Izizinda eyinhloko umsuka izitshalo kutshalwa

Uma ubeke umsebenzi: "Shayela maphakathi umsuka", abantu abaningi abangabhalisile ezihlobene hybridization ngeke ukwazi ukubhekana nayo. Lesi sihloko iqukethe ulwazi ochazayo.

amagama

Centre of imvelaphi - kungcono kwendawo "asobala" oluthile. Bagxila ukwehluka zofuzo of izinhlobo wezolimo. Centres Lokudabuka izitshalo kutshalwa kuyizinto eziyinhloko - zihlanganisa izindawo lapho izinhlobo zasendle futhi ezifuywayo wakhula ekuqaleni, futhi lesibili. I wokugcina - izikhungo, okuyinto akhiwa okwalandela ukusatshalaliswa polukulturnyh, zinhlobo kutshalwa izitshalo kanye endaweni ezizalela olwengeziwe.

Imininingwane zomlando

ezinjengokungcoliswa kwezitshalo, sekukhona eside ngaphambi ukuqala AD. Ekuqaleni, ukuthuthukiswa okwenzeka, kungakhathalekile izinhlobo izitshalo ezizungezile, izindawo ezinhlanu ngokwendawo yodwa endaweni engenabantu kulesi iplanethi. Ngokuyinhloko ezimibalabala isakhiwo izinhlobo ababezama domesticate kwaba sendawo ezindaweni eziningi. Lokhu kwenza ukuba abantu baphendukele ukusetshenziswa izitshalo zendawo. impucuko Human uyaqhubeka ukuthuthukiswa yayo ... Kwabe sekuqala inkathi okwakungenziwa bachuma zasolwandle nezwe ukuxhumana phakathi kwabantu abahlala ezindaweni ezahlukene womhlaba. Lezi zinqubo ungase ukusheshisa ukusabalala izithelo nembewu izitshalo sendawo ezifuywayo. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu kunzima ukusungula ikhaya kohlobo kwamasiko. Inqubekela phambili ukufuywa, eyaqala ezimeni ezahlukahlukene ezindawo ka ezindaweni ezithile, kwaba ingaphansi kwemithetho yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Isibonelo, nge izitshalo zenzeka ezinjengokungcoliswa kokuzalela okungahleliwe, ukwanda okuphindwe kayishumi inani lezakhi zofuzo ku hybridization ingemuva ezingokwemvelo. Sekube izinhlobo ezahlukene ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo.

isiphetho Ucwaningo

Ngesisekelo kuvulwa noCharles Darwin izikhungo kwendawo imvelaphi zinhlobo ezahlukene kwakhiwa indlela ethile ekuhloleni hybridization. Esikhathini A. XIX leminyaka de Candolle eshicilelwe nocwaningo lwakhe, esasibonisa ukuthi Emazikweni umsuka izitshalo kutshalwa futhi insimu ngokubukeka kwabo yasekuqaleni. Emibhalweni yakhe lemikhakha kwakungekaNkulunkulu nezwekazi elikhulu, kanye nezinye izindawo ezinkulu. Iminyaka ecishe ibe ngamakhulu amahlanu ngemva kokukhishwa kwe-Labour de Candolle ulwazi izikhungo Lokudabuka izitshalo kutshalwa enwetshiwe kakhulu. It yanyatheliswa nokuhlola izincwadi ezimbalwa, olwaluhlanganisa izinhlobo wezolimo ezivela emazweni ahlukahlukene, kanye izinto ezinhlotsheni ngabanye. Kamuva lo mbuzo bacabangisise NI Vavilov. Ngesisekelo ulwazi izinsiza emhlabeni izitshalo ebona izikhungo eyinhloko umsuka izitshalo kutshalwa. Linani selilonkhe lebantfu labange eziyisikhombisa: East Asia, eMediterranean aseMelika Ephakathi, eNingizimu ye-Asia, eNingizimu-Western Asian, umTopiya Indian. In ngamunye kubo ikhula isuka kumaphesenti athile Imininingwane zinhlobo ukwehluka izinhlobo wezolimo.

izinguquko

Abanye abacwaningi, ezifana A. I. Kuptsov PM Zhukovsky, baqhubeka nomsebenzi N. I. Vavilova. Bazenzelé izinguquko ezithile ukuze isiphelo sako. Ngakho, South-West Asian isikhungo lahlukaniswa laba Near Eastern futhi Sredneaziatsy futhi Indochina neNdiya tropical ziyaphuma njengoba ezimbili ezihlukene focus womhlaba. Echibini eMfuleni Yellow kubhekwa isisekelo isikhungo-East Asian. Okokuqala kwaba uMfula umfula iYangtze, kodwa lokhu yokusebenza insimu yamaShayina - njengoba abantu behileleka ezolimo - kusingathwa kamuva kakhulu. New Guinea nase-Western Sudan nazo ezikhonjwe njengalezo ezidinga wezolimo.

