Kuyini kwabantu, umlando walo isihloko cwaningo

Ukunqunywa iyiphi isayensi - kwabantu, futhi lokhu iyathinteka - kuthathela incazelo ukhiye isimiso esiyisisekelo, imithetho, izigaba nezindlela. Kusukela igama ngokwayo - "izimo zenhlalo yomphakathi" (umphakathi, umphakathi) kanye "logo" (isayensi, ulwazi) - singaphetha ngokuthi kwabantu - isayensi umphakathi. Kodwa kanjani ukuhlukanisa kusuka kwamanye social sciences, isibonelo, wezifundo zezombusazwe, Psychology nomphakathi, kanye nabanye? Yini, eqinisweni, yilokho kwabantu? Inchazelo kwale sayensi unikezwa, hlangana nokhunye Vebsterovskom isichazamazwi: "Sociology - isayensi umlando ukuthuthukiswa, imithetho yenhlangano kanye ukuphila ngokuhlanganyela izinkinga zabantu njengoba amayunithi umphakathi, emelela amaqembu athile omphakathi kanye nemiphakathi."

Kodwa ngaphambi kokuthi uphendule umbuzo othi, yini kwabantu, kumelwe akuqonde ngokucacile lokho yilona qembu yezenhlalakahle nomphakathi? Ingabe kunoma yiliphi iqembu labantu wukuthi? abantu iqembu Social uthole kuphela ngenxa yokuzihlanganisa kuleli qembu ngenxa izibopho esitebeleni ngokomlando. Akubona bonke, isimo, ezifana abagibeli phezu umkhumbi noma izilaleli cinema, okungukuthi esimeme. iqembu Komphakathi, ngakho ungabiza ngokuhlanganyela umndeni, ezemfundo noma zabasebenzi. Kodwa futhi kungaba ngokuthi umphakathi kanye nabantu ngqo nomunye angase angawazi - amaqembu eminyaka, kwezakhi kwezenhlalo kanye amakilasi, kwamaqembu ezinhlanga, nemiphakathi yenkolo, ekugcineni, isimo kanye nesizwe.

Inchazelo kuyini kwabantu, maqondana miphakathi namaqembu kungenziwa libhekene kanje: isayensi ukutadisha imithetho kumiswa la maqembu, ukusebenza kwawo ekwakheni lo mshini isimo futhi ubuhlobo phakathi kwabo. Lona isihloko kwabantu. Yiqiniso, u-Aristotle ngokuthi indoda "zoon politikon" - okungukuthi, "uyisilwane esihlala emphakathini", kodwa kwabantu njengoba isayensi oluphakeme abasha. Wazalelwa ukubonwa ngekhulu XIX. Futhi njengoba kuwo "sasenza off" nezinye izindawo, waba isayensi ezimele kwezenhlalo.

Eyokuqala ukwethula ku ukusetshenziswa kwesayensi igama elithi "kwabantu" kwaba Ogyust Kont e 1842. Encwadini yakhe ethi "Inkambo Positive Philosophy," echaza, okungukuthi kwabantu, futhi ochazwe kule isayensi. Ukuba umsekeli isimiso 'ukuzinza kanye nenqubekela phambili ", Comté emgwaqeni umphakathi imiqondo ngokomzimba ukuzimelela kanye wesimethri tonkhe tincenye isakhi umphakathi. Ngakho, kwabantu, ngokusho Comté, kulokwazi emphakathini uhlobo oluthize lomzimba kwesakhiwo lapho "-molecule" ngamunye izifundo ngokombono benhlalakahle yomphakathi, futhi kwabantu uqobo kungabhekwa njengokuvikela statics kwezenhlalo kanye nekwehlukahlukana kutenhlalo. Wasikisela ukuhlola izinqubo nomphakathi elandela isibonelo ngesayensi yemvelo. Ngakho-ke, indlela Comté ubizwa nangokuthi physics nomphakathi.

umnikelo Omkhulu kwencazelo yini kwabantu, Marx wenza. Ngemva kokuhlaziya wesimanje umphakathi "NGESIKHATHI senguquko kwezezimboni" inkathi, Marx athuthukile brilliant kodwa ekuphikiseni imfundiso indlela okwakheke ngayo nesimo sakhe sezomnotho. The main "ukuhamba ibhande" enqubeni lokuhambisa umphakathi, wabiza impahla kanye nobudlelwane kwezomnotho. Inani Marx Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ichaza umphakathi njengoba isakhiwo ngamandla ukuthuthukisa, okuyinto umkhiqizo izenzakalo ezingokomlando.

Ososayensi Maks Veber futhi Emil Dyurkgeym athuthukile siqu ithiyori yabo lwezenhlalo kwakheka isisekelo isihloko kwabantu. Hlobo luni Motifs ukuthi sihlanganise ezahlukene amakhono ezingeni yentuthuko abantu emacenjini nomphakathi - babuza umbuzo. Weber - iwukuba bafinyelele imigomo yabo siqu ngabanye ngokusebenzisa imizamo collective lonke iqembu labantu. Durkheim uphendula lo mbuzo ngendlela ehlukile: ukwenza ngendlela ethile, umuntu enza khona "iyoke", imithetho ie neziqondiso yokutholwa umphakathi, umphakathi, ezweni lapho umuntu fanele.