Kusho ukuthini somyalelo zamanani?

Zimbili izindlela kokubekela intengo. Konke kuncike uhlobo isimiso sezomnotho, lapho imisebenzi isimo. zamanani Legislative kuyinto ejwayelekile kumazwe nemnotfo okuhleliwe. Kulokhu, emakethe cishe akunamthelela isimo emakethe. Amanani ingachazwa ngisho nangaphambi imikhiqizo ngokushesha-ukukhululwa. Isimo ezahlukene siyenzeka ngendlela emakethe. Kulokhu, intengo akunqunywa kule nkampani, futhi ngaphansi kwethonya ukuze kwaneliswe isidingo iyona ngesikhathi ukudayiswa kwemikhiqizo emakethe. Okuningi ku ngalokhu esihlokweni lanamuhla.

Ake sizwe ukuthi kusho ukuthini zamanani somyalelo

UMbuso kungayithonya ngokuqondile noma ngokungaqondile isimo emakethe. ithiyori kwezomnotho abahlukahlukene ubona indzima yembuso ekuphathweni emnothweni kazwelonke ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene. Mahhala zamanani - ngesisekelo emakethe isimiso sezomnotho. It ulungisiswa zonke ithiyori kwezomnotho zakudala. Kukholakala ukuthi isidingo kokungenela uhulumeni izinqubo zezomnotho okokuqala ekholisayo wazibonakalisa Dzhon Meynard Keyns. Ngokugcwele zamanani umyalelo - kuba akubona emnothweni okuhleliwe. Kulokhu, izindleko zokukhiqiza kunqunywa esiteji ukukhiqizwa yayo noma ngisho nangaphambi kwalokho. Bona ingafakwa ngaphandle intengo, isilinganiso sokubuyisela, le okuza izinguquko kungenzeka. Namuhla, emazweni amaningi nemnotfo emakethe usebenzisa lezi noma nezinye izindlela lokungenelela conjuncture komnotho.

Esikhathini eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma classical

Isimo mayelana indima engadlalwa uhulumeni yasishintsha izikhathi eziningana phakathi nawo wonke umlando ezaziwayo. Ekuqaleni kwawo-17-18 eminyaka, ngesikhathi kokuzalwa ubudlelwane emakethe yesimanje linqoba imfundiso kwaba mercantilism. Kukholakala ukuthi emnothweni kazwelonke ayikwazi ukusebenza ngempumelelo ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa uhulumeni. Nokho, ngemva iminyaka engamakhulu amabili ukuze ufakele enye imfundiso wafika nomqondo wokuthi okuthiwa liberalism kwezomnotho. Abalweli Bokholo yakhe waqala u-Adam Smith noDavide Ricardo. Angitshela ukuthi emakethe - kuba uhlelo self-elawula, intengo umyalelo wakhe ngokungadingekile. Kusekelwe "isandla ongabonakali" - nezithakazelo of kokucetshiswa.

Nokho, kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala kanye nempikiswano eqhubekayo kwenza Ukucindezeleka Omkhulu ophoqelelwe ososayensi ukuba aphinde acabange imibono yabo zamanani. Kakade ngo-1930 kwathiwa bamukela imithetho ekhethekile enwetshiwe kwenkululeko kokungenela umbuso emnothweni kazwelonke. zamanani lomthetho imikhakha eminye imikhiqizo sekuvame.

Izici wezomnotho Keynesian

Ngemva Yokuwohloka Okukhulu, Emazweni amaningi athuthukile belahla umqondo ukuzithiba wemakethe futhi waqala ukuba angenelele izinqubo zezomnotho. Keynes wagomela isidingo ukhulisa ibhajethi imali futhi aphansi zenzalo ngesikhathi recessions. Demand kudala ukuthengisela, hhayi okuphambene nalokho, njengoba kushiwo yi-zabuna. Neo-Keynesians khulumela ngemakethe Ngentengo inqubomgomo Symbiosis. Bona ingashintshwa imibono ye zabuna, futhi bakholelwa ukuthi kokungenela isimo kuyadingeka kuphela esikhathini esifushane. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi imvelo Awukwazi ukuhambisa ngokushesha ukuze "elaphe" umnotho kusukela imiphumela emibi wanciphisa ukuhileleka ebhizinisini. Nokho, i-neo-Keynesians bakholelwa ukuthi esikhathini eside, emakethe uhlelo self-elawula.

