Krymskaya operation amasu okuhlaselayo. ukusebenza Krymskaya (1944): amandla kanye nokusungulwa izinhlangothi

Enhlonhlweni eCrimea ngaso sonke isikhathi ngenxa lokuqala Empire Russian futhi kamuva eU.SSR iyisikhungo yamasu oLwandle Olumnyama. Ukusebenza eCrimea sibaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni iRed Army, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo, uHitler wayazi ukuthi uma ukunikeza Peninsula, yiyo yonke oLwandle Olumnyama. yabambana ngezihluthu kwenzeke ngaphezu kwenyanga futhi lokhu kwaphumela ekwaziweni kokunqotshwa amaNazi abavikeli.

ngaphambi kokuba sihlinzwe

Kusukela ekupheleni 1942 - ekuqaleni kuka-1943 ngesikhathi seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili kwaba noshintsho olukhulu: uma iRed Army selibalekele leli phuzu, manje waqhubeka ecasula. The Battle of kwaseStalingrad kwaba lonke usizi lonke Wehrmacht. Ehlobo lika-1943 kwaba khona impi le eKursk Bulge, ngokuthi emlandweni kwekulu tank impi lapho amabutho aseSoviet osendaweni outplayed amaNazi ethathe in a ukunyakaza pincer, ngemva kwalokho-Third Reich yayisivele esasizobhujiswa. Ojenene kubikwe Hitler ukuthi ukuqhubeka isinyathelo sezempi iba lutho. Nokho, wayaleza ukuba ame bese ubamba isikhundla kuze kube muva nje.

ukusebenza YaseCrimea kwaba phambili impumelelo ekhazimulayo iRed Army. Ngemva Nizhnedneprovsk okuhlaselayo 17 ibutho laseJalimane bavaleleka enhlonhlweni yaseCrimea, ngaphandle kokuba nokwenzeka replenishment nokuqiniswa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amasosha aseSoviet ephethwe ukuyokudla isizinda ukhululekile endaweni Kerch. umyalo Ephakeme German waphinda ukukhunjuzwa ngani ithemba yesimo ngaphambili. Ngokuphathelene eCrimea, ikakhulukazi ojenene ukuthi ngaphandle kokuba nokwenzeka umhlaba azowalekelela behlala khona lokufa e ukumelana olwengeziwe. Hitler wayengacabangi kanjalo - watshelwa ukugcina ekumeleleni kahle leli phuzu elibalulekile zamasu. Wachaza lokhu ngokuthi uma kwenzeka eCrimea, Romania futhi Bulgaria ziyokhawuka ziyahlangana ne Germany. I-oda wanikwa, kodwa lokho kwakuyisimo sengqondo amasosha abavamile kulesi siqondiso futhi bebonke baye naye empini lapho beqala Umkhankaso Crimean?

Impi theorists ngokuvamile ukukhuluma kuphela mayelana ibhalansi amabutho amaqembu aphikisanayo kanye namasu abo, okusikisela njengoba kuqale unyaka ka impi impi iyonke, umane Ubala nezempi futhi ubukhulu fighters.

Phakathi naleso sikhathi, odokotela bakholelwa ukuthi ukube ayinaso isiqinisekiso sokuphumelela, idlala indima ebalulekile ekulweni umoya. Futhi lokho wayenaye at zombili?

Isimo salo iRed Army

Uma ekuqaleni empini isimo salo amasosha aseSoviet kwaba sasivumela ongaphakeme, ngokuhamba nemisebenzi yayo, ikakhulu ngemva kwaseStalingrad, akulimile emangalisayo. Kwakuyisabatha iRed Army ekulweni ukunqoba. Ngaphezu kwalokhu, amasosha ethu, ngokungafani ezinyangeni zokuqala kwempi, ziye lukhuni ukulwa ne umyalo aluthola nakho kudingekile. ndawonye Konke lokhu usinike inzuzo ephelele abahlali.

Isimo salo ibutho lamaJalimane-Romanian

Ekuqaleni kweMpi Yezwe II-German ibutho akwaziwa ukuhlulwa. Eminyakeni engaphansi kwengu-ezimbili eJalimane wakwazi uthwebule cishe wonke kulo lonke elaseYurophu, bafika emngceleni wase-USSR. I ugqozi emabuthweni Wehrmacht kwaba ngesikhathi ibambene. Babebheka ngokwabo esinganqobeki. Futhi oya empini ezayo, kakade sasazi kusengaphambili ukuthi uyonqoba.

