Okusithiyayo we isimiso sezinzwa esiyinhloko: izinhlobo, indlela value

Regulation womsebenzi kwemizwa kuyinto izinqubo excitation futhi okusithiyayo ku CNS. Ekuqaleni, kubonakala njengoba ukusabela aphansi ukuze umfutho. Ngo inqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ibe inkinga ka neuroendocrine imisebenzi, okuholela ukwakheka izingxenye eyinhloko amasistimu sezinzwa futhi endocrine. Kulesi sihloko sizohlola esinye izinqubo main - okusithiyayo ku CNS, izinhlobo netindlela kokusebenza yayo.

izicubu Nervous, isakhiwo kanye umsebenzi wayo

Olunye uhlobo kwezicubu isilwane, okuthiwa ezinzwa has isakhiwo ekhethekile elinikeza inqubo excitation futhi isebenze umsebenzi unyathela amabhuleki ku CNS. Njengoba amangqamuzana ezinzwa e kuqukathe umzimba futhi ezihlobene: emifushane (dendrites) kanye eside (Axon), esinikela ukudluliselwa nerve amaza komunye neurocyte. Ukuphela Axon Izinzwa cell oxhumana ne dendrites we neurocyte elilandelayo ezindaweni okuthiwa synapse. Bona ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amaza bioelectric kanye nerve izicubu. Lapho excitation njalo iqhubekela kwelinye direction - kusukela Axon emzimbeni noma dendrites lomunye neurocyte.

Enye impahla ngaphandle excitation ogeleza nerve izicubu, - okusithiyayo ku CNS. Kuyinto ukusabela komzimba kuya umfutho okuholela ekuncipheni noma ukumisa okuphelele motor noma umsebenzi secretory, okuyinto sihilela amangqamuzana ezinzwa e centrifugal. Braking kwezicubu sezinzwa singenzeka ngaphandle excitation wokulungiselela, kodwa kuphela ngaphansi kwethonya unyathela amabhuleki, owayengumlamuli, ezifana Gaba. Ungomunye the omoya eyinhloko unyathela amabhuleki. Ungase futhi ushayele le izidakamizwa njengoba glycine. Le asidi acid ehilelekile ekuthuthukiseni izinqubo inhibitory futhi ezizokhuthaza ukukhiqizwa kwamangqamuzana emvelo synapse gammaaminomaslyannoy acid.

I. M. Sechenov futhi umsebenzi wakhe neurophysiology

Abavelele usosayensi Russian, umdali inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela umsebenzi reflex we kobuchopho kwabonisa khona ezingxenyeni ezimaphakathi isimiso sezinzwa of izakhiwo olukhethekile amaseli uyakwazi inactivating izinqubo bioelectric. Ukuvula Brake izikhungo e isimiso sezinzwa esiyinhloko yenziwe yaba khona ngokusebenzisa I. Sechenov ezintathu izinhlobo ucwaningo. Lezi zihlanganisa ukusika izingxenye amagxolo ezindaweni ezahlukene ubuchopho, ukukhuthazwa ngabanye loci grey wendaba ngokuveza izici ezingokomzimba noma amakhemikhali (electrocution, i-sodium chloride) kanye indlela excitation izikhungo ubuchopho bokuphila. I. M. Sechenov kwaba experimenter omkhulu, wenza ukusikeka ultra-eqondile endaweni phakathi thalami nokulungile thalamus of frog. Wayebuka ukwehliswa futhi ukumisa okuphelele motor umsebenzi nemilenze wesilwane.

Ngakho, sezinzwa wavula okwakuvela ohlotsheni olukhethekile lwenkanyezi izinqubo kwemizwa - okusithiyayo ku CNS. Izinhlobo futhi izindlela lasungulwa, sixoxa kabanzi zingxenye ezilandelayo, futhi manje waphinda saktsentiruem ukunakekela leli qiniso: eminyangweni ezifana oblongata medulla, futhi thalamic indawo etholakala ngokuthi kwabhoboka, noma "Sechenovskiy" isikhungo. Usosayensi sabonakala khona zayo kuphela ezincelisayo kodwa futhi abantu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, I. M. Sechenov wathola lo mkhuba tonic excitation ukubopha izikhungo. Kuyaqondakala yilo inqubo excitation elincane izinzwa centrifugal nemisipha ahlobene, kanye okusithiyayo Izinzwa kugxile ngokwabo.