izindlela kwethonya

Zimbili izindlela wesi isimo amanani: umugqa (umyalelo) kanye engaqondile (kwezomnotho). Lo mqeqeshi owake wapheka zihlanganisa:

• Iintengo. Ngokwesibonelo, ngokuzikhethela kwayo okugcwele, isimo lingakhetha yamanani zokuhamba kanye nokwenza amalungiselelo omngcwabo amasevisi.
• umkhawulo intengo. State Ungangenela umkhawulo noma ubuncane.
• Ukusungula izinto ezibucayi izinguquko intengo. Ngokwesibonelo, isimiso esinjalo ngokuvamile sisetshenziswa ukubala izimali ngocingo ngesigaba ikhasimende.
• Ukusetha usayizi omkhulu kwezohwebo izibonelelo. ezilungisiwe Ngakho amanani impahla kubalulekile, imithi kanye okunye ukudla.
• Ukusungula ezingeni inzuzo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi intengo ngesikhathi esisodwa wabeka izinga elithile ukubuya. Ngokwesibonelo, imali ukusetshenziswa iziqukathi ngokuvamile efakwe ngokushesha unikezwe ukubuya angu-25 kulolu hlobo zokuthutha.
• Ukusungulwa amanani yibhange. Lolu hlelo ngokuvamile usebenza emkhakheni wezolimo. Amanani asethwe imizimba ekhethekile isimo. Zisetshenziswa ukuze kuthengwe ngisho noma emakethe ngenani elifanele izimpahla ngezansi.

Intengo isimemezelo kuyinto wekubuketa amanani umbuso. Ukuze wenze lokhu, isicelo ku-ekhethekile emizimbeni isimo lokulungisiswa kwezomnotho ngoba isicelo.

Izindlela kwezomnotho lokulawula zihlanganisa uxhaso, abakhiqizi isinxephezelo nezindleko, ukubolekisa ngamanani ekhethekile, intela amaholide. Zonke lezi zinyathelo kunganciphisa inani lemakethe imikhiqizo.

Emazweni athuthukile,

Sesivele esiphethweni ukuthi amanani entengo isiqondiso esinjalo. Umnotho makethe kungesobala ukuqaphela isidingo salo. Nokho, akekho umuntu ukulahla ngokuphelele ukusetshenziswa kwalo. State kungalungisa iziqondiso intengo ngesimo iziqondiso. Zichaza izimiso, izindlela kanye namazinga. Kukholakala ukuthi ayi-10-30% we intengo yemikhiqizo setha umyalelo. Kodwa isimo ngokuvamile akagcini lapho. Emazweni athuthukile, kwandile ukuphazamiseka engaqondile e zamanani. Konke lokhu kubonisa kahle isidingo ukufezekisa izinhloso zomphakathi, ukuthi kuhle ukuba sonke umphakathi.

indlela yesimanje

Abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi inani lentengo umyalelo - umnotfo umyalo. Kodwa eqinisweni, namuhla uthi abaningi ngenkuthalo angenele izinqubo zezomnotho. Kukholakala ukuthi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi emakethe unekhono ukuzithiba, futhi esikhathini esifushane - isidingo ithonya ezingeziwe ebhange enkabeni uhulumeni. Kuyaqapheleka ukuthi ukusungulwa amanani esiphezulu noma elincane imikhiqizo kungaholela yokuthi leli nani ayeka ukuba khona inhloso. Nokho, akekho izingxabano yokuthi ngezinye izikhathi lo mshini emakethe akudingekile yini ukuba sishintshe.

ezingokoqobo yasekhaya

Inqubo zamanani eRussia zashintsha njengoba isikhathi siqhubeka. Izinyathelo ezibalulekile zifaka emlandweni walo:

• Ukuvela imali esikhundleni kule minyaka 1916-1921.
• Inkathi neMpi ubuKhomanisi.
• New Yemfihlo Economic.
• zamanani Legislative cishe zonke izinhlobo imikhiqizo 1929-1933.
• Ukuvela ukunikezela nokumaketha imikhiqizo ngaphansi kwelungiselelo lokuba amazwekazi nomthengi.
• Inani ukuxegiswa, lwaqala ngemva kokuwa kweSoviet Union kusukela 1992.