Nokho, ngasekupheleni kuka-1941, amaNazi beqala ukuhlangana ukumelana sína Empini eMoscow. Phakathi kontroperatsii iRed Army wabaphonsa kusuka edolobheni kuya ibanga km kuka-200. Kwaba buhlungu yabo ukuzethemba futhi, okubaluleke kakhulu, morale yabo.

Lokhu kwalandelwa kwaseStalingrad, Kurskaia impi ukufohla ukuvinjelwa Leningrad waqala ukusebenza Crimean amasu okuhlaselayo. -Third Reich ukuthi abase bebaleka kuzo zonke izimpi. Ngaphandle kweqiniso lokuthi amasosha aseJalimane bahlulwa ngamunye ngamunye, azilona ukhathele empini. Besiyozazi kanjani sibaphathe noma, kodwa nabo bezohlangana nabantu, kwakumelwe umndeni, okuyinto ukuthi asithanda futhi wafuna ukuphindela ekhaya. Kubo, le mpi ungasawusebenzisi. Isimo salo kwaba at zero.

Amandla amaqembu. eU.SSR

ukusebenza YaseCrimea isibe omunye kwekulu ngokuthi yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe. I iRed Army yayimelelwe:

• 4th phambi Ukrainian, okuyinto wayala F. I. Tolbuhin. Lalinama Army lama-51 ngaphansi Ya G. Kreyzera. 2nd Guards Army ngaphansi G. F. Zaharova; 8 Air Army, elaliholwa T. T Hryukina futhi 19 Panzer Corps, ekuqaleni kwaba ngaphansi I. umyalo D. Vasileva, owayebizwa kamuva sithathelwe indawo IA kiss.
• Independent Coastal Army, kokuzithoba Jikelele AI Eremenko, kodwa umyalo 15.04.1944 ke wabekwa K. S. Melnika, owayeyilungu uLieutenant jikelele wezempi.
• Black Sea Fleet, elaliholwa Admiral FS Oktyabrsky
• 361-m ngabanye radiodivizionom Sevastopol.
• Azov weqembu lemikhumbi, eholwa engemuva Admiral Gorshkovym S. G.

Amandla amaqembu. EJalimane, Romania

Defense ethumba enhlonhlweni wakhonza khona njengenceku 17 Ibutho Wehrmacht. Ngomhla ka-May 1, 1944 ke wabelwa umyalo Jikelele Corps Karl Allmendinger. The Army lalinabafundi 7 Romanian futhi 5 ukwahlukana German. Indlunkulu eyinhloko itholakala emzini Simferopol.

ukusebenza YaseCrimea phezu ingxenye Wehrmacht entwasahlobo ka-1944 kwaba bemvelo ukuzivikela. Isu Territorially ukuzivikela we Wehrmacht ingahlukaniswa ibe izingxenye 4:

1. North. Umyalo awo acekela wawusegunjini eDzhankoy, kwakukhona kanzulu izinqolobane. Kukhona ukwakheka ezimbili wayegxilile:

• 49th Intaba Corps: 50, 111, 336 th Infantry Division, i-Brigade 279th lokushaya izikhali;
• 3rd Romanian abakhwele amahhashi amabutho ehlanganisa 9th abakhwele amahhashi, 10 futhi 19 elihamba ukwahlukana.

2. West. Lonke ongasogwini osuka Sevastopol ukuba Perekopa agade ezimbili regiments we 9th Romanian Cavalry Division.

3. East. Izenzakalo senzeka Peninsula Kerch. Lapha bavikela:

• 5th Corps (73th futhi 98th elihamba division, lamabutho 191 lokushaya izibhamu);
• 6th Cavalry futhi 3rd Intaba Infantry Division Romanian.

4. eNingizimu. Zonke oluseningizimu ye kusukela Sevastopol ukuba Feodosiya elaliqaphile wasivikela 1st Romanian Intaba Corps.

Ngenxa yalokho, amabutho abangu bagxila singalendlela: umzila enyakatho - 5 ukuhlukana, Kerch - 4 ukuhlukana, eningizimu futhi agudle ugu olusentshonalanga ye eCrimea - 3 ukwahlukana.

ukusebenza YaseCrimea wethulwa ngokunembile enjalo ilungiselelo lokulwa compounds.

