphumela asemaqeleni ezomile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izizwe yingcweti ekhwele ihhashi. Ukwakheka nezinkomo ishintshile. Manje sebeqale linqobe ihhashi nezimvu, okungase ukukhiqiza yabo emadlelweni ebusika.

Inkathi abayimizulane ekuseni, njengoba ibizwa, uye kwaqondana ingqophamlando emlandweni lapho isintu siye kwenziwe isinyathelo emlandweni - insimbi okwalotshwa main esetshenziswa womshini amathuluzi nezikhali.

ukuphila Nomani

Rational futhi atehlukanisa Nomani ukuphila aphethwe imithetho elibuhlungu ukuthi kudingeka izizwe zakwa ubunikazi ogibele futhi omuhle kakhulu amakhono ezempi. Kwakudingekile ukuba balungele nganoma yisiphi isikhathi ukuvikela impahla yabo noma ubambe yomunye. Isilinganiso eyinhloko inhlalakahle ngoba Nomani kwaba izinkomo. Okhokho balezi amaSkithe etholakele kuye konke okudingayo: yokukhosela, izingubo zokugqoka nokudla.

Cishe zonke emaqeleni Noma ezintaba zase-Eurasia (ngaphandle nedlelo empumalanga), ngokusho abacwaningi abaningi, babe Iranian-lingual esikhathini iqale isencane yayo. Ezingaphezu kwezingxenye ezintathu yeminyaka eyathatha ukubusa e asemaqeleni abayimizulane Iranian: a 8-7 e. BC. e. we ekhulwini lokuqala leminyaka AD. e. okuqinisekile umSkithe kwaba sokuthuthwa kwempahla izizwe zakwa Iranian.

Imithombo, okuyinto kungabonwa ezizweni zamaSkithe

Okwamanje, umlando kusele izingxenyana nje ze aziwayo zezombusazwe kwabaningi babo, kanye nezihlobo zabo (tokhars, Massagetae, Dai, Saks, issedonov, Savromats et al.). abalobi sidilizwa ukuchaza ngokuyisisekelo isenzo abaholi ezinkulu imikhankaso yezempi ka amaSkithe. Ezinye izici kulezi zizwe awayona nesithakazelo. Mayelana ngubani amaSkithe uHerodotus. Kuphela kusukela lo mbhali, ubani Cicero ebizwa ngokuthi "uyise womlando", ungathola ngempela incazelo eningiliziwe amasiko, inkolo kanye indlela yokuphila kulezi zizwe. Kwaphela isikhathi eside mayelana nesiko North abayimizulane Iranian kwadingeka ulwazi oluncane kakhulu. Kuphela isigamu 2nd kwekhulu le-19, ngemva kumbiwa izindunduma yokungcwaba okuqondene amaSkithe (North eCaucasus nase-Ukraine), kanye nokuhlaziywa eSiberia uthola kwakukhona sonke isiyalo ngokwesayensi ngokuthi skifologiey. abasunguli balo ezibhekwa abavubukuli Russian ezinkulu ososayensi: V. grigorev, I. Zabelin, B. N. Grakov, MI Rostovtsev. Ngokwenza ucwaningo lwabo, sesamukele ulwazi olusha mayelana abangekho amaSkithe.

Ubufakazi commonality zofuzo

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi umehluko isiko ezizweni zamaSkithe babe mikhulu, ososayensi baye bathola izakhi ezintathu ukuthi ukukhuluma bangobani zofuzo. Eyokuqala wabo - ukulingisa ihhashi. Eyesibili elementi triad - ezithile izikhali ezisetshenziswa kulezi zizwe (imimese akinakes neminsalo elincane). Eyesithathu - iqiniso lokuthi art zonke lezi amaSkithe ayimizulane wanqoba isitayela isilwane.

Sarmats (sarmovaty) ezibhuqiwe ISCYTHIA

Laba bantu 3 ekhulwini BC. e. displaces kubuya abayimizulane. izizwe okusha ezibhuqiwe ingxenye enkulu ISCYTHIA. Bona ngizoqothulwa le aqothulwa, futhi ingxenye enkulu yezwe saphendulwa ehlane. Lokhu kufakazelwa Diodor Sitsiliysky. UmSkithe futhi Sarmatian - izizwe ababevela empumalanga. Izimo zethu zihluke kakhulu olunzulu ububanzi sarmovatov. It is eyaziwa ukuthi kwakukhona imifelandawonye eziningana: Roksolana, Iazyges, Aorses, Širak ... Isiko labantu abayimizulane has eziningi ezifanayo ne umSkithe. Lokhu zingachazwa ngezinqubo ziyezwana ikolo namalimi wemiphakathi, okungukuthi, izimpande ezivamile. Sarmatian isilwane isitayela eba amasiko umSkithe. kufanekisa yakhe ngemibono iqhubeka. Nokho, amaSkithe futhi Sarmatians zinezikhathi izici yabo yobuciko. Ngo Sarmatian akukona nje zokweboleka kanye into entsha kwamasiko. Kuyikhono esiye eyenziwe enkathini entsha.