Hlanganyela ukuthi kwemizwa izinqubo?

Izifundo abavelele Russian physiologist I. P. Pavlová futhi I. M. Sechenova wafakazela ukuthi umsebenzi isimiso sezinzwa esiyinhloko libhekene nokudidiyelwa ukusabela reflex. Ukuxhumana ka excitation futhi okusithiyayo ku CNS kuphumela umthethonqubo ehlelekile umzimba imisebenzi: umzimba, emishinini yokuphefumula, ukugaya, kukhuthaza. izinqubo Bioelectric kanyekanye zenzeka emsipheni izikhungo futhi kungenzeka sequentially ushintsho ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Linikeza ukuhlanganisa nokuwela esifike impendulo ingqondo ukuze amasignali imvelo ngaphakathi kanye nabangaphandle. ucwaningo eziningi olwenziwa neurophysiologists, waqinisekisa iqiniso lokuthi excitation futhi okusithiyayo e isimiso sezinzwa esiyinhloko - a izenzakalo ukhiye sezinzwa, okuncike amaphethini athile. Ake sihlole kubo ngokuningiliziwe.

Izizinda ezinzwa we- cortex cerebral bayakwazi ukusabalalisa zombili izinhlobo izinqubo kulo isimiso sezinzwa. Le mpahla libizwa imbuthuma excitation noma okusithiyayo. Okuphambene mkhuba - ukunciphisa noma ukhawulele ingxenye yobuchopho, esakaza bioimpulsy. Ibizwa ngokuthi okuhlushwa. Zombili lezi zinhlobo zezindlu kokusebenzisana, ososayensi okuqhubekisela kumiswa ekhondishina motor ikhaliphe. Esigabeni sokuqala motor amakhono, ngenxa ngemisebe ye excitation kanyekanye usike amaqembu kwemisipha eminingi, akusho ukuthi abathintekayo ekwenzeni isenzo motor kwakhiwa. Kwaze kwaba yilapho sebeshiye ezinikezwa amaningi ekhiqizwa isethi iminyakazo ngokomzimba (ukushushuluza, Ukushushuluza, ngebhayisikili), okuholela lokuhlushwa excitation izinqubo foci ethize neuronal cortical, zonke ukunyakaza abantu babe vysokokoordinirovannymi.

Ukushintsha ama izikhungo nerve futhi kungenzeka ngenxa lokungeniswa. Kubonakala uma izimo ezilandelayo ziyaneliswa: wokuqala kukhona okusithiyayo noma excitation okuhlushwa, lezi zinqubo kufanele kube namandla anele. Ngo nesayensi ezimbili izinhlobo lokungeniswa: S-isigaba (e-CNS okusithiyayo emaphakathi ithuthukisa excitation) kanye nefomu ezimbi (excitation kubangela inqubo unyathela amabhuleki). Futhi Uthole lokungeniswa kuyavumelana. Kulokhu, inqubo sezinzwa siyachithwa maphakathi emsipheni. Izifundo ososayensi bezinzwa kuye kwafakazela iqiniso lokuthi ukuziphatha ezincelisayo ephakeme futhi abantu ebizwa ngokuthi lokungeniswa imihlola, ngemisebe okuhlushwa excitation kwemizwa kanye okusithiyayo.

unyathela amabhuleki olungenamkhawulo

Ake sicabangele ngokuningiliziwe izinhlobo ezengeziwe unyathela amabhuleki ku CNS kanye nokugxila kwawo ifomu ukuthi sizalwa nawo kokubili ezilwaneni. Igama elithi kwahlongozwa ngu-Ivan Pavlov. Usosayensi babekholelwa le nqubo ingenye izakhiwo isegazini isimiso sezinzwa futhi wachaza ezimbili zazo: ukufa futhi unomphela. Ake sixoxe ngokuningiliziwe.