Ibhalansi ye amabutho amaqembu aphikisanayo

amandla	eU.SSR	EJalimane, Romania
abantu	462400	195000
Wezikhali kanye ezigqulweni	5982	mayelana 3600
Kwabonakala izimoto ezinkulu zamasosha nezibhamu self ezinezinjini	559	215
Jets	1250	148

Ngaphezu kwalokho, iRed Army kwadingeka 322 izinto nemishini ye Navy. Lezi zinombolo ukukhombisa bokuphakama abalulekile kwamanani ka Army Soviet. Lokhu umyalo Wehrmacht kubikwe Hitler ukuze uthole imvume ukusuka ezisele amabutho ukuvinjelwa.

amacebo amaqembu

AbaseSoviet wabona eCrimea, futhi ikakhulukazi e Sevastopol, base eyinhloko Sea Fleet. Nge kokuthola le nto e ukusebenzisa kwayo Navy wamaSoviet wawungakwazi kube lula nokuningi ngempumelelo ukufeza isenzo kolwandle, okuyinto kwakudingekile ukuba intuthuko eyengeziwe amabutho.

Germany futhi kahle eCrimea kokusele jikelele kwamandla. Hitler wayazi ukuthi ukusebenza YaseCrimea okuhlaselayo amasu kungaholela ukulahleka kwale bridgehead ezibalulekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, u-Adolf ngokuvamile ibike ukungakwazi ukunqanda iRed Army kule ndawo. Kungenzeka, ngoba wayekwazi kakade lokho ithemba ngalesi simo, kodwa ayisekho kwadingeka okunye ukucatshangelwa. Hitler wayala ukuvikela enhlonhlweni kulowo muntu wokugcina, noma kunjalo, ungathathi ke i-USSR. Wayekholelwa eCrimea amandla esikuvimbela umbimbi ezifana eRomania, eBulgaria futhi Turkey abasondelene eJalimane, futhi ukulahlekelwa into, ngeke ngokuzenzakalelayo kuholele ekulahlekelweni ukwesekwa umbimbi.

Ngakho, eCrimea sibaluleke kakhulu ebuthweni laseSoviet. Ukuze eJalimane, wayephuza kakhulu sasibalulekile.

Qala Crimean wokuhlasela

IRed Army isu kwaba kanyekanye nomthelela omkhulu ne enyakatho (kusuka Syvash futhi Perekopa) nasempumalanga (Kerch) kulandele ukugqugquzela izikhungo amasu - Simferopol futhi Sebastopol. Ngemva kwalokho, isitha kwadingeka ukuba ibe amaqembu ahlukene, nokubhubhisa, ukuvimbela ukuthi kungenzeka esiphuthumayo Romania.

Apreli 3 ibutho laseSoviet, usebenzisa wezikhali zakhe ezisindayo, abhubhise izinqaba isitha. On 7 Apreli, kusihlwa, kwesimo endaweni, eyaqinisekisa indawo amabutho esitha lwenziwe. Ngo-April 8, waqala ukusebenza YaseCrimea. Ezinsukwini ezimbili we amasosha aseSoviet abekade yabambana ngezihluthu. Ngenxa yalokho yamasosha isitha sika sezidilikile. 11 Apreli 19 Panzer Corps kuphumelele at umzamo wokuqala ukuba ziyombamba eDzhankoy - omunye yindlunkulu amabutho esitha anamandla. imvelo German futhi Romanian ukwakha abesaba aqala ukudamba enyakatho nasempumalanga (Kerch) ukuze Simferopol futhi Sebastopol.

Ngosuku olufanayo ibutho laseSoviet ashaqe Kerch ke kuzo zonke izindawo ukushushiswa isitha emuva nge zezindiza. amasosha Wehrmacht waqala batakulana olwandle, kodwa amabutho Black Sea Fleet ehlaselwa izitsha babaleki, kuphumele amabutho undlovukayiphikiswa azihlanganisa abalahlekelwe abantu 8.100.

Apreli 13 badedelwe edolobheni Simferopol, Feodosia, Saki, Yevpatoria. Ngakusasa - Sudak, ngemva kosuku ukuthi - Alushta. ukusebenza YaseCrimea eMpini Yezwe II yaphela. Le ndaba yayiyiqiniso kuphela Sevastopol.

umnikelo abashokobezi

Isihloko ehlukile Inkulumo iphekula nemisebenzi ngasese of YaseCrimea. ukusebenza YaseCrimea, ngamafuphi, kwaba ubunye ibutho abashokobezi ekufezeni injongo eyodwa. Ngokwesilinganiso, kwakukhona ingqikithi abantu mayelana 4,000. Izinjongo umsebenzi wabo kwaba ukubhujiswa misa, umbuso, ukuxhumana isitha evulekile nojantshi, yinqwaba senziwa emigwaqo yasezintabeni. Abashokobezi waphula ukusebenza ngesikhathi Yalta port, okuyinto nzima kakhulu kuhlengwe amasosha aseJalimane kanye Romanian. Ngaphandle kokubukela phansi ngenhloso imisebenzi abashokobezi abangu ekuvimbeleni ukubhujiswa umkhakha, izinkampani zokuthutha kanye nomasipala.