ukuthuthukiswa Alans

Rise of the Alans, a North sizwe esisha Iranian, senzeka 1st ekhulwini AD. e. Basakaza kusukela eDanube kuya esifundeni Aral Sea. Alans nengxenye esenzeka Ephakathi iDanube izimpi marcomannic. Bona atheleka Armenia, eKhaphadosiya, futhi Madiyu. Lezi izizwe zazigcinwa kokulawulwa Silk Road. Ukuhlaselwa Huns, okwenzeka ngo-375 BC. e., uqede ukubusa kwabo ehlane. Ingxenye enkulu Alans wathuthela eYurophu kanye Goths kanye Huns. Lezi izizwe ashiye uphawu lwawo ezihlukahlukene amagama, okuyinto atholakala, iPortugal, iSpain Italy, eSwitzerland naseFrance. Kukholakala ukuthi Alans nge lwezinhlangano ezingathandwa ezibhekwa yabo alamandla empi, nenkemba, nenhlangano yabo ezempi kanye ukukhathazeka esithile ukuze abesifazane ngaso umsuka Chivalry European.

Lezi izizwe eNkathini Ephakathi laliyisenzakalo esiphawulekayo emlandweni. Legacy asemaqeleni batshengise wazizwa kwezobuciko yabo. Bazinze North eCaucasus ezintabeni, ingxenye Alans isakhuluma ulimi. Zaba ngesisekelo uhlanga ngo ukwakheka Ossetic omdabu yesimanje.

Ukuhlukaniswa AmaSkithe Savromats

AmaSkithe ngomqondo ewumngcingo, okusho amaSkithe aseYurophu, futhi Sauromats (Sarmatians), njengoba ososayensi bakholelwa, ihlukaniswe hhayi ngokuphelele kwaze kwaba sekhulwini 7th BC. e. Okhokho babo kuvamile kakade ngaphambi kokuba leso sikhathi ahlala emaqeleni eCaucasus. Kuphela ngemva kokuya amazwe ezingaphezu eCaucasus, futhi amaSkithe Sauromats bahlakazeka. Kusukela manje, baqala ukuphila ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene. Cimmerians namaSkithe waqala ukuxabana. I udweshu phakathi lezi zizwe ngenxa yokuthi amaSkithe, ukugcina ngokwayo omningi walo North Caucasian emathafeni, bathumba enyakatho Black Sea esifundeni. Cimmerians wahlala khona, basuke ngokwengxenye kwaphoqa futhi ngokwengxenye unqotshwe.

Sauromats efanayo manje owakhiwe emaqeleni Urals, eVolga kanye iCaspian esifundeni. Tanais River (igama yesimanje - Don) liwumngcele phakathi okwabo ISCYTHIA. Endulo kwaba legend ethandwa mayelana somshado Savromats AmaSkithe Amazons. Lokhu legend uyachaza ukuthi kungani abesifazane savromatskie esesikhundleni esiphakeme emphakathini. Zazihamba belingana amadoda, ngisho iqhaza ezimpini.

Issedones

Issedones futhi kwahluka ukulingana. Lezi izizwe ababehlala entshonalanga Savromats. Bona owakhiwe insimu banamuhla Kazakhstan. Lezi izizwe babaziwa nokungakhethi yabo. Aba nomthelela izizwe, zingayazi intukuthelo futhi ubutha.

Dahi, Massagets futhi Saki

Dahi wayakhe eduze OLwandle iCaspian, ngasempumalanga coast yayo. Futhi empumalanga kubo,-semi ezingwadule futhi emaqeleni Central Asia, abangu kutsho Massagetae futhi Saks. UKoresi II, umsunguli umbuso Achaemenid, ngo-530 BC. e. Ngathatha uhambo ukuze Massagetae abahlala endaweni e Aral Sea. Lezi izizwe indlovukazi Tomiris imithetho. Wayengafuni ukuze ayoba umka ngoKoresi, futhi wanquma ukusiphoqa wakhe ukuthi zilawule umbuso. Ibutho Persian empini nge Massagets wahlulwa, yebo, zona uKoresi iyona eyabulawa.