Lokucabanga e cortex khona excitation eziko, edonsa pulses ukuba ilungu ukusebenza (imisipha, amaseli ndlala secretory). Ngenxa ngokushintsha kwezimo imvelo kwangaphandle nangekhatsi kuvela omunye ingxenye ujabule we- cortex cerebral. It yakha amasignali bioelectrical okujula enkulu ukuthi kuvimbela excitation ngaphambili asebenzayo ezinzwa isikhungo kanye arc reflex. Dying okusithiyayo ku CNS kuphumela ukuthi ukushuba reflex orienting kancane kancane kunciphisa. Incazelo lokhu zihlanganisa umfutho eyinhloko akakubangeli excitation enqubeni receptor namangqamuzana ezinzwa afferent.

Olunye uhlobo okusithiyayo ebonwe kokubili abantu nezilwane, ubonisa ukuhlola olwenziwa uMklomelo KaNobel ngo 1904. I. P. Pavlovym. Phakathi izinja ukusuthisa (fistula ethathwe izihlathi) experimenters kuhlanganisiwe ibhiphu abukhali - ngamathe kusukela fistula wanqamuka. Okunjalo okusithiyayo umbono usosayensi ngokuthi okungavamile.

Njengoba esakhiweni esingokwemvelo, okusithiyayo we isimiso sezinzwa esiyinhloko kugeleza unconditioned reflex indlela. Kuyinto kunalokho yokwenziwa futhi akabubangeli ukugeleza semali amandla, okubenze bafinyelela ukumisa ikhaliphe moya. unyathela amabhuleki njalo olungenamkhawulo esihambisana izifo eziningi zengqondo: psoriasis, ukukhubazeka spastic futhi flaccid.

Yini lantambama ukubopha

Ukuqhubeka ukuze ngicwaninge ngezimiso ka okusithiyayo e isimiso sezinzwa esiyinhloko, cabanga ngalokho omunye izinhlobo waso, owayebizwa ngokuthi ukubopha eshabalalayo. Kuyaziwa ukuthi reflex orienting kuyinto ukusabela komzimba ukuze umthelela uphawu olusha angaphandle. Kulokhu, e-cerebral cortex emsipheni isikhungo Kumiswa esimweni excitation. Yena wakha arc reflex ukuthi unesibopho ukusabela komzimba wabiza reflex orienting. Lesi senzo reflex kubangela okusithiyayo we reflex moya okwenzekayo ngaleso sikhathi. Ngemva ukuphindaphinda refillable ezishukumisa nezingahlobene nendaba reflex, ngokuthi Indlela kancane kancane kunciphisa futhi ekugcineni ayanyamalala. Ngakho, ke akakubangeli okusithiyayo enkulu reflex moya. isiginali ezinjalo sitholakala kanye negama amabhuleki eshabalalayo.

Ngakho, okusithiyayo sangaphandle ikhaliphe moya ngenxa ithonya isiginali nomzimba angaphandle kuyinto impahla isegazini the ephakathi kanye neuropathy isimiso sezinzwa. Ngokuzumayo noma ezintsha zamandla ashukumisayo, ezifana ubuhlungu ukuzwa, umsindo eziyinqaba, okukhanyisa ushintsho, hhayi kuphela kubangela reflex orienting, kodwa futhi kunomthelela kuyadamba noma ngisho ukumisa okuphelele moya arc reflex, iyasebenza okwamanje. Nxa isitshengiselo yangaphandle (ngaphandle ubuhlungu) usebenza ngokuphindaphindiwe, okusithiyayo we reflex moya ubonakala ezincane. Iqhaza begazi inqubo emsipheni ifomu unconstrained siqukethe ekufezeni ukusabela komzimba ukuze umfutho, iyona ebaluleke kakhulu okwamanje.

okusithiyayo yangaphakathi

elinye igama lakhe asetshenziswe physiology ephakeme sezinzwa umsebenzi - moya okusithiyayo. I imfuneko esiyinhloko ukuvela le nqubo - ukuntuleka amasignali ukuqinisa okuvela emhlabeni zangaphandle, ikhaliphe isegazini: wokugaya ukudla, salivary. Kwezinsizakalo ngaphansi kwalezi zimo braking CNS izinqubo ezidinga isikhathi sokuphumula ezithile. Cabanga imibono yabo kabanzi.