Nasi isibonelo esisodwa umsebenzi asebenzayo yabashokobezi. April 11, ngesikhathi ukubaleka weZempi 17 Wehrmacht e Sevastopol, abashokobezi ashaqe edolobheni Stary Krym, futhi umphumela waba ukuthi usike endleleni ashona.

Kurt Tippelskirch - Jikelele Wehrmacht - ezinsukwini zokugcina yezimpi ezichazwe ngendlela elandelayo: abashokobezi ngesikhathi ukusebenza baye ngenkuthalo wabambisana amabutho aseSoviet ukubasiza.

Sevastopol Sturm

Ngo-April 15, 1944, amabutho aseSoviet safinyelela base main - Sevastopol. Amalungiselelo aseqalile ngoba ukuhlasela. Ngesikhathi ukusebenza yaqedwa Odessa, owawusedolobheni njengengxenye Dnieper-ZaseCarpathos. Odessa (futhi YaseCrimea) ukusebenza, phakathi kwesikhathi lapho ugu olusenyakatho futhi enyakatho ntshonalanga yoLwandle Olumnyama ukhululiwe, wenza umnikelo obalulekile Victory.

Imizamo ezimbili zokuqala umuzi we-19 kanye 23 ayiphumelelanga. Yaqala regrouping bamabutho kanye supply hlinzeka fuel kanye nezinhlamvu.

Meyi 7, ngo 10:30, nge okukhulu emoyeni ukwesekwa, bahlasela esifundeni enezivikelo eziqinile of Sevastopol. Meyi 9, iRed Army kusukela empumalanga, nasenyakatho, naseningizimu-mpumalanga bangena emzini. Sevastopol ukhululiwe! Amabutho esele okuvela kuyo le Wehrmacht waqala ashona, kodwa eCape eChersonese banqotshwa 19 Panzer Corps, lapho wathatha empini yokugcina, okwaphumela ibutho 17-th lwaphuka ngokuphelele, futhi amasosha 21 000 (kuhlanganise nezikhonzi) bathunjwa ndawonye enesisindo imishini kanye nezinye izikhali.

Imiphumela

Kugcine foothold Wehrmacht ku Kwesokudla Bank Ukraine, elise eCrimea, lapho sibhekene Army 17 labhujiswa. Irretrievably elahlekile kwaba amasosha aseJalimane kanye Romanian kuka 100,000. I ukulahlekelwa jikelele baba izinkulungwane 140 amasosha nezikhulu we Wehrmacht.

Ukuze iRed Army wanyamalala usongo isiqondiso eseningizimu ye phambili. Sekube nezigameko eziningi ukubuya Sevastopol - base eyinhloko Sea Fleet.

Kodwa into ebaluleke kakhulu - wukuthi eSoviet Union ngemuva kokuhlinzwa YaseCrimea baphinde baphatha izintambo elisemcengezini Black Sea. Leli qiniso kakhulu ezinyakaziswayo phezulu ebheka namakhono izikhundla German eBulgaria, Romania naseTurkey.

Usizi ezimbi kakhulu emlandweni wesizwe sethu ekhulwini XX - yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe. ukusebenza YaseCrimea, kanye bonke abanye, kwadingeka nemiphumela elihle ukuqala futhi amasu, kodwa ngenxa yalezi izibhelu abulala khona amakhulu ezinkulungwane futhi ngezinye izikhathi izigidi zabahlali yethu. Crimean okuhlambalazayo khona umgomo obaluleke amasu esabekwa umyalo Soviet. Germany wathatha e 1941-1942. izinsuku 250 ukuthunjwa Sevastopol. amabutho aseSoviet siswele izinsuku 35 ukukhulula zonke enhlonhlweni yaseCrimea, 5 ababengabafelokazi edingekayo ukuba ahlasele Sebastopol. Ngenxa umsebenzi kuphumelele zadala isimo esihle ekuqhubekeleni phambili kwezindaba eSoviet amabutho ahlomile emazweni aseBalkan.