Qaphela ukuthi izithelo izitshalo, kuhlanganise orehoplodnye kanye berry une-olwenzeka endaweni ebanzi. Basakaza kude lé nemingcele yamasimu lendabuko. Lesi simo esiyingqayizivele sibangelwa kakhudlwana tune nezimfundiso de Candolle kunabanye. Isizathu ulungisiswa ikakhulukazi ihlathi imvelaphi hhayi Piedmont, okuhambelana emkhakheni nemifino izinhlobo. Futhi Ukhiye Ukukhetha. Centre of imvelaphi manje kuchazwe ngokucacile ngaphezulu. Phakathi kwabo kukhona European-eSiberia futhi emaphaketheni Australia. Kwakheka futhi North American Centre.

Uhlolojikelele

Esikhathini esidlule, izilwane ngamunye aye busuka isiko ngaphandle foci main. Nokho, inani labo elincane. Ngaphambili, izindawo eziyinhloko of izitshalo yezolimo lasendulo wawubhekwa njengendawo eSigodini saseNayile, umfula i-Ewufrathe neTigrisi, iGanges ne neminye imifula emikhulu. Ngokusho ucwaningo nge Vavilov, izinhlobo eziningi wezolimo uvele ezindaweni sezintaba zone athokomele, ezishisayo kanye ezisondelene nazo. Lesi sikhungo sokuqala umsuka zihlobene ukwehluka floristic futhi yamandulo.

indawo Chinese

Le ndawo ihlanganisa izindawo sezintaba ezingxenyeni zasentshonalanga futhi ephakathi yezwe, ne aseduze ephansi amanga. Ngesisekelo lesi sikhungo kukhona latitude zone athokomele, esisogwini eMfuleni eliphuzi. izimo zasendaweni izici esingokwemvelo ezifana esipholile inkathi yokukhula, ngezinga elikhulu kakhulu hydration kanye okusezingeni eliphezulu lokushisa imodi. Iziko le-kuyinto engokwemvelo ngokwemvelo kabhontshisi emincane, ubhontshisi, amabele, amabele, ilayisi, i-oats, payzy, amabele, nebhali, * Tibetan nezinye izitshalo eziningi.

South-East Asian kwesigaba

Indo-Malaysian umsuka yezolimo isikhungo sigcwalisa esifundeni Indian. Kuhlanganisa ezindaweni ezifana Indo-China, zonke Malay Archipelago Philippines. Hindustan futhi izikhungo Chinese Lokudabuka izitshalo kutshalwa ngandlela-thile inethonya kule ndawo. izimo zendawo zinezikhathi vegetative-round, umswakama high kakhulu futhi lokushisa. Le ndawo engokwemvelo kwemvelo amakinati, allspice, cardamom, orange, bergamot, emnyama, mangosteen, i-betel nut, lime kanye nezinye izinhlobo eziningi.

ezweni Indian

Ibizwa nangokuthi i-Hindustan kwemizi futhi kuhlanganisa isimo Indian-Assam, Manje iBurma isibizwa lonke izwekazi laseNdiya, ngaphandle enyakatho-ntshonalanga uthi yeNdiya. Isimo sezulu ikhuthaza nenkathi ende yokukhula, ezingeni lelisetulu izinga lokushisa kanye nomswakama. Field umphumela abanolwazi isikhungo Indo-Malayan. On insimu zikhule ezisawolintshi, umoba, irayisi, kanye nezinye izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane nezimila.

kwesigaba elise-Asia Ephakathi

Kulesi sikhungo kuhlanganisa ezweni Western Tien Shan, Tajikistan, enyakatho Pakistan, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan futhi enyakatho ntshonalanga ingxenye yeNdiya. izimo zendawo zinezikhathi ngokulinganisela isikhathi izimila, amazinga okushisa aphakeme kanye nokushintshashintsha eqinile zonyaka kanye nsuku zonke futhi aphansi kakhulu umswakama ezingeni. Le ndawo uye waqhubeka eba negalelo elinamandla Peredneaziatski futhi izikhungo Chinese. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, iyisikhungo yesibili iningi izithelo izinhlobo zendawo.

Near Eastern kwesigaba

Iziko le itholakala Southwest Asia. endaweni yayo ihlanganisa endaweni enezintaba Turkmenistan, konke Transcaucasia, Oluvundile, Iran kanye ephakathi ye-Asia Minor. Isimo sezulu libhekene eside nesomiso nezikhathi, amazinga okushisa aphakeme kanye nomswakama ophansi kakhulu. Le ndawo uye wakubona ukuba nomthelela sezikhungo elise-Asia Ephakathi futhi iMedithera. Imingcele yalezi foci ezintathu eduze okwakuthandelene, ngakho-ke cishe akunakwenzeka ukusungula.

isikhungo South American Lokudabuka

Lezindawo zifaka izindawo ezisezintabeni futhi ezinkangala Bolivia, Ecuador, Colombia and Peru. izimo zendawo zinezikhathi ogelezayo nokumanzisa enganele futhi izinga lokushisa eliphezulu kakhulu. Central American center kwadingeka kule ndawo ezinye umthelela.