Ngokuqondene Saks Ephakathi Asia, lezi zizwe zahlukaniswa izinhlangano ezimbili: Saki-Saki-haumavarga futhi tigrahauda. Bayibiza namaPheresiya. Tiger lihunyushwa ezinhlamvini Persian lasendulo kusho "abukhali" futhi Sawubona - "nesigqoko 'noma" cap ". Lokho Saki-tigrahauda - Saks e izigqoko ezicijile (ofeleba), kanye Saki-haumavarga - funda haomu (isiphuzo engcwele Aryans). Nangokuthi uDariyu I, inkosi yasePheresiya, e 519 BC. e. Wenza uhambo izizwe tigrahauda, ngokuwina kwabo. Skunha umxhwele Saka isikhulu uvezwa impumuzo, zaqoshwa oda kaDariyu ku Behistun idwala.

Usiko amaSkithe

Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi lezi zizwe umSkithe baye kwasusa isiko eliphezulu ngesikhathi sako. Ukuthi ngabe ukhombe indlela phambili ukuthuthukiswa komlando iqoqo izifunda. Lezi izizwe nengxenye ekwakhekeni wezizwe eziningi.

Esikhathini umbuso uGenghis Khan igcinwe irekhodi umSkithe, kwaba izincwadi ocebile zamaqhawe nama-legends. Kukhona isizathu sethemba ukuthi iningi le ngcebo walondoloza kuze kube namuhla nakwa yopata. isiko umSkithe, ngeshwa, uhlala ayiqondakali kahle. Esikhathini izinganekwane Indian lasendulo futhi Vedas, imithombo Chinese Persian wathi ku emazweni yeSiberia, Urals, lapho abantu engavamile wahlala. Ngo Putorana ithafa, bakholwa, base elise abode onkulunkulu. Lezi zindawo yabakhanga ababusi India, China, Greece nasePheresiya. Nokho, isithakazelo ngokuvamile yaphela nge kwezomnotho, yamasosha noma ezinye uchuku izizwe ezinkulu.

Kuyaziwa ukuthi owaziwayo ISCYTHIA ngezikhathi ezahlukahlukene amabutho ahlaselayo yasePheresiya (uDariyu noKoresi II) India (Arjun nabanye.), Greece (Aleksandr Makedonsky), eMbusweni WaseByzantium, ngaphansi koMbuso WamaRoma, nokunye. D. Siyazi emithonjeni yomlando nokuthi kutsi umdlandla kulezi zizwe waseGreece yabonisa: udokotela uHippocrates isazi sokuma komhlaba esiphambili Hecataeus laseMilethu, tragedians oSophocles futhi ESCA, izimbongi futhi Pandora Alkaman sazi Aristotle logograph damask nabanye.

zinkondlo ezimbili zasendulo ngemvelaphi ISCYTHIA, watshela uHerodotus

UHerodotus wathi zinkondlo ezimbili zasendulo ngemvelaphi ISCYTHIA. Ngokusho komunye wabo, neqhawe, ngiselapha, elalihlanganyela Black Sea (emhumeni umhlaba Gilea) owesifazane engavamile. ingxenye yayo elingaphansi lalithi inyoka. amadodana abathathu bazalwa emishadweni yawo - Agathyrs, Skiff futhi Gelon. Kusukela omunye wabo weza amaSkithe.

Chaza kafushane omunye legends. Ngokusho kwakhe, owokuqala phansi wayengumuntu, ogama lakhe lalingu-Targitai. Abazali bakhe uZeyusi Borisphen (indodakazi ka emfuleni). Bona wazala amadodana amathathu: Arpoksai, Lipoksai futhi Kolaksai. Inkosazana wabo (Lipoksai) kwaba sikakhokho ka amaSkithe-avhatov. Traspie futhi katiary owehla evela Aripoksai. Futhi kusukela Kolaksai, indodana encane - paralaty Regal. Lezi izizwe zibizwa ngokuthi Scoloti namaSkithe waqala ukubiza kubo namaGreki.

nayo yonke indawo ISCYTHIA Kolaksai lokuqala besahlukaniselwa imibuso emithathu, eyawela namadodana akhe. Omunye wabo, lapho ukugcina igolide, wenza kakhulu. Isifunda elise kuya enyakatho la mazwe embozwe yiqhwa. Eduze mina yeminyaka BC. e. yimuphi umbuso umSkithe. Kwaba nesikhathi Prometheus.