Ngokwesibonelo, okusithiyayo umehluko kwenzeka njengempendulo amasignali kwemvelo, coinciding e amplitude, umfutho namandla ugqozi moya. Le ndlela yokusebenzisana phakathi isimiso sezinzwa futhi izwe ngaphandle evumela umzimba kakhudlwana fake ukuhlukanisa phakathi ezintweni futhi babahlukanisa nesigcino ukuthi okuyinto ukhunjulwa reflex isegazini. Ngokwesibonelo, umsindo ucingo ngebutho 15 Hz, osekelwa umkhombe nge ukudla, inja wazakhela moya impendulo salivary. Uma isilwane ukusebenzisa elinye umsindo, amandla 25 Hz, hhayi yokugcizelela ngayo ukudla, ochungechungeni lokuqala ucwaningo, inja we ngamathe fistula iyonikezwa kokubili umfutho moya. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile lona intando isilwane kwamangqamuzana kwalezi zimpawu, futhi emandleni umsindo 25 Hz kusukela fistula ngamathe iyeke ivelele, ukuthi, ukuthuthukisa umehluko okusithiyayo.

Uyekele ubuchopho ngokwalokhu kwaziswa ilahlekelwe indima ebalulekile kubalulekile umzimba - lo msebenzi yikho kanye wenza unyathela amabhuleki ku isimiso sezinzwa esiyinhloko. Physiology empirically wafakazela ukuthi moya motor ukuphendula, usufikile kahle kute batfutfukise emakhono, ungakwazi iqhubeka kukho konke ukuphila komuntu, ezifana ukushushuluza, ngebhayisikili.

Kufinyeta, singasho ukuthi izinqubo inhibitory e isimiso sezinzwa esiyinhloko - buthakathaka noma ukumisa ukusabela ezithile umzimba. Zibalulekile kakhulu, njengoba konke ikhaliphe somzimba uqondiswa ngokuhambisana nemibandela yohlelo eguquliwe, futhi uma isignali moya ilahlekelwe inani layo, ngisho ngokuphelele bungaba buthaka. izinhlobo ezahlukene deceleration ku CNS kukhona eyisisekelo enjalo okwenziwa umuntu nesikaJesu self ukulondolozwa, ukubandlulula ukulindela ezishukumisa.

Ukubukeka imisiwe yenqubo sezinzwa

Empirically eyodwa kungadala isimo lapho ukusabela komzimba isignali moya kusukela imvelo yangaphandle liboniswa ngaphambi ukuchayeka umfutho unconditioned ezinjengokudla. Ngokwandisa isikhawu phakathi kokuqala ukuchayeka isignali moya (ukukhanya, umsindo, isib, Metronome) futhi okwamanje ukuqinisa ukuba imizuzu emithathu at ngenhla ngamathe moya ezintweni ngokuya ilibele kwenzeka kuphela uma phambi isilwane livela Element ngokudla. Ukusabela okusalele emuva isignali moya kuyinkomba of okusithiyayo of CNS izinqubo ngokuthi umbono imisiwe, lapho it ihambelana nesikhathi ukugeleza nalesikhathi ukubambezeleka we umfutho unconditioned ezinjengokudla.

Inani okusithiyayo ku CNS

Umzimba womuntu, ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso, kuyinto "on emehlweni" Inani elikhulu of izici zangaphakathi nezangaphandle imvelo okuyiwona uphoqelekile ukuba asabele futhi yakha sebuningini ukucabanga. nerve yabo izikhungo kanye lwesikhathi akhiwa kule asebuchosheni nomgogodla. uhlelo sindisa inombolo sezinzwa enkulu izikhungo ujabule e cortex cerebral inomphumela omubi empilweni yengqondo, kodwa futhi kunciphisa ukusebenza kwawo ngempumelelo.

lezisekelo eziphilayo ekuziphatheni kwabantu

Zombili lezi zinhlobo zezindlu we sezinzwa izicubu umsebenzi, njengoba excitation futhi okusithiyayo ku CNS, ziyisisekelo umsebenzi ephakeme sezinzwa. Kubangela izindlela bokuphila umsebenzi womuntu kwengqondo. Imfundiso umsebenzi ephakeme sezinzwa ukuthi zavela I. P. Pavlovym. A incazelo yesimanje ngakho sifundeka kanje:

• Excitation futhi okusithiyayo e isimiso sezinzwa esiyinhloko, okwenzeka ngokuhlangana, ukunikeza izinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi engqondo: inkumbulo, ukucabanga, inkulumo, ukwazi, kanye yakha izimpendulo eziyinkimbinkimbi womuntu kokuziphatha.

Ukuze wenze imodi isayensi-based cwaningo, umsebenzi, ezokungcebeleka, ososayensi wasebenzisa ulwazi imithetho yomsebenzi ephakeme sezinzwa.

Ukubaluleka begazi onjalo emsipheni inqubo esebenzayo njengoba okusithiyayo kungaba azimisele kanje. Ukushintsha nemibandela imvelo bangaphandle zangaphakathi (ukungabi khona ekhondishina isignali ukuqinisa reflex kokuzalwa) imayelana nani izinguquko ezanele izindlela oluhambelana emzimbeni womuntu. Ngakho-ke atholwe isenzo reflex engasenamahloni (off) noma iphele ngokuphelele njengoba kuba zingenzeki ngoba umzimba.

Kuyini iphupho?

I. P. Pavlov emisebenzini yakhe yafakazela Ucwaningo yokuthi izinqubo okusithiyayo e isimiso sezinzwa esiyinhloko futhi ubuthongo ube nohlobo olufanayo. Ngesikhathi sihlale siphapheme yomzimba ku ngemuva yomsebenzi jikelele we- cortex cerebral namanje kutholakala ukuthi uphethwe yini amanye amasayithi yayo imbozwe unyathela amabhuleki yangaphakathi. Uma silele, akhanye phezu bonke ubuso ama- cerebral, ukufinyelela izakhiwo subcortical: thalamus (thalamus), ngxenye, ukwakheka reticular futhi isimiso semizwelo. Njengoba kuveziwe ngumuntu kwezinzwa abavelele P. K. Anohin, zonke lezi izingxenye isimiso sezinzwa esiyinhloko obhekene sphere zokuziphatha, imizwelo kanye nemizwelo, ngesikhathi sokulala ukunciphisa umsebenzi wabo. Lokhu kubandakanya nokuncipha isizukulwane Izinzwa amaza ivela ngaphansi ikhava. Ngakho, ukusebenza cortex kuyehla. Lokhu kuvumela konke bese yokutakula umzimba ku neurocytes zobuchopho futhi wonke umzimba iyonke.

Ukuhlolwa abanye ososayensi (Hess kulondolozwa) izakhiwo sezisunguliwe ekhethekile ezinzwa okuqondene non-ethize ikhenela thalamus. excitation izinqubo kutholakala kubo, okubangela ukuncishiswa biorhythms uqweqwe okungase kubhekwe njengendlela ushintsho kusukela kwisimo esisebenzayo (uphapheme) ukulala. Izifundo ezindaweni kobuchopho Silvio amapayipi kanye III ventricle, utshelwa ososayensi umbono wokuba khona maphakathi ukulawulwa ubuthongo. Ubizwa anatomically ehlangene izindawo zobuchopho obhekene sihlale siphapheme. Hlula le cortex Locus ngu ukuhlukumezeka noma ngenxa yokuphazamiseka kwemikhuba lezinceku kubantu kuholela izimo pathologic zokuqwasha. Phawula futhi yokuthi ukulawulwa somzimba kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba le nqubo unyathela amabhuleki njengoba ubuthongo eyenziwa emsipheni izikhungo diencephalon nuclei subcortical: i caudate, amygdala, uthango we-lenticular wangakwesokunxele.