AmaSkithe ngokuqondene Atlantis

Yiqiniso, ngeke kubhekwe umlando izizwe ISCYTHIA zinganekwane mayelana lozalo zamakhosi. Kukholakala ukuthi umlando kulezi zizwe elisuka e-Atlantis, ngempucuko yasendulo. Kulesi umbuso ifakiwe, ngaphandle iziqhingi ezise-Atlantic Ocean, lapho inhloko-dolobha wawusegunjini (UPlato owachaza lesi sifo ngo the mpendulwano "Critias" futhi "kaThimewu"), umhlaba enyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-Afrika, futhi Greenland, America, eScandinavia futhi enyakatho yeRussia. Ukuze-ke kusebenza zonke izindawo ezazingaphansi emhlabeni North Geographic Pole. isiqhingi emazweni nabizelwa umhlaba omaphakathi etholakala lapha. Basuke ayohlangana wezizwe Asian nabaseYurophu. Map G. uMercator, eziphathelene 1565, okwethulwa kulezi ziqhingi.

ukulima amaSkithe

AmaSkithe - isizwe amandla kabani impi ziyaphuma kuphela ngesisekelo eqinile kwezenhlalo noma kwezomnotho. Babenezincwadi base. Amazwe umSkithe iminyaka engaphezu kuka-2.5 eyinkulungwane edlule kwakukhona sezulu kunanamuhla. Phakathi kwezizwe zakwa lakhiwe nemfuyo, ukulima, ukudoba, wahlanganyela ukukhiqizwa lesikhumba izimpahla smectite, izindwangu, izinto ezenziwe ngobumba, metal kanye nokhuni. It silwenza nezempi. Ikhwalithi kanye izinga imikhiqizo amaSkithe akuzona eliphansi kuya esiGrekini.

Izizwe enikeziwe ngokwabo konke kwakudingekile. Bona babehilelekile isizinda igolide, iron, ithusi, isiliva namanye amaminerali. AmaSkithe ekubunjweni ukukhiqizwa ifinyelele ezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu. Njengoba Gerodot kubika ukunemba incazelo amaSkithe 7 th ekhulwini BC. e., phakathi nokubusa Inketho, lezi zizwe baye bavota omkhulu zethusi imbiza. Wall ukujiya kwaba 6 iminwe, futhi amandla - 600 amphora. It waphonswa phezu kwezinsini, eningizimu Novgorod-Seversky. Phakathi ayehlasela kaDariyu imbiza eyayifihliwe empumalanga izinsini. Lapha-ke sasithathwa nethusi emkhandweni wensimbi. UmSkithe igolide izinsalela kufihlwe endaweni Romania. Le ndebe futhi igeja ejokeni, kanye nembazo esika nhlangothi zombili.

izizwe Trade umSkithe

Trade lakhiwe ensimini ka ISCYTHIA. Kwakukhona amanzi nezwe imizila yezohwebo eya European futhi emifuleni yaseSiberia, i-Black, iCaspian naseNyakatho iziLwandle. Ngaphandle izinqola ezinamasondo kanye nezinqola, amaSkithe eyakhelwe lnokrylye emfuleni nasolwandle imikhumbi e-shipyards we iVolga, ob, Yenisei, ewathatha emlonyeni we Pechora. Khan ayithatha kulezi zindawo nabathakathi ukudala ngoxhaxha emiselwe ekunqotshweni Japan. Ngezinye izikhathi amaSkithe eyakhelwe Imigudu ngomshoshaphansi. Babeka kubo ngaphansi nemifula emikhulu, ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe ekukhiqizeni yezimayini. By the way, eGibhithe futhi kwamanye amazwe njengoba mhubhe ngaphansi emifuleni. I cindezela ubike ngokuphindaphindiwe phezu izindima komhlaba, okwakukhona ngaphansi Dnieper.

imizila yezohwebo bukhoma kusukela e-Indiya, iPheresiya, i-China Bagijimela kulo izwe umSkithe. Izimpahla zazidilivwa izifunda asenyakatho aseYurophu eduze iVolga, ob, Yenisei, North Pacific, Dnieper. Lezi izindlela avumelekile ngokuphelele kwaze kwaba sekhulwini le-17. Ngalezo zinsuku, loMfula sedorobhenelo Ezimakethe zase ezinomsindo namathempeli.

Ekuphetheni

Zonke izizwe labetibambile endleleni yayo zomlando. Kepha amaSkithe indlela yabo sasingafinyeziwe. Ezingaphezu kwenkulungwane iminyaka, asilinganisa kubo indaba. Kwaphela isikhathi eside amaSkithe kwakungamadodana amandla amakhulu endaweni enkulu phakathi iDanube futhi Don. Lolu cwaningo kulezi zizwe wahlanganyela mlando eziningi ezivelele futhi abavubukuli. Izifundo singayekanga kuze kube yilolu suku. Basuke wajoyina ngochwepheshe emelela izifunda ezisondele (isibonelo, sezulu kanye paleogeography). Singalindela ukuthi ukubambisana kuzokwenza lezi ososayensi ukuthola ulwazi olusha mayelana yiziphi amaSkithe. Izithombe kanye nokwaziswa okuye okwethulwa kulesi sihloko, sithemba, ukukusiza uthole umqondo jikelele